Polychlorinated biphenyls in glaciers. 2. Model results of deposition and incorporation processes

Environmental Science and Technology

Volumn 48, Issue 14, 2014, Pages 7849-7857

  Steinlin, Christine ^a   Bogdal, Christian ^a   Scheringer, Martin ^a   Pavlova, Pavlina A ^b,c,d   Schwikowski, Margit ^c,d   Schmid, Peter ^b   Hungerbühler, Konrad ^a  

^a ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^b SWISS FEDERAL LABORATORIES FOR MATERIALS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Switzerland)

^c PAUL SCHERRER INSTITUTE   (Switzerland)

^d UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEPOSITION; INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS; ORGANIC CHEMICALS; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS;

AEROSOL PARTICLE CONCENTRATIONS; ALPINE GLACIER; CONCENTRATION PROFILES; PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL (PCBS); PRECIPITATION RATES; RE-VOLATILIZATION; SECONDARY SOURCES;

ORGANIC POLLUTANTS;

POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL;

AEROSOL COMPOSITION; ARCTIC ENVIRONMENT; ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); DIFFUSION; ENVIRONMENTAL FATE; MELT; ORGANIC POLLUTANT; PCB; POLLUTANT TRANSPORT; PRECIPITATION (CLIMATOLOGY); SORPTION; VALLEY GLACIER;

AIR; ARTICLE; DEGLACIATION; DEGRADATION; DIFFUSION; GLACIAL PERIOD; GLACIER; NORWAY; PRECIPITATION; SEASONAL VARIATION; SWITZERLAND;

ALPS; ARCTIC; BERNESE ALPS; CENTRAL ALPS; FIESCHERHORN; LOMONOSOVFONNA; NORWAY; SPITSBERGEN; SVALBARD; SVALBARD AND JAN MAYEN; SWITZERLAND;

AIR; AIR POLLUTANTS; ICE COVER; MODELS, THEORETICAL; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS; SWITZERLAND;

EID: 84904409318     PISSN: 0013936X     EISSN: 15205851     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/es501793h     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants; United Nations Treaty. Stockholm, Sweden. 2004; http://chm.pops.int.
2. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Arctic Pollution 2009: Persistent Organic Pollutants, Radioactivity, Human Health. Oslo, Norway. 2009.
3. Halse, A. K.; Schlabach, M.; Eckhardt, S.; Sweetman, A.; Jones, K. C.; Breivik, K. Spatial variability of POPs in European background air Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2011, 11, 1549-1564
4. Hung, H.; Kallenborn, R.; Breivik, K.; Su, Y.; Brorström- Lundén, E.; Olafsdottir, K.; Thorlacius, J. M.; Leppänen, S.; Bossi, R.; Skov, H.; Manø, S.; Patton, G. W.; Stern, G.; Sverko, E.; Fellin, P. Atmospheric monitoring of organic pollutants in the Arctic under the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP): 1993-2006 Sci. Total Environ. 2010, 408, 2854-2873
5. Jaward, F. M.; Di Guardo, A.; Nizzetto, L.; Cassani, C.; Raffaele, F.; Ferretti, R.; Jones, K. C. PCBs and selected organochlorine compounds in italian mountain air: The influence of altitude and forest ecosystem type Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 3455-3463
6. Bogdal, C.; Schmid, P.; Zennegg, M.; Anselmetti, F. S.; Scheringer, M.; Hungerbühler, K. Blast from the past: Melting glaciers as a relevant source for persistent organic pollutants Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43, 8173-8177
7. Grimalt, J. O.; van Drooge, B. L.; Ribes, A.; Vilanova, R. M.; Fernandez, P.; Appleby, P. Persistent organochlorine compounds in soils and sediments of European high altitude mountain lakes Chemosphere 2004, 54, 1549-1561
8. Schmid, P.; Gujer, E.; Zennegg, M.; Bucheli, T. D.; Desaules, A. Correlation of PCDD/F and PCB concentrations in soil samples from the Swiss soil monitoring network (NABO) to specific parameters of the observation sites Chemosphere 2005, 58, 227-234
9. Tremolada, P.; Villa, S.; Bazzarin, P.; Bizzotto, E.; Comolli, R.; Vighi, M. POPs in mountain soils from the Alps and Andes: Suggestions for a 'precipitation effect' on altitudinal gradients Water, Air, Soil Pollut. 2008, 188, 93-109
10. Nizzetto, L.; Cassani, C.; Di Guardo, A. Deposition of PCBs in mountains: The forest filter effect of different forest ecosystem types Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2006, 63, 75-83
11. Offenthaler, I.; Bassan, R.; Belis, C.; Jakobi, G.; Kirchner, M.; Kräuchi, N.; Moche, W.; Schramm, K.-W.; Sedivy, I.; Simoncic, P.; Uhl, M.; Weiss, P. PCDD/F and PCB in spruce forests of the Alps Environ. Pollut. 2009, 157, 3280-3289
12. Grimalt, J. O.; Fernandez, P.; Berdie, L.; Vilanova, R. M.; Catalan, J.; Psenner, R.; Hofer, R.; Appleby, P. G.; Rosseland, B. O.; Lien, L.; Massabuau, J. C.; Battarbee, R. W. Selective Trapping of Organochlorine Compounds in Mountain Lakes of Temperate Areas Environ. Sci. Technol. 2001, 35, 2690-2697
13. Schmid, P.; Kohler, M.; Gujer, E.; Zennegg, M.; Lanfranchi, M. Persistent organic pollutants, brominated flame retardants and synthetic musks in fish from remote alpine lakes in Switzerland Chemosphere 2007, 67, S16-S21
14. Carrera, G.; Fernández, P.; Vilanova, R. M.; Grimalt, J. O. Persistent organic pollutants in snow from European high mountain areas Atmos. Environ. 2001, 35, 245-254
15. Gustafsson; Andersson, P.; Axelman, J.; Bucheli, T. D.; Kömp, P.; McLachlan, M.; Sobek, A.; Thörngren, J.-O. Observations of the PCB distribution within and in-between ice, snow, ice-rafted debris, ice-interstitial water, and seawater in the Barents Sea marginal ice zone and the North Pole area Sci. Total Environ. 2005, 342, 261-279
16. Herbert, B. M. J.; Halsall, C. J.; Villa, S.; Jones, K. C.; Kallenborn, R. Rapid Changes in PCB and OC Pesticide Concentrations in Arctic Snow Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 2998-3005
17. Villa, S.; Maggi, V.; Negrelli, C.; Finizio, A.; Bolzacchini, E.; Vighi, M. Historical profile of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in an alpine glacier Fresenius Environ. Bull. 2001, 10, 711-716
18. Blais, J. M.; Schindler, D. W.; Muir, D. C. G.; Sharp, M.; Donald, D.; Lafrenière, M.; Braekevelt, E.; Strachan, W. M. J. Melting Glaciers: A Major Source of Persistent Organochlorines to Subalpine Bow Lake in Banff National Park, Canada Ambio 2001, 30, 410-415
19. Schmid, P.; Bogdal, C.; Blüthgen, N.; Anselmetti, F. S.; Zwyssig, A.; Hungerbühler, K. The missing piece: Sediment records in remote mountain lakes confirm glaciers being secondary sources of persistent organic pollutants Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45, 203-208
20. Cuffey, K.; Paterson, W. The Physics of Glaciers, 4 th ed.; Elsevier Inc.: Burlington, MA, 2010.
21. Hansen, K. M.; Halsall, C. J.; Christensen, J. H. A dynamic model to study the exchange of gas-phase persistent organic pollutants between air and a seasonal snowpack Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, 2644-2652
22. Herbert, B.; Villa, S.; Halsall, C. Understanding the behavior and fate of semi-volatile organic compounds in snow Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2006, 63, 3-16
23. Meyer, T.; Wania, F. Modeling the elution of organic chemicals from a melting homogeneous snow pack Water Res. 2011, 45, 3627-3637
24. Wania, F.; Hoff, J. T.; Jia, C. Q.; Mackay, D. The effects of snow and ice on the environmental behaviour of hydrophobic organic chemicals Environ. Pollut. 1998, 102, 25-41
25. Bogdal, C.; Nikolic, D.; Lüthi, M. P.; Schenker, U.; Scheringer, M.; Hungerbühler, K. Release of legacy pollutants from melting glaciers: Model evidence and conceptual understanding Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44, 4063-4069
26. Pavlova, P. A.; Schmid, P.; Bogdal, C.; Steinlin, C.; Jenk, T. M.; Schwikowski, M. Polychlorinated biphenyls in glaciers: 1. Deposition history from an Alpine ice core Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 10.1021/es5017922
27. Garmash, O.; Hermanson, M. H.; Isaksson, E.; Schwikowski, M.; Divine, D.; Teixeira, C.; Muir, D. C. G. Deposition history of polychlorinated biphenyls to the Lomonosovfonna glacier, Svalbard: A 209 congener analysis Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 12064-12072
28. Schwerzmann, A.; Funk, M.; Blatter, H.; Lüthi, M.; Schwikowski, M.; Palmer, A. A method to reconstruct past accumulation rates in alpine firn regions: A study on Fiescherhorn, Swiss Alps J. Geophys. Res. 2006, 111, F01014
29. Jenk, T. M.; Szidat, S.; Schwikowski, M.; Gäggeler, H. W.; Brütsch, S.; Wacker, L.; Synal, H.-A.; Saurer, M. Radiocarbon analysis in an Alpine ice core: Record of anthropogenic and biogenic contributions to carbonaceous aerosols in the past (1650-1940) Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2006, 6, 5381-5390
30. Mariani, I.; Eichler, A.; Brönnimann, S.; Auchmann, R.; Jenk, T. M.; Leuenberger, M. C.; Schwikowski, M. Temperature and precipitation signal in two Alpine ice cores over the period 1961-2001 Clim. Past Discuss. 2012, 8, 5867-5891
31. Wendl, I. Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland. University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland. Personal communication, 2014.
32. Mackay, D. In Multimedia Environmental Models: The Fugacity Approach; MacKay, D., Ed.; Lewis Publishers: Chelsea, MI, 2001.
33. Daly, G. L.; Wania, F. Simulating the influence of snow on the fate of organic compounds Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 4176-4186
34. Swiss Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology (MeteoSwiss), IDAweb. The data portal of MeteoSwiss for research and teaching. www.meteoswiss.ch (accessed in October 2012).
35. Norwegian Meteorological Institute, eKlima-free access to weather and climate data from Norwegian Meteorological Institute. www.eklima.no (accessed in November 2013).
36. European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP). www.emep.int (accessed in December 2013).
37. Tunved, P.; Ström, J.; Krejci, R. Arctic aerosol life cycle: linking aerosol size distributions observed between 2000 and 2010 with air mass transport and precipitation at Zeppelin station, Ny-Alesund, Svalbard Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2013, 13, 3643-3660
38. Federal Commission for Air Hygiene (FCAH), Feinstaub in der Schweiz. Statusbericht der Eidgenössischen Kommission für Lufthygiene (EKL), www.ekl.admin.ch, Berne, Switzerland. 2007.
39. Ricard, V.; Jaffrezo, J.-L.; Kerminen, V.-M.; Hillamo, R. E.; Sillanpaa, M.; Ruellan, S.; Liousse, C.; Cachier, H. Two years of continuous aerosol measurements in northern Finland J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos 2002, 107, ACH 10-1-ACH 10-17
40. Dominé, F.; Taillandier, A.-S.; Simpson, W. R. A parameterization of the specific surface area of seasonal snow for field use and for models of snowpack evolution J. Geophys. Res.: Earth Surf. 2007, 112, F02031
41. Breivik, K.; Sweetman, A.; Pacyna, J. M.; Jones, K. C. Towards a global historical emission inventory for selected PCB congeners-A mass balance approach: 3. An update Sci. Total Environ. 2007, 377, 296-307
42. Wöhrnschimmel, H.; MacLeod, M.; Hungerbühler, K. Emissions, Fate and Transport of Persistent Organic Pollutants to the Arctic in a Changing Global Climate Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 2323-2330
43. Roth, C. M.; Goss, K.-U.; Schwarzenbach, R. P. Sorption of diverse organic vapors to snow Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 4078-4084
44. MacLeod, M.; Fraser, A. J.; Mackay, D. Evaluating and expressing the propagation of uncertainty in chemical fate and bioaccumulation models Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2002, 21, 700-709
45. Offenthaler, I.; Bassan, R.; Belis, C.; Garo-Stach, I.; Ganz, S; Iozza, S.; Jakobi, G.; Kaiser, A.; Kirchner, M.; Knoth, W.; MONARPOP: Technical Report; Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management: Vienna, Austria, 2009.
46. Stocker, J.; Scheringer, M.; Wegmann, F.; Hungerbühler, K. Modeling the Effect of Snow and Ice on the Global Environmental Fate and Long-Range Transport Potential of Semivolatile Organic Compounds Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41, 6192-6198
47. Lei, Y. D.; Wania, F. Is rain or snow a more efficient scavenger of organic chemicals? Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38, 3557-3571
48. Meyer, T.; Lei, Y. D.; Wania, F. Measuring the release of organic contaminants from melting snow under controlled conditions Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, 3320-3326
49. Meyer, T.; Wania, F. Organic contaminant amplification during snowmelt Water Res. 2008, 42, 1847-1865
50. Matykiewiczová, N.; Klánová, J.; Klán, P. Photochemical degradation of PCBs in snow Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41, 8308-8314
51. Harner, T.; Bidleman, T. F. Coefficient for describing particle/gas partitioning of aromatic compounds in urban air Environ. Sci. Technol. 1998, 32, 1494-1502