Chapter 16 - Biosorption of Uranium and Thorium by Biopolymers

The Role of Colloidal Systems in Environmental Protection

Volumn , Issue , 2014, Pages 363-395

  Gok, C ^a   Aytas, S ^b  

^a PAMUKKALE UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^b EGE UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

Author keywords

Alginate; Biopolymer; Biosorption; Radionuclide; Remediation

Indexed keywords

ALGINATE; BIODEGRADABILITY; BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS; BIOMOLECULES; BIOPOLYMERS; NUCLEAR INDUSTRY; RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS; RADIOISOTOPES; REMEDIATION; THORIUM; URANIUM;

ANTHROPOGENIC ACTIVITY; BIOSORBENTS; CA-ALGINATE; CARBOXYLIC GROUP; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTIONS; ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFE; REMOVAL AND RECOVERIES;

BIOSORPTION;

EID: 84904379603     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-63283-8.00016-8     Document Type: Chapter

References (134)

1. Akhtar K., Khalid A.M., Akhtar M.W., Ghauri M.A. Removal and recovery of uranium from aqueous solutions by Ca-alginate immobilized Trichoderma harzianum. Bioresour. Technol. 2009, 100(20):4551-4558.
2. Aksu Z. Application of biosorption for the removal of organic pollutants: A review. Process Biochem. 2005, 40:997-1026.
3. Aldor I., Fourest E., Volesky B. Desorption of cadmium from algal biosorbent. Can J. Chem. Eng. 1995, 73:516-522.
4. Bai R.S., Abraham T.E. Biosorption of Cr (VI) from aqueous solution by Rhizopus nigricans. Bioresour. Technol. 2001, 79(1):73-81.
5. Barbetta A., Barigelli E., Dentini M. Porous alginate hydrogels: Synthetic methods for tailoring the porous texture. Biomacromolecules 2009, 10(8):2328-2337.
6. Bayramoǧlu G., Çelik G., Arica M.Y. Studies on accumulation of uranium by fungus Lentinus sajor-caju. J. Hazard. Mater. 2006, 136(2):345-353.
7. Bedell G.W., Darnall D.W. Immobilization of nonviable, biosorbent, algal biomass for the recovery of metal ions. Biosorption of Heavy Metals 1990, 313-326. CRC Press, Florida, USA. B. Volesky (Ed.).
8. Bellot J.C., Condoret J.S. Modeling of liquid chromatography equilibrium. Process Biochem 1993, 28:365-471.
9. Bengtsson L., Johansson B., Hackett T.J., McHale L., McHale A.P. Studies on the biosorption of uranium by Talaromyces emersonii CBS 814.70 biomass. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1995, 42(5):807-811.
10. Bituh T., Marovic G., Franic Z., Sencar J., Bronzovic M. Radioactive contamination in Croatia by phosphate fertilizer production. J. Hazard. Mater. 2009, 162(2-3):1199-1203.
11. Boddu V.M., Abburi K., Talbott J.L., Smith E.D. Removal of hexavalent chromium from wastewater using a new composite chitosan biosorbent. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37(19):4449-4456.
12. Bosinco S., Dambies L., Guibal E., Roussy J., Le Cloirec P. Removal of chromium (VI) on chitosan gel beads: Kinetic modeling. Adv. Chitin Sci. 1997, 2:453-461.
13. Brierley J.A. Production and application of a Bacillus-based product for use in metals biosorption. Biosorption of Heavy Metals 1990, 305-312. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. B. Volesky (Ed.).
14. Brierley J.A., Brierley C.L., Decker R.F., Goyak G.M. Metal recovery 1988, U.S. Patent 4 789 481.
15. Brierley J.A., Brierley C.L., Goyak G.M. AMT-BIOCLAIM: A new wastewater treatment and metal recovery technology. Fundamental and applied biohydrometallurgy 1986, 291-304. Elsevier, Amsterdam. R.W. Lawrence, R.M.R. Branion, H.G. Ebner (Eds.).
16. Brunauer S., Emmett P.H., Teller E. Adsorption of gases in multimolecular layers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1938, 60:309-328.
17. Bustard M., McHale A.P. Biosorption of uranium by cross-linked and alginate immobilized residual biomass from distillery spent wash. Bioprocess Eng. 1997, 17(3):127-130.
18. Chen J., Yiacoumi S. Biosorption of metal ions from aqueous solution. Separation Sci. Technol. 1997, 32:51-69.
19. Chen J.P., Yang L. Chemical modification of Sargassum sp. for prevention of organic leaching and enhancement of uptake during metal biosorption. Ind. Eng. Chem. 2005, 44(26):9931-9942.
20. Da Costa A.C.A., Leite S.G.F. Metals biosorption by sodium alginate immobilized chlorella homosphaera cells. Biotechnol. Lett. 1991, 13:559-562.
21. Davis T.A., Volesky B., Mucci A. A review of the biochemistry of heavy metal biosorption by brown algae. Water Res. 2003, 37:4311-4330.
22. Donat R., Aytas S. Adsorption and thermodynamic behavior of uranium (VI) on Ulva sp. Na bentonite composite adsorbent. J. Radioanalytical. Nucl. Chem. 2005, 265(1):107-114.
23. Donat R., Cilgi G.K., Aytas S., Cetisli H. Thermodynamic parameters and sorption of U(VI) on ACSD. J. Radioanalytical. Nucl. Chem. 2009, 279(1):271-280.
24. Dubinin M.M., Zaverina E.D., Radushkevich L.V. Sorption and structure of active carbons I. Adsorption of organic vapors. Zhurnal Fizicheskoi Khimii 1947, 21:1351-1362.
25. Edyvean R.G.J., Williams C.J., Wilson M.W., Aderhold D. Biosorption using unusual biomasses. Biosorbents for Metal Ions 1997, 165-182. Taylor & Francis, London. J. Wase, C. Forster (Eds.).
26. Ehrlich H.L., Brierley C.L. Microbial mineral recovery 1990, McGraw-Hill, New York.
27. Encyclopædia Britannica, Cellulose. (2008). Retrieved January 11, 2008, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
28. Esposito A., Pagnanelli F., Veglio F. pH-related equilibria models for biosorption in single metal systems. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2002, 57:307-313.
29. Fairbridge R.W. The encyclopedia of geochemistry and environmental science 1972, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, p. 1321.
30. Ferris F.G., Beveridge T.J. Function of bacterial cell surface structure. BioScience 1985, 35:172-198.
31. Forster C.F., Wase D.A.J. Biosorption: The future. Biosorbents for Metal Ions 1997, 221-228. Taylor & Francis Press, London. J. Wase, C. Forster (Eds.).
32. Fourest E., Roux J.C. Improvement of heavy metal biosorption by mycelial dead biomasses (Rhizopus arrhizus, Mucor miehei and Penicillium chrysogenum): pH control and cationic activation. FEMS. Microbiol. Rev. 1994, 14:325-332.
33. Freundlich H.M.F. ber die adsorption in lösungen. Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie (Leipzig) 1906, 57(A):385-470.
34. Gadd G.M. Heavy metal accumulation by bacteria and other microorganisms. Experientia 1990, 46:834-840.
35. Gadd G.M. Molecular biology and biotechnology of microbial interactions with organic and inorganic heavy metal compounds. Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Extramophiles 1991, Blackie, Glaskow, UK.
36. Gadd G.M. Interaction of fungi with toxic metals. Phytologist 1993, 124:25-60.
37. Gadd G.M. Bioremedial potential of microbial mechanisms of metal mobilization and immobilization. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2000, 11:271-279.
38. Gadd G.M. Biosorption: critical review of scientific rationale, environmental importance and significance for pollution treatment. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 2009, 84:13-28.
39. Gadd G.M., White C. Biosorption of radionuclides by yeast and fungal biomass. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 1990, 49:331-343.
40. Gadd G.M., White C. Removal of thorium from simulated acid process streams by fungal biomass: potential for thorium desorption and reuse of biomass and desorbent. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 1992, 55:39-44.
41. Garnham G.W. The use of algae as metal biosorbents. Biosorbents for metal ions 1997, 11-37. Taylor & Francis, London, UK. J. Wase, C. Forster (Eds.).
42. Gavrilescu M. Removal of heavy metals from the environment by biosorption. Eng. Life Sci. 2004, 4(3):219-232.
43. Genc O., Yalcinkaya Y., Buyuktuncel E., Denizli A., Arica M.Y., Bektas S. Uranium recovery by immobilized and dried powdered biomass: characterization and comparison. Int. J. Miner. Process 2003, 68:3-107.
44. Georgousi Z. The loss of uranium uptake capacity of Rhzipus arrhizus immobilised biomass on recycle 1990, M. Eng. Thesis, McMaster University, Canada.
45. Glombitza Z., Iske U., Gwenner C.H.R., Krishnas M.V. Biosorption of mercury. Acta. Biotechnol. 1984, 4:281-284.
46. Gok C., Aytas S. Biosorption of uranium(VI) from aqueous solution using calcium alginate beads. J. Hazard. Mater. 2009, 168(1):369-375.
47. Grant G.T., Morris E.R., Rees D.A., Smith P.J.C., Thom D. Biological interactions between polysaccharides and divalent cation: The egg-box model. FEBS Lett. 1973, 32:195-198.
48. Greene B., Bedell G.W. An introduction to applied phycology 1990, 137-149. SPB Academic Publishers, Amsterdam, Netherlands. I. Akatsuka (Ed.).
49. Guerra D.L., Viana R.R., da Costa L.P., Airoldi C. Sodium alginate films modified by raw and functionalized attapulgite for use of thorium(IV) adsorption: A thermodynamic approach. J. Phys. Chem Solids 2009, 70(11):1413-1421.
50. Harmsen K., deHaan F.A.M. Occurrence and behaviour of uranium and thorium in soil and water. Neth. J. Agric. Sci. 1980, 28:40-62.
51. Ho Y.S. Review of second-order models for adsorption systems. J. Hazard. Mater. 2006, 136:681-690.
52. Ho Y.S., McKay G. Pseudo-second order model for sorption processes. Process Biochem. 1999, 34:451-516.
53. Hockin S., Gadd G.M. Bioremediation of metals by precipitation and cellular binding, in Sulphate-reducing bacteria: Environmental and engineered systems 2007, 405-434. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. L.L. Barton, W.A. Hamilton (Eds.).
54. Holan Z.R., Volesky B., Prasetyo L. Biosorption of cadmium by biomass of marine algae. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1993, 41:819-825.
55. (accessed 12.09.09.). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopolymer#Biopolymers_as_materials.
56. This material issue, About Biopolymers, is based on the report Tenminste houdbaar tot: verpakken met biopolymeren, compiled by het Nederlands Verpakkingscentrum, AgLink, KIEM and Proterra (accessed 08.09.09.). http://www.o2.org/ideas/cases/biopolymers.html.
57. Ibanez J.P., Umetsu Y. Potential of protonated alginate beads for heavy metals uptake. Hydrometallurgy 2002, 14:89-99.
58. Ishikawa S., Suyama K., Arihara K., Itoh M. Selective recovery of uranium and thorium ions from dilute aqueous solutions by animal biopolymers. Biol. Trace. Elem. Res. 2002, 86(3):227-236.
59. Jang L.K., Lopez S.L., Eastmen S.L., Pryfogle P. Recovery of copper and cobalt by bio polymer gels. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1991, 37:266-273.
60. Jeffers T.H., Bennett P.G., Corwin R. Biosorption of metal contaminants using immobilized biomass-Field studies. Report of Investigations, U.S. Bureau of Mines 1993, Utah, Salt Lake City.
61. Kaygun K.A., Akyil S. Study of the behaviour of thorium adsorption on PAN/zeolite composite adsorbent. J. Hazard. Mater. 2007, 147(1-2):357-362.
62. Konishi Y., Asai S., Midoh Y., Oku M. Recovery of zinc, cadmium and lanthanum by biopolymer gel particles of alginic acid. Separation Sci. Technol. 1993, 28:1691-1702.
63. Kratochvil D., Volesky B. Biominet Proceedings. CANMET, Natural Resources Canada 1997, 41-60. Ottawa, ON, Canada. L. Lortie, C. Bedard, W.C. Gould (Eds.).
64. Kratochvil D., Volesky B. Advances in the biosorption of heavy metals. Trends Biotechnol. 1998, 16(7):291-300.
65. Kratochvil D., Volesky B., Demopoulos G. Optimizing cu removal/recovery in a biosorption column. Water Res. 1997, 31:2327-2339.
66. Kuyucak N. Feasiblity of biosorbents application. Biosorption of heavy metals 1990, 83-92. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. B. Volesky (Ed.).
67. Kuyucak N.K., Volesky B. Accumulation of cobalt by marine algae. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1989, 33:809-814.
68. Lagergren S. Zur theorie der sogenannten adsorption geloester stoffe. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens. Handlingar 1898, 24:1-39.
69. Langmuir I. The adsorption of gases on plane surfaces of glass, mica and platinium. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1918, 40:1361-1403.
70. Madigan M.T., Martinko J.M., Parker J. Brock biology of microorganisms 1997, PrenticeHall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. eighth ed.
71. Mahan C.A., Holcombe J.A. Immobilization of algae cells on silica gel and their characterization for trace metal preconcentration. Anal. Chem. 1992, 64(17):1933-1939.
72. Mann H. Biosorption of heavy metals by bacterial biomass. Biosorption of heavy metals 1990, 125. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. B. Volesky (Ed.).
73. McKay G., Allen S.J. Low-cost adsorbents in continuous process. Biosorbents for Metal Ions 1997, 183-220. Taylor & Francis, London. J. Wase, C. Forster (Eds.).
74. Metaxas M., Kasselouri-Rigopoulou V., Galiatsatou P., Konstantopolou C., Oikonomou D. Thorium removal by different adsorbents. J. Hazard. Mater. B. 2003, 97:71-82.
75. Mimura H., Ohta H., Akiba K., Onodera Y. Uptake behavior of americium on alginic acid and alginate polymer gels. J. Radioanalytical. Nucl. Chem. 2001, 247(1):33-38.
76. Mimura H., Ohta H., Akiba K., Onodera Y. Uptake and recovery of ruthenium by alginate gel polymers. J. Nucl. Sci. Technol. 2002, 39(6):655-660.
77. Nakajima A., Sakaguchi T. Accumulation of uranium by basidiomycetes. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1993, 38(4):574-578.
78. Nestle N., Kimmich R. Heavy metal uptake of alginate gels studied by NMR microscopy. Colloid Surf. A. 1996, 115:141-147.
79. Ngomsika A., Beea A., Siauguea J., Cabuila V., Coteb G. Nickel adsorption by magnetic alginate microcapsules containing an extractant. Water Res. 2006, 40:1848-1856.
80. Nierboer E., Richardson D.M.S. The replacement of the nondescript term - heavy metals- by a biologically and chemically significant classification of metal ions. Environ. Pollut. Ser. B. 1980, 1:3.
81. Osthols E., Manccan A., Farges F., Charlet L. Adsorption of thorium on amorphous silica: an EXAFS study. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1997, 194:10-21.
82. Pagnanelli F., Petrangeli Papini M., Toro L., Trifoni M., Vegli F. Biosorption of metal ions on Arthrobacter sp.: Biomass characterization and biosorption modeling. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2000, 34(13):2773-2778.
83. Pearson R.G. Hard and soft acids and bases. Surv. Prog. Chem. 1969, 5:1-52.
84. Philip L., Iyengar L., Venkobachar C. Biosorption of U, La, Pr, Nd, Eu and Dy by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2000, 25:1-7.
85. Radke C.J., Prausnitz J.M. Thermodynamics of multi-solute adsorption from dilute liquid solutions. AIChE. J. 1972, 18:761-769.
86. Rangsayatorn N., Pokethitiyook P., Upatham E.S., Lanza G.R. Cadmium biosorption by cells of Spirulina platensis TISTR 8217 immobilized in alginate and silica gel. Environ. Int. 2004, 30(1):57-63.
87. Redlich O., Peterson D.L. A useful adsorption isotherm. J. Phys. Chem. 1959, 1024.
88. Remacle J. The cell wall and metal binding. Biosorption of heavy metals 1990, 83-92. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. B. Volesky (Ed.).
89. Romero-Gonzalez M.E., Williams C.J., Gardiner P.H.E. Study of the mechanism of cadmium biosorption by dealginated seaweed waste. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2001, 35:3025-3030.
90. Sakamoto N., Kano N., Imaizumi H. Biosorption of uranium and rare earth elements using biomass of algae. Bioinorganic Chem. Appl. 2008, 1-8.
91. Salinas-Pedroza M.G., Olguin M.T. Thorium removal from aqueous solutions of Mexican erionite and X zeolite. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 2004, 260(1):115-118.
92. Sar P., D'Souza S.F. Biosorption of thorium (IV) by a Pseudomonas biomass. Biotechnol. Lett. 2002, 24(3):239-243.
93. Sebesta F., John J. An overview of the development, testing and application of composite absorbers 1995, LA-12875-MS, Los Alamos National Laboratory.
94. Seki H., Suzuki A. Biosorption of heavy metal ions to brown algae Macrocystis pyrifera, Kjellmaniella crassiforia, and Undaria pinnatifida. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1998, 206(1):297-301.
95. Singhal K., Joshi S., Tirumalesh K., Gurg R.P. Reduction of uranium concentration in well water by Chlorella (Chlorella pyrendoidosa), a fresh water algae immobilized in calcium alginate. J. Radioanalytical. Nucl. Chem. 2004, 261(1):73-78.
96. Sips R. On the structure of a catalyst surface. J. Chem. Phys. 1948, 490-495.
97. Sleyter V.B. Morphopoietic and functional aspects of regular protein membranes present on prokaryotic cell wall. Cell Biology Monographs 1981, vol. 4,3. Springer-Verlag, New York.
98. Smidsrod O., Draget K.I. Chemistry and physical properties of alginates. Carbohydrate European 1996, 14:6-13.
99. Solisio C., Lodi A., Converti A., Borghi M.D. The effect of acid pre-treatment on the biosorption of chromium(III) by Sphaerotilus natans from industrial wastewater. Water Res. 2000, 34(12):3171-3178.
100. Sposito G. The chemistry of soils 1989, Oxford University Press, New York.
101. 2- accumulation by Saccharomyces cerevisae. Bioprocess Eng. 2000, 23:327-336.
102. Tobin J.M., White C., Gadd G.M. Metal accumulation by fungi: Application in environmental biotechnology. J. Ind. Microbiol. 1994, 13:126-130.
103. Torma A.E. Remediation of uranium mill tailings by an integrated biological and chemical process, Conference: Winter annual meeting of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) 1992, CA, Anaheim.
104. Tsezos M. The selective extraction of metals from solution by microorganisms. A brief overview. Canadian Metallurgical Q. 1985, 24:141-144.
105. Tsezos M. Engineering aspects of metal binding by biomass. Microbial mineral recovery 1990, 325-329. McGraw Hill, New York. H.L. Ehrlich, C.L. Brierley (Eds.).
106. Tsezos M. Biosorption of lanthanides, actinides and related materials. Biosorbents for Metal Ions 1997, 87-113. Taylor & Francis, London. J. Wase, C. Forster (Eds.).
107. Tsezos M. Biosorption of metals. The experience accumulated and the outlook for technology development. Hydrometallurgy 2001, 59:241-244.
108. Tsezos M., Volesky B. Biosorption of uranium and thorium. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1981, 23:583-604.
109. Tsezos M., Keller D. Adsorption of radium-226 by biological origin adsorbents. Biotecnol. Bioeng. 1983, 25:201-215.
110. Tsezos M., McCrady R.G.L. The continuous recovery of uranium from biologically leached solution using immobilised biomass. Biotecnol. Bioeng. 1989, 34:10-17.
111. Tsezos M., McCready R.G.L. The pilot plant testing of the continuous extraction of radonuclides using immobilised biomass. Environmental biotechnology for waste treatment 1991, 249-260. Plenum Press, New York. G. Sayler, R. Fox, J. Blackburn (Eds.).
112. Tsezos M., Remoudaki E., Angelatou V. A systematic study on equilibrium and kinetic of biosrptve accumulation. Int. Biodeterior Biodegradation 1995, 35(1-3):129-153.
113. Tsezos M., Remoudaki E., Angelatou V. A study of the competing ions effects in the biosorptin of metal. Int. Biodeterior Biodegradation 1996, 36:19-28.
114. Tsezos M. The selective extraction of metals from solution by microorganisms. A brief overview. Canadian Metallurgical Q. 1985, 24:141-144.
115. Ucun H., Bayhan Y.K., Kaya Y., Cakici A., Algur O.F. Biosorption of chromium(VI) from aqueous solution by cone biomass of Pinus sylvestris. Bioresour. Technol. 2002, 85(2):155-158.
116. Veglio F., Beolchini F. Removal of metals by biosorption: A review. Hydrometallurgy 1997, 44:301-316.
117. Vijayaraghavan K., Yun Y.S. Bacterial biosorbents and biosorption. Biotechnol. Adv. 2008, 26(3):266-291.
118. Volesky B. Removal and recovery of heavy metals by biosorption. Biosorption of heavy metals 1990, 8-43. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. B. Volesky (Ed.).
119. Volesky B. Biosorption for the next century. A part of the Invited Lecture to be presented at the International Biohydrometallurgy Symposium 1999, El Escorial, Spain.
120. Volesky B. Sorption and biosorption. (ISBN 0-9732983-0-8) BV-Sorbex, Inc. St. Lambert (Montreal) 2003, Canada, Quebec.
121. Volesky B. Biosorption process simulation tools. Hydrometallurgy 2003, 71:179-190.
122. Volesky B. Biosorption and me. Water Res. 2007, 41:4017-4046.
123. Volesky B., Naja G. Biosorption: Application strategies. International Biohydrometallurgy Symposium 2005, South Africa, Cape Town.
124. Volesky B., Naja G. Biosorption technology: Starting up an enterprise. Int. J. Technol. Transfer Commercialisation 2007, 6:196-211.
125. Volesky B., Holan Z.R. Biosorption of heavy metals. Biotechnol. Prog. 1995, 11:235-285.
126. Votapek, V., E. Marval, and K. Stamberg. 1978. U.S. Patent 4 067 821.
127. Wang J., Chen C. Biosorbents for heavy metals removal and their future. Biotechnol. Adv. 2009, 27(2):195-226.
128. Wang J., Chen C. Biosorption of heavy metals by Saccharomyces cerevisiae: A review. Biotechnol. Adv. 2006, 24(5):427-451.
129. Wang J. Biosorption of copper (II) by chemically modified biomass of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Process Biochem. 2002, 37:847-850.
130. White C., Gadd G.M. Accumulation and effects of cadmium on sulphate-reducing bacterial biofilms. Microbiologica 1998, 144:1407-1415.
131. Xuan Z., Tang Y., Li X., Liu Y., Luo F. Study on the equilibrium, kinetics and isotherm of biosorption of lead ions onto pretreated chemically modified orange peel. Biochem. Eng. J. 2006, 31(2):160-164.
132. Yang J., Volesky B. Biosorption of uranium on Sargassum biomass. Water Res. 1999, 33(15):3357-3363.
133. Yang J., Volesky B. Cadmium biosorption rate in protonated Sargassum biomass. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1999, 33(5):751-757.
134. Zouboulis A.I., Matis K.A., Hancock I.C. Biosorption of metals from dilute aqueous solutions. Separation Purif. Methods 1997, 26(2):255-295.