Cuba and the United States: Ties of singular intimacy

Cuba and the United States: Ties of Singular Intimacy

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 1-336

  Perez Jr , Louis A ^a  

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References (594)

1. H. E. Friedlaender, Historia económica de Cuba (Havana, 1944), pp. 26-36, 59-73.
2. María Encarnacion Rodriguez Vicente, "El comercio cubano y la guerra de emancipation norteamericana", Anuario de Estudios Americanos (Seville), 11(1954):61-106.
3. James A. Lewis, "Anglo-American Entrepreneurs in Havana: The Background and Significance of the Expulsion of 1784-1785", in Jacques A. Barbier and Allan J. Kuethe, eds., The North American Role in the Spanish Imperial Economy, 1760-1819 (Manchester, Eng., 1984), pp. 112-126.
4. American State Papers, 1789-1809: Commerce and Navigation (Washington, D. C., 1832), 1:33.
5. George Clark Morton to James Madison, April 21, 1801
6. American State Papers, 1789-1809;1:489
7. Hubert A. Aimes, A History of Slavery in Cuba, 1511-1868, 2d ed. (New York, 1967), p. 264;
8. and Alexander Von Humboldt, The Island of Cuba, trans. John S. Thrasher (New York, 1856), pp. 218-219.
9. Jose R. Alvarez Diaz et al., A Study on Cuba (Coral Gables, 1965), pp. 81, 83.
10. Susan Schroeder, Cuba: A Handbook of Historical Statistics (Boston, 1982), p. 260.
11. American State Papers 1789-1809, 1:33, 431.
12. Kenneth F. Kiple, Blacks in Colonial Cuba, 1774-1899 (Gainesville, 1976), pp-25-58.
13. Jose Garcia De Arboleya, Manual de la isla de Cuba (Havana, 1859), p. 241.
14. Anthony Trollope, The West Indies and the Spanish Main (London, 1862), p. 136;
15. Basil Rauch, American Interest in Cuba, 1848-1855 (New York, 1948), p. 182.
16. Richard B. Kimball, Cuba and the Cubans (New York, 1850), pp. 196-197.
17. James E. Alexander, Transatlantic Sketches, 2 vols. (London, 1833), 1:368-369;
18. Edward Sullivan, Rambles and Scrambles in North and South America (London, 1852), p. 279.
19. Fe Iglesias, "La explotación del hierro en el sur de Oriente y la Spanish American Iron Company", Santiago, no. 17 (March 1975), pp. 59-105.
20. Roland T. Ely, Cuando reinaba su majestad el azucar (Buenos Aires, 1963), pp. 515-516;
21. S. M. L. Jay, My Winter in Cuba (New York, 1871), p. 85;
22. Richard Henry Dana, Jr., To Cuba and Back: A Vacation Voyage (Boston, 1859), p. 60.
23. Cuba, Centro de Estadistica, Noticias estadistícas de la isla de Cuba, en 1862 (Havana, 1864).
24. William T. Minor to William Seward, February 16, 1886;
25. Minor to William Hunter, June 15, 1865
26. Thomas Sauvage to William Seward, July 19, 1865
27. Eliza McHatton-Ripley, From Flag to Flag (New York, 1889), pp. 132, 149-269.
28. Herminio Portell Vila, La decadencia de Cardenas. (Estudio económico) (Havana, 1929), pp. 34-36.
29. George W. Williams, Sketches of Travel in the Old and New World (Charleston, S. C., 1871), p. 8;
30. Richard R. Madden, The Island of Cuba: Its Resources, Progress, and Prospects (London, 1849), p. 83;
31. R. W. Gibbes, Cuba for Invalids (New York, 1860), p. 109;
32. John Glanville Taylor, The United States and Cuba: Eight Years of Change and Travel (London, 1851), p. 165.
33. J. G. L. Wurdermann, Notes on Cuba (Boston, 1844), pp. 271-272.
34. A Winter in the West Indies and Florida (New York, 1839), pp. 99-101.
35. Charles J. Helm to Lewis Cass, June 14, 1859
36. Maturin M. Ballou, History of Cuba: Or Notes of a Traveller in the Tropics (Boston, 1854), pp. 145-146;
37. Dana, To Cuba and Back, p. 60;
38. Carlton H. Rogers, Incidents of Travel in the Southern States and Cuba (New York, 1862), p. 110.
39. Jose Ahumada y Centurión, Memoria historico-politica de la isla de Cuba (Havana, 1874), pp. 268-270.
40. Jose G. De La Concha, Memorias sobre el estado político, gobierno y administracion de la isla de Cuba (Madrid, 1853), pp. 64, 242-243.
41. Tesifonte Gallego García, Cuba por fuera (Havana, 1892), p. 139.
42. Madden, Island of Cuba, pp. 83-84.
43. Samuel Hazard, Cuba with Pen and Pencil (Hartford, Conn., 1871), pp. 402-403;
44. Frederic A. Eustis, Augustus Hemenway, 1805-1876: Builder of the United States Trade with the West Coast of South America (Salem, Mass., 1955), p. 102;
45. Williams, Sketches of Travel, p. 38;
46. Arthur P. Whitaker, The United States and the Independence of Latin America, 1800-1830 (New York, 1964), p. 129.
47. Julia Ward Howe, A Trip to Cuba (Boston, 1860), pp. 138-140.
48. Williams, Sketches of Travel, p. 38.
49. Herminio Portell Vila, Historia de Cuba en sus relaciones con los Estados Unidos y Espan̄, 4 vols. (Havana, 1938-41), 1:310.
50. Richard Davey, Cuba, Past and Present (London, 1898), p. 19.
51. Fredrika Bremer, The Homes of the New World; Impressions of America, 2 vols. (New York, 1854), 2:421.
52. Dionisio A. Galiano, Cuba en 1858 (Madrid, 1859), p. 21.
53. Abiel Abbot, Letters Written in the Interior of Cuba (Boston, 1829), p. 132.
54. Ahumada y Centurion, Memoria histórico-política, pp. 262-264.
55. De La Concha, Memorias sobre el estado político, pp. 341-342, 348-349.
56. Ramiro Guerra y Sanchez et al., Historia de la nation cubana, 10 vols. (Havana, 1952), 3:30-31.
57. George Coggeshall, Voyages to Various Parts of the World Made between the Years 1802 and 1841 (New York, 1852), pp. 170-185;
58. James M. Phillippo, The United States and Cuba (London, 1857), P-410;
59. José Luciano Franco, "Comercio clandestino de esclavos en el siglo XIX, Islas 11(January-April 1970):43-58.
60. Herminio Portell Vila, Historia de Cuba en sus relaciones con los Estados Unidos y Espana, 4 vols. (Havana, 1938-41), 1:148-149.
61. William Shaler to James Monroe, December 6, 1810
62. Emilio Roig De Leuchsenring, Cuba y los Estados Unidos (Havana, 1949), pp. 118-123.
63. John Quincy Adams to Hugh Nelson, April 28, 1823
64. Congressional Record, vol. 2, pt. 2, 1826, pp. 2268-2270.
65. John Quincy Adams to Hugh Nelson, April 28, 1823
66. in Worthington C. Ford, ed., The Writings of John Quincy Adams, 7 vols. (New York, 1913-17), 7:372-379.
67. Thomas Jefferson to James Monroe, October 24, 1823,;
68. James Buchanan to Romulus M. Saunders, June 17, 1848
69. in William R. Manning, ed., Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States: Inter-American Affairs, 1831-1860, 12 vols. (Washington, D. C., 1932-39), 11:87.
70. Lester D. Langley, Struggle for the American Mediterranean (Athens, Ga., 1976), pp. 38-50.
71. John Quincy Adams to Hugh Nelson, April 28, 1823, House Document No. 121, p. 7.
72. Charles Francis Adams, ed., Memoirs of John Quincy Adams, 12 vols. (Philadelphia, 1874-77), 6:70-74.
73. Thomas Jefferson to James Monroe, June 11, 1823
74. in Paul L. Ford, ed., The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, 10 vols. (New York, 1898), 10:293;
75. John Forsyth to Secretary of State, November 20, 1822, House Document No. 121, p. 4.
76. Thomas Jefferson to James Monroe, October 24, 1823, U. S. Congress, Senate Document No. 26, 57th Cong., 1st sess., Ser. 4220, pp. 3-4;
77. Alexander H. Everett to the president, November 30, 1825
78. in Everett, The Everett Letters on Cuba (Boston, 1897), p. 6;
79. John Forsyth to John Quincy Adams, February 10, 1823
80. and Forsyth to Aaron Vail, July 15, 1840, House Document No. 121, pp. 5, 36-37;
81. John M. Clayton to Daniel M. Barringer, August 2, 1849
82. in Manning, ed., Diplomatic Correspondence, 11:70.
83. Lester D. Langley, The Cuban Policy of the United States (New York, 1968), p. 5.
84. Henry Clay to Middleton, May 10, 1825
85. Martin Van Buren to Cornelius P. Van Ness, October 2, 1829, House Document No. 121, p. 26.
86. John Quincy Adams to Hugh Nelson, April 28, 1823
87. Henry Clay to Alexander H. Everett, April 26, 1825, House Document No. 121, pp. 8, 17-18.
88. Jose Garcia De Arboleya, Manual de la isla de Cuba, 2d ed. (Havana, 1859), p. 58.
89. Robert E. May, The Southern Dream of a Caribbean Empire, 1854-1861 (Baton Rouge, 1973).
90. Herminio Portell Vila, Narciso Lopez y su epoca, 3 vols. (Havana, 1930-58).
91. Philip Foner, A History of Cuba and Its Relations with the United States, 2 vols. (New York, 1963), 2:19.
92. John S. C. Abbott, South and North, or, Impressions Received during a Trip to Cuba and the South (New York, 1860), p. 57.
93. John Warner to C. A. Rodney, February 20, 1822, James Monroe Papers, Ser. I, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D. C.
94. Forbes Lindsay, Cuba and Her People To-day (Boston, 1911), p. 162.
95. Richard Henry Dana, Jr., To Cuba and Back: A Vacation Voyage (Boston, 1859), p. 113;
96. Antonio Saco, Ideas sobre la incorporation de Cuba en los Estados Unidos (Havana, 1845).
97. Ulysses S. Grant, "Annual Message to Congress", December 7, 1875
98. in James D. Richardson, ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789-1902, 10 vols. (Washington, D. C, 1896-1902), 11:4293-4294.
99. Allan Nevins, Hamilton Fish, 2 vols. (New York, 1957), 1:180.
100. H. E. Friedlaender, Historia economica de Cuba (Havana, 1944), p. 545.
101. Gaston Descamps, La crisis azucarera y la isla de Cuba (Havana, 1885).
102. Adam Badeau, "Report on the Present Condition of Cuba", February 7, 1884
103. William P. Pierce to Secretary of State John Davis, August 10, 1883
104. Edwin F. Atkins, Sixty Years in Cuba (Cambridge, Mass., 1926), pp. 30-137;
105. Hugh Thomas, Cuba, the Pursuit of Freedom (New York, 1971), p. 290.
106. James W. Steele, Cuban Sketches (New York, 1881), pp. 78-79.
107. Henry C. Hall to Assistant Secretary of State John Hay, April 13, 1881
108. Adam Badeau to Assistant Secretary of State John Davis, December 19, 1882
109. Manuel Moreno Fraginals, El ingenio: El complejo economico social cubano del azucar, 3 vols. (Havana, 1978), 3:71-72;
110. Maturin M. Ballou, Due South, or Cuba Past and Present (Boston, 1891), p. 58.
111. Ramon O. Williams to J. C. Bancroft Davis, February 23, 1882
112. Jean Stubbs, Tobacco on the Periphery: A Case Study in Cuban Labour History, 1860-1958 (Cambridge, Eng., 1985), p. 19;
113. Gloria Garcia, "Papel de la crisis economica de 1857 en la economia cubana", Universidad de La Habana 32(October-December 1968):25-33.
114. Jose Garcia Arboleya, Manual de la isla de Cuba, 2d ed. (Havana, 1859), p. 178;
115. Jose R. Alvarez Diaz et al., A Study on Cuba (Coral Gables, 1965), pp. 107-108;
116. Stubbs, Tobacco on the Periphery;. 18.
117. Diario de la Marina, August 16, 1882.
118. Fernando Portuondo Del Prado, Historia de Cuba, 6th ed. (Havana, 1957), p. 438.
119. Rolando Alvarez Estevez, La emigracion cubana en los Estados Unidos, 1868-1878 (Havana, 1986);
120. Louis A. Perez, Jr., "Cubans in Tampa: From Exiles to Immigrants, 1892-1901", Florida Historical Quarterly 56(October 1978):129-140;
121. Jose Rivero Muniz, "Los cubanos en Tampa", Revista Bimestre Cubana 74(First Semester 1958):5-140.
122. Richard Henry Dana, Jr., To Cuba and Back: A Vacation Voyage (Boston, 1859), P-79.
123. Roland T. Ely, Cuando reinaba su majestad el azucar (Buenos Aires, 1964), pp. 355, 404-408.
124. José G. De La Concha, Memorias sobre el estado politico, gobierno y administration de la isla de Cuba (Madrid, 1853), pp. 63, 242;
125. Nicolas Tanco Armero, Viaje de Nueva Granada a China (Paris, 1861), p. 27;
126. Ballou, Due South, p. 94.
127. L. De Hegermann-Lindencrone, In the Courts of Memory (New York, 1912), p. 342.
128. Carlos Ripoll, Cubans in the United States (New York, 1987), pp. 15-20.
129. William Cullen Bryant, Letters of a Traveller (New York, 1850), p. 373.
130. Eliza McHatton-Ripley, From Flag to Flag (New York, 1889), p. 147.
131. George Lester, In Sunny Isles (London, 1897), p. 75.
132. Eddy Martin, "Cien anos de vida del beisbol cubano", juventud Rebelde, December 22, 1974, p. 5;
133. Angel Torres, La historia del beisbol cubano, 178-1976 (Los Angeles, 1976), p. 7.
134. Ricardo Agacino, "Beisbol de ayer y de hoy", Cuba Internacional, July 1987, pp. 64-67;
135. Eric A. Wagner, "Baseball in Cuba", Journal of Popular Culture 18(Summer 1984):113-120.
136. Gerald E. Poyo, "Cuban Revolutionaries and Monroe County Reconstruction Politics, 1868-1876", Florida Historical Quarterly 55(April 1977):407-422
137. and Poyo, "Key West and the Ten Years War", Florida Historical Quarterly 57(January 1979):289-307.
138. Interview with Tomas Mayet, February 20, 1973, West Tampa, Florida.
139. Evelio Telleria Toca, "Los tabaqueros cubanos y sus luchas en Cayo Hueso y Tampa", Bohemia 59(April 28, 1967):18-23, 113.
140. Pulaski F. Hyatt to Secretary of State, October 12, 1894
141. La Lucha, December 19, 1894.
142. Pulaski F. Hyatt to Secretary of State, October 12, 1894, Despatches/Santiago de Cuba.
143. La Lucha, January 3, 1895.
144. Jose Martí, "El Partido Revolucionario Cubano", April 3, 1892
145. in Marti, Obras completas, ed. Jorge Quintana, 5 vols. (Caracas, 1964), vol. 1, pt. 2, pp. 303-307.
146. Jose Marti, "Un drama terrible", November 13, 1897, ibid., 2:799-800.
147. Jose Marti, "La Conferencia Monetaria de las Republicas de America", May 1891, ibid., 3:262.
148. Jose Marti, "La crisis y el Partido Revolucionario Cubano", August 19, 1893, ibid., vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 665.
149. Jose Marti, "A la raiz", August 26, 1893, ibid., p. 669;
150. Marti to Manuel Mercado, May 18, 1895, ibid., p. 271.
151. Jose Marti to Serafín Bello, November 16, 1889, ibid., p. 392.
152. Maximo Gomez, "A los senores hacendados y duenos de fincas ganaderas", July 1, 1895
153. Fitzhugh Lee to Richard Olney, June 24, 1896.
154. A Planter in Cuba, "The Argument for Autonomy", Outlook 58(April 23, 1898):1012.
155. New York World, March 22, 1897.
156. William J. Calhoun to William McKinley, June 22, 1897
157. Richard B. Olney to Enrique Dupuy de Lome, April 4, 1896
158. U. S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of United States, 1897 (Washington, D. C, 1898), p. 543
159. (hereafter cited as FRUS, 1897).
160. Lyman J. Gage, "Work of the Treasury Department", in The American-Spanish War: A History by the War Leaders (Norwich, Conn., 1899), pp. 367-391
161. and John E. Wilkie, "The Secret Service in the War", ibid., pp. 423-436.
162. Richard B. Olney to Grover Cleveland, September 25, 1895
163. Richard B. Olney to Enrique Dupuy de Lome, April 4, 1896
164. FRUS, 1897, p. 541.
165. Grover Cleveland, "Fourth Annual Message", December 7, 1896
166. in James D. Richardson, ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789-1902, 10 vols. (Washington, D. C, 1896-1902), 9:720.
167. Richard Olney to Enrique Dupuy de Lome, April 14, 1896, FRUS, 1897, PP. 543-544.
168. Duke of Tetuan to Enrique Dupuy de Lome, May 22, 1896
169. in Spain, Ministerio de Estado, Spanish Diplomatic Correspondence and Documents, 1896-1900, Presented to the Cortes by the Minister of State (Washington, D. C., 1905), pp. 10-11.
170. Fitzhugh Lee to William R. Day, November 17, 1897
171. Alexander C. Brice to William R. Day, November 17, 1897,.
172. Pulaski F. Hyatt to William R. Day, March 24, 1898
173. U. S. Congress, Senate, Consular Correspondence Respecting the Conditions of the Reconcentrados in Cuba, the State of the War in That Island, and the Prospects of the Projected Autonomy, 55th Cong., 2d sess., Senate Document No. 230, p. 44.
174. Fitzhugh Lee to William R. Day, November 23, 1897
175. Washington Post, December 22, 1897.
176. New York Herald, December 14, 1897.
177. Maximo Gomez to John R. Caldwell, December 5, 1897
178. New York Herald, December 29, 1897.
179. New York World, February 10, March 6, 1897.
180. New York Journal, February 24, 1898.
181. Calixto Garcia to Editor, December 18, 1897
182. New York Journal, January 5, 1898.
183. Maximo Gomez to Gonzalo de Quesada, March 10, 1898
184. New York Daily Tribune, April 10 1898.
185. New York World, August 17, 1897.
186. William R. Day to Stewart L. Woodford, March 26, 1898
187. U. S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1898 (Washington, D. C, 1901), p. 704
188. (hereafter cited as FRUS, 1898).
189. William R. Day, "Recognition of Independence", n. d., William R. Day Papers, Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Washington, D. C.
190. Stewart L. Woodford to William McKinley, March 17, 1898
191. Stewart L. Woodford to William McKinley, March 17, 1898
192. General Woodford to the President, August 1897 to May 1898
193. William R. Day to Stewart Woodford, March 27, 1898
194. FRUS, 1898, pp. 711-712.
195. Luis Polo de Bernabe to Secretary of State, April 10, 1898
196. in Spain, Ministerio de Estado, Spanish Diplomatic Correspondence, pp. 121;
197. William R. Day, "Interview with Spanish Minister", April 10, 1898, Day Papers;
198. Charles G. Dawes, A Journal of the McKinley Years (Chicago, 1950), p. 149.
199. Ramon Blanco, "Suspension of Hostilities", April 10, 1898
200. in FRUS, 1898, p. 750.
201. Horatio S. Rubens, Liberty: The Story of Cuba (New York, 1932), pp. 326. 327.
202. Tomas Estrada Palma, "The Work of the Cuban Delegation", in The American-Spanish War, pp. 419-420.
203. Calixto García to Mario G. Menocal, April 18, 1898
204. in Garcia, Palabras de tres guerra (Havana, 1942), ppp. 143-144;
205. Maximo Gomez, Diario de campana del mayor general Maximo Gomez (Havana, 1940), p. 354.
206. Richardson, ed., Messages and Papers, 10:63-64.
207. Alvey A. Adee to William R. Day, April 7, 1898, Day Papers.
208. "Borrador relacionado con la Resolución Conjunta", April 1898
209. in Gonzalo De Quesada, Documentos históricos (Havana, 1965), p. 409.
210. State (Columbia, S. C.), April 8, 1898.
211. Washington Evening Star, April 6, 1898.
212. Congressional Record 31(April 16, 1898):3988-3989.
213. Calixto Garcia to Tomas Estrada Palma, April 26, 1898
214. in Felipe Martinez Arango, Cronologia critica de la guerra hispano-cubano-americano (Santiago de Cuba, 1946), p. 44.
215. New York Times, August 5, 1898.
216. Washington Evening Star, July 19, 1898.
217. Calixto Garcia to Pedro Perez, August 12, 1898
218. in Juan J. E. Casasús, Calixto Garcia (el estratega) (Havana, 1942), p. 284.
219. Calixto Garcia to William R. Shafter, July 17, 1898
220. in Garcia, Palabras de tres guerras, pp. 107-110.
221. Cuba, Ejército Libertador, Parte oficial del lugarteniente general Calixto Garcia al General en Jefe Maximo Gómez, 15 de julio de 1898, sobre la campana de Santiago de Cuba (Havana, 1953), pp. 22-23.
222. Lieutenant Colonel Clinton Smith to Colonel Augustus R. Francis, July 31, 1898
223. New York Times, August 12, 1898.
224. State (Columbia, S. C.), July 20, 1898.
225. New York Times, August 23, 1, 1898;
226. State (Columbia, S. C.), July 30, 1898, p. 4.
227. Burr Mcintosh, The Little I Saw of Cuba (New York, 1899), p. 74.
228. New York Times, July 29, 1898.
229. State (Columbia, S. C.), July 20, 1898
230. and Charles Morris, The War with Spain (Philadelphia, 1899), p. 312.
231. New York Times, July 29, 1898.
232. State (Columbia, S. C.), December 19, 1898
233. and New York Times, December 19, 1898.
234. Walter Millis, The Martial Spirit: A Study of Our War with Spain (Boston, 1931), p. 362.
235. George Kennan, "Cuban Character", Outlook 63(December 23, 1899):1021-1022.
236. Leonard Wood to William McKinley, February 6, 1900
237. Leonard Wood to William McKinley, September 26, 1899,;
238. Herbert P. Williams, "The Outlook in Cuba", Atlantic Monthly 83(June 1899):835-836.
239. Elihu Root to Paul Dana, January 15, 1900, Root Papers.
240. Leonard Wood to Elihu Root, January 1900
241. in Hermann Hagedorn, Leonard Wood, A Biography, 2 vols. (New York, 1931), 1:267.
242. Leonard Wood to William McKinley, August 31, 1900
243. Leonard Wood to Orville H. Platt, December 6, 1900, Wood Papers.
244. Leonard Wood to Elihu Root, March 4, 1901
245. in Hagedorn, Leonard Wood, 1:359;
246. Wood to Elihu Root, September 26, 1900
247. Louis A. Coolidge, An Old-Fashioned Senator: Orville H. Platt of Connecticut (New York, 1910), p. 331.
248. Orville H. Platt, "The Pacification of Cuba", Independent 53(June 27, 1901):1466.
249. U. S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Relations with Cuba, Conditions in Cuba (Washington, D. C., 1900), pp. 17-18.
250. Leonard Wood, "The Future of Cuba", Independent 54(January 23, 1902):193.
251. Elihu Root to Leonard Wood, January 9, 1901, Root Papers.
252. Elihu Root to John Hay, January 11, 1901, Root Papers.
253. Elihu Root, Military and Colonial Policy of the United States, ed. Robert Bacon and James Brown Scott (Cambridge, Mass., 1916), pp. 172-173.
254. Elihu Root to Albert Shaw, February 23, 1901, Root Papers;
255. Orville H. Platt, "The Solution of the Cuban Problem", World's Work 2(May 1901):730-731.
256. Leonard Wood to Elihu Root, January 19, 1901, Wood Papers.
257. U. S. Statutes at Large, 21:897-898.
258. Washington Evening Star, June 1, 1901, p. 1.
259. Leonard Wood to Elihu Root, March 20, 1901, Root Papers.
260. Orville H. Piatt, "Cuba's Claim upon the United States", North American Review 175(August 1902):146.
261. In Rafael Martínez Ortiz, Cuba: Los primeros an̄os de independencia, 2 vols., 3d ed. (Paris, 1929), 1:41.
262. Tomas Estrada Palma to Maximo Gomez, January 26, 1899
263. in Gonzalo De Quesada, Documentos historicos (Havana, 1965), p. 8.
264. New York Times, December 19, 1898.
265. U. S. War Department, Oficina del Director del Censo de Cuba, Informe sobre el censo de Cuba, 1899 (Washington, D. C., 1899), pp. 44-45.
266. Cuba Bulletin 2(February 1904):12.
267. Commercial and Financial World 9(April 7, 1906):10.
268. Pulaski F. Hyatt and John T. Hyatt, Cuba: Its Resources and Opportunities (New York, 1898), p. 95.
269. James L. Hitchman, "U. S. Control over Cuban Sugar Production, 1898-1902", Journal of Inter-American Studies and World Affairs 12(January 1970):90-106;
270. Atherton Brownell, "The Commercial Annexation of Cuba", Appleton's Magazine 8(October 1906):409;
271. Zona Fiscal De Manzanillo, "Relacion de las fincas que han adquirido en compra los no residentes en la isla de Cuba desde la fecha de la ocupacion americana", March 25, 1901
272. Jean Stubbs, Tobacco on the Periphery: A Case Study in Cuban Labour History, 1860-1958 (Cambridge, Eng., 1985), pp. 22-23;
273. Leland H. Jenks, Our Cuban Colony (New York, 1928), p. 157;
274. Brownell, "Commercial Annexation of Cuba", p. 410;
275. Enrique Barbarrosa, El proceso de la republica (Havana, 1911), pp. 59-61.
276. Antonio Calvache, Historia y desarrollo de la mineria en Cuba (Havana, 1944), p. 64;
277. Lisandro Perez, "Iron Mining and Socio-Demographic Change in Eastern Cuba, 1884-1940", Journal of Latin American Studies 14(November 1982):390-395;
278. William J. Clark, Commercial Cuba (New York, 1898), pp. 402-419.
279. Jules R. Benjamin, The United States and Cuba: Hegemony and Dependent Development, 1880-1934 (Pittsburgh, 1974), p. 19.
280. Harry F. Guggenheim, The United States and Cuba (New York, 1934), pp. 110-131.
281. Jenks, Our Cuban Colony, pp. 164-165;
282. Oscar Pino Santos, El asalto a Cuba por la oligarquía yanaui (Havana, 1973), pp. 33-69.
283. U. S. Congress, Senate, Cuban Sugar Sales: Testimony Taken by Committee on Relations with Cuba, 57th Cong., 1st sess., pp. 332, 339-341.
284. U. S. Department of Commerce, Investment in Cuba (Washington, D. C, 1956), p. 137.
285. "Developing Oriente", Cuba Magazine 1(September 1909):4-7;
286. George Reno, "Oriente, the California of Cuba", Cuban Review 25(August 1927):14-20;
287. George Fortune", 'What's Doing' in Cuba for the Younger American", Cuba Magazine 3(February 1912):336-340;
288. Thomas J. Vivian and Ruel P. Smith, Everything about Our New Possessions (New York, 1899), pp. 112-119.
289. Isaac N. Ford, Tropical America (New York, 1893), p. 279;
290. Edward Marshall, "A Talk with General Wood", Outlook 68(July 20, 1901):670.
291. T. Philip Terry, Terry's Guide to Cuba, 2d ed. (Boston, 1929), p. 324.
292. Rolando Alvarez Estevez, Isla de Pinos el tratado Hay-Quesada (Havana, 1972), pp. 31-35.
293. Irene Wright, Cuba (New York, 1910), p. 322.
294. Sydney A. Clark, Cuban Tapestry (New York, 1936), pp. 146-148.
295. Leonard Wood, "The Need for Reciprocity with Cuba", Independent 52(December 12, 1901):2929;
296. Wright, Cuba, pp. 502-504;
297. Lindsay Forbes, Cuba and Her People of To-day (Boston, 1911), p. 161.
298. Charles M. Pepper, Tomorrow in Cuba (New York, 1899), p. 335
299. Robert P. Porter, "The Future of Cuba", North American Review 153(April 1899):420;
300. New York Tribune, August 28, 1899;
301. James H. Wilson to Andrew Carnegie, March 16, 1899
302. Alexis E. Frye, Manual para maestros (Havana, 1900), pp. 80-86.
303. Carlos Loveira, Los inmorales (Havana, 1919), p. 11.
304. William Joseph Showalter, "Cuba-the Sugar Mill of the Antilles", National Geographic Magazine 38(July 1920):21.
305. Leonard Wood, "Report of Brigadier General Leonard Wood", July 5, 1902
306. in U. S. War Department, Civil Report of Brigadier General Leonard Wood, Military Governor of Cuba, for the Period from January 1, to May 20, 1902, 6 vols. (Washington, D. C, 1902), 1:18.
307. Sylvester Baxter, "The Cuban Teachers at Harvard University", Outlook 65(August 4, 1900):778;
308. and Medardo Vitier, "En torno a la ensenanza en Cuba durante la Republica", Diario de la Marina: Siglo y cuarto (Havana, 1947)' P. 78.
309. Gilbert K. Harroun to F. P. Machado, September 16, 1899
310. Harroun, "The Cuban Educational Association of the United States", Review of Reviews 20(September 1899):334.
311. Howard B. Grose, Advance in the Antilles (New York, 1910), p. 100.
312. Henry L. Moorehouse, Ten Years in Eastern Cuba (New York, 1910), p. 11.
313. Richard Aumerle Maher, "Protestanism in Cuba", Catholic World 100(November 1914):207.
314. Grose, Advance in the Antilles, p. 130.
315. Sylvester Jones, "Religious Conditions in Cuba", Missionary Review of the World 30(March 1907):182-188.
316. J. Milton Greene, "What Americans Have Done in Cuba", Missionary Review of the World 30(August 1907):597.
317. Moorehouse, Ten Years in Eastern Cuba, pp. 22-23.
318. Grose, Advance in the Antilles, p. 112.
319. D. W. Carter, "Cuba and Its Evangelization", Missionary Review of the World 25(April 1902):257.
320. Margaret E. Crahan, "Religious Penetration and Nationalism in Cuba: U. S. Methodist Activities, 1898-1958", Revista/Review lnteramericana 8(Summer 1978):205-207.
321. Grose, Advance in the Antilles, p. 118.
322. Irene A. Wright, "Nipe Bay Country-Cuba", Pan American Union Bulletin, June 1911, p. 986;
323. Interview with Edgar G. Nesman, October 27, 1988
324. U. S. War Department, Censo de la republica de Cuba, 1907 (Washington, D. C., 1908), pp. 572-574.
325. Terry, Terry's Guide to Cuba, p. 344.
326. Clark, Cuban Tapestry, p. 98.
327. Carlos Martí, El país de la riqueza (Madrid, 1918), pp. 110-111.
328. Ariel James, Banes: Imperialismo y nacion en una plantacion azucarera (Havana, 1976), pp. 227-236.
329. Hugh Bradley, Havana, Cinderella's City (Garden City, N. Y., 1941), pp. 413-414.
330. Basil Wood, When It's Cocktail Time in Cuba (New York, 1928), p. 28.
331. Clark, Cuban Tapestry, p. 98.
332. Bruce Bliven, "And Cuba for the Winter", New Republic 54(February 1928):61.
333. Loveira, Los inmorales, p. 12.
334. Harry A. Franck, Roaming through the West Indies (New York, 1920), p. 37.
335. Joseph Hergesheimer, San Cristobal de La Habana (New York, 1920), p. 145.
336. Michael Channan, The Cuban Image (Bloomington, 1986), p. 52.
337. Terry, Terry's Guide to Cuba, p. 35.
338. Harry F. Guggenheim to Secretary of State, August 9, 1931
339. Robert W. Woolley, "America's Bad Faith toward Cuba", Pearson's Magazine 13(June 1910):716.
340. Herbert G. De Lisser, In Jamaica and Cuba (Kingston, 1910), pp. 62, 70.
341. Enrique Collazo, Los americanos en Cuba (Havana, 1906);
342. Julio Cesar Gandarilla, Contra el yanqui (Havana, 1913).
343. Manuel Sanguily, "Contra la venta de tierras a los extranjeros", in Hortensia Pichardo, ed., Documentos para la historia de Cuba, 2 vols. (Havana, 1965-69), 2:261-263;
344. and Emilio Roig De Leuchsenring, Tradicion anti-imperialista de nuestra historia, 2d ed. (Havana, 1977), pp. 115-122;
345. Waldo Frank, Cuba: Prophetic Island (New York, 1961), p. 113.
346. Enrique Jose Varona, De la colonia a la republica (Havana, 1919), pp. 258-260.
347. Alejo Carpentier, El recurso del metodo, 3d ed. (Madrid, 1976), pp. 251-252.
348. Miguel De Carrion, "El desenvolvimiento social de Cuba en los ultimos veinte anos", Cuba Contempordnea 9(September 1921):19-20.
349. Manuel Marquez Sterling, Doctrina de la republica (Havana, 1937), p. 123.
350. Elihu Root, Military and Colonial Policy of the United States, ed. Robert Bacon and James Brown Scott (Cambridge, Mass., 1916), p. 100.
351. Jacob Sleeper to Elihu Root, September 4, 1906
352. U. S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1906 (Washington, D. C., 1909), p. 467.
353. Frank Steinhart to William Loeb, Jr., September 8, 1906
354. Steinhart to Robert Bacon, September 13, 1906
355. Hipolito Aranguren et al. to Arthur M. Beaupre, March 22, 1912
356. José Miguel Gomez to William E. Gonzales, February 19, 1917
357. in Matias Duque, Ocios del presidio, 1917 (Havana, 1919), pp. 68-69;
358. Orestes Ferrera and Raimundo Cabrera to Secretary of State, February 16, 1917, 837.00/1239, DS/RG 59.
359. Faustino Guerra to Secretary of State, April 2, 1920, 837.001/1625, DS/RG 59.
360. William Howard Taft to Helen Taft, September 20, 21, 1906
361. Ross E. Holaday to Arthur M. Beaupre, June 13, 1912, 837.00/763, DS/RG 59.
362. Arthur M. Beaupre to Secretary of State, June 4, 1912, 837.00/731, DS/RG 59.
363. William E. Gonzales to Secretary of State, October 28, 1914
364. Gonzales to Secretary of State, November 3, 1914, 837.00/1012, DS/RG 59.
365. Philander Knox to Arthur M. Beaupre, June 15, 1912, 837.00/690a, DS/RG 59.
366. Arthur M. Beaupré to Secretary of State, June 6, 1912, 837.00/731, DS/RG59.
367. Arthur M. Beaupre to Secretary of State, May 4, 1912, 837.5041/22, DS/RG 59.
368. Rutherford Bingham to Secretary of State, January 19, 1919, 837.504/90, DS/RG 59.
369. Harold E. Stephenson to Enoch H. Crowder, December 8, 1920
370. James J. Davis, Secretary, Department of Labor, to Enoch H. Crowder, March 3, 1922, 837.504/235, DS/RG 59.
371. Enoch H. Crowder to Secretary of State, March 3, 1922, 837.504/235, DS/RG59.
372. William E. Gonzales to Secretary of State, March 9, 1919, 837.504/118, DS/RG59.
373. Josephus Daniels to Secretary of War, February 2, 1920, 837.504/85, DS/RG 59.
374. Paul W. Beck, "Report on Cuban Strikes since January 1, 1919", April 14, 1919, 837.504/147, DS/RG 59.
375. Consular District of Santiago de Cuba, "Monthly Report on Economic and Political Conditions", January 31, 1919
376. U. S. Army, Department of Santiago and Puerto Príncipe, Annual Report of Colonel Samuel M. Whitside, 10th U. S. Cavalry, Commanding Department of Santiago and Puerto Principe, 1900 (Santiago de Cuba, 1900), pp. 152-153.
377. "Memorandum on Proposed Legislation Fixing a Minimum Wage for Labor, as Affecting Contracts of American Concerns", July 14, 1910, 837.5041/2, DS/RG 59.
378. F. M. Huntington Wilson to John B. Jackson, July 21, 1910, 837.5041/-, DS/RG 59.
379. Bainbridge Colby to Woodrow Wilson, July 28, 1920, 837.00/1860S, DS/RG 59;
380. Colby to Francis White, August 25, 1920, 836.00/1737, DS/RG 59;
381. Orestes Ferrara, "Supervision electoral o intervention permanente", La Reforma Social 13(March 1919):201-210.
382. Enoch H. Crowder to Secretary of State, March 25, 1922, 837.51/746, DS/RG59.
383. Enoch H. Crowder to Alfredo Zayas, April 21, 1922, 837.51/764, DS/RG 59.
384. Division of Latin-American Affairs, "Synopsis of General Crowder's 13 Memoranda", November 14, 1923, 123c 8812/51, DS/RG 59.
385. Enoch H. Crowder to Secretary of State, June 9, 1922, 837.51/786, DS/RG59.
386. Enoch H. Crowder to Secretary of State, August 5, 1924, 837.00/2533
387. "Cuba's Dislike of the Piatt Amendment", Literary Digest 85(June 6, 1925):21-22
388. and Rafael Rodriguez Altunaga, "Cuba's Case for the Repeal of the Platt Amendment: The Views of President Machado", Current History 26(September 1927):925-927.
389. Gerardo Machado, Por la patria Wore (Havana, 1926), pp. 14-16;
390. Machado, Metnorias: Ocho an̄os de lucha (Miami, 1982), p. 11.
391. The Visit of the President-Elect of Cuba General Gerardo Machado to the United States in April, 1925 (Washington, D. C, 1925), p. 36.
392. José R. Alvarez Díaz et al., A Study on Cuba (Coral Gables, 1965), p. 217.
393. Robert F. Smith, The United States and Cuba: Business and Diplomacy, 1917-1961 (New Haven, 1960), p. 70.
394. "General Survey of Wages in Cuba, 1931 and 1932", Monthly Labor Review 35(December 1932):1403-1404, 1409-1411.
395. Smith, United States and Cuba, pp. 124-132.
396. Fabio Grobart, "The Cuban Working Class Movement from 1925 to 1933", Science and Society 39(Spring 1975):89-90.
397. Harry F. Guggenheim to Frank L. Stimson, December 17, 1930, 711.37/146, DS/RG 59.
398. Edward L. Reed to Francis White, September 10, 1930, Francis White Papers, National Archives, Washington, D. C.
399. R. Morgan, "Dr. Fernando Ortiz: Political Situation in Cuba", April 29, 1927, 837.00/2657, DS/RG 59.
400. Washington Daily News, April 6, 1929.
401. Lionel Soto, La revolucion del 33, 3 vols. (Havana, 1977), 2:98-99.
402. Henry L. Stimson to Noble Brandon Judah, April 23, 1929, 837.00/2730, DS/RG 59.
403. Cordell Hull to Sumner Welles, May 1, 1933, 711.37/1783, DS/RG 59.
404. Manuel Marquez Sterling, "Para la historia del pesimiso en Cuba", August 25, 1916, in Sterling, Doctrina de la republica (Havana, 1937), pp. 29-34
405. and Sterling, "Los tres pecados", May 28, 1918, ibid., pp. 294-305.
406. Manuel Douglas, The Cubans (New York, 1981), pp. 426, 431;
407. José Soler Puig, Bertillón 166 (Havana, 1975), pp. 164-165.
408. Sumner Welles to Secretary of State, August 5, 1933, 837.00/3603, DS/RG59.
409. New York Times, August 7, 1933;
410. Sumner Welles to Cordell Hull, August 7, 1933, 837.00/3606
411. Sumner Welles to Cordell Hull, August 8, 1933, 837.00/3616, DS/RG 59;
412. Machado, Memorias, p. 125.
413. New York Times, August 12, 1933.
414. Gonzalo De Quesada y Miranda, iEn Cuba Libre! Historia documentada y anecdoctica del machadato, 2 vols. (Havana, 1938), 2:243-244;
415. Horacio Ferrer, Con el rifle al hombro (Havana, 1950), pp. 321-322;
416. Orestes Ferrara, "Los ultimos días del regimen de Machado", Bohemia 44(August 10, 1952):114.
417. A copy of the proclamation enclosed in Sumner Welles to Cordell Hull, September 5, 1933, 837.00/3753, DS/RG 59.
418. Luis E. Aguilar, Cuba, 1933: Prologue to Revolution (Ithaca, N. Y., 1972), pp. 163-164.
419. Enrique Lumen, La revolucion cubana, 1902-1934: Cronica de nuestro tiempo (Mexico, 1934), pp. 149-154;
420. Justo Carrillo, Cuba 1933: Estudiantes, yanquis y soldados (Coral Gables, 1985), pp. 267-271, 273-276, 284-288, 343-352.
421. Sumner Welles to Cordell Hull, September 18, 1933, 837.00/3934
422. Welles to Acting Secretary of State, December 7, 1933, 837.00/4480, DS/RG 59;
423. Welles to Hull, October 16, 1933
424. U. S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1933, 5 vols. (Washington, D. C., 1952), 5:487;
425. Welles to Hull, October 13, 1933, 837.00/4193, DS/RG 59.
426. "Memorandum of Telephone Conversation between Secretary of State Hull and Welles", September 5, 1933, 837.00/3757;
427. Welles to Hull, September 5, 1933, 837.00/3756;
428. Welles to Hull, September 7, 1933, 837.00/3778, DS/RG 59.
429. Sumner Welles to Cordell Hull, October 5, 1933, 837.00/4136, DS/RG 59.
430. Lieutenant Colonel T. N. Gimperling, "Army Officers Defy Present Regime", September 11, 1933,.
431. "Memorandum of Conversation between Secretary Hull at Washington and Ambassador Welles at Habana, by Telephone", September 9, 1933, 837.00/3939, DS/RG 59.
432. New York Herald Tribune, September 11, 1933.
433. Lieutenant Colonel T. N. Gimperling, "Army Officers Defy Present Regime", September 11, 1933, File 2012-133(8), WD/RG 165.
434. Ruby Hart Phillips, Cuba: Island of Paradox (New York, 1959), pp. 90-92.
435. Alfredo Betancourt to Cordell Hull, November 5, 1933, Cordell Hull Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D. C.
436. Sumner Welles to Cordell Hull, October 4, 1933, 837.00/4131, DS/RG 59.
437. Carrillo, Cuba 1933, pp. 276-284, 296-302.
438. Sumner Welles to Cordell Hull, October 29, 1933, 837.00/4301
439. Charles William Taussig, "Cuba- and Reciprocal Trade Agreements", in National Foreign Trade Council, Official Report of the Twenty-First National Foreign Trade Convention (New York, 1934), p. 554;
440. Harry F. Guggenheim, "Changes in the Reciprocity Treaty Which Would Probably Benefit the United States Export Trade with Cuba", March 30, 1933, 611.3731/390
441. Sumner Welles, Two Years of the "Good Neighbor" Policy (Washington, D. C., 1935)' P. 7.
442. Susan Schroeder, Cuba: A Handbook of Historical Statistics (Boston, 1982), P. 433.
443. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Report on Cuba (Washington, D. C., 1951), p. 7.
444. "Some Aspects of the Recent Evolution of Cuba's Economy", in United Nations, Economic Commission for Latin America, Economic Review of Latin America (Bogota, 1955), p. 52.
445. U. S. Department of Commerce, Investment in Cuba (Washington, D. C., 1956), p. 15.
446. Pablo Armando Fernandez, Los ninos se despiden (Havana, 1968), pp. 294, 298.
447. Newsweek, July 4, 1949, p. 36.
448. Great Britain, Overseas Economic Survey, Cuba: Economic and Commercial Conditions in Cuba, 1954 (London, 1954), P. 44.
449. Guillermo Cabrera Infante, Tres tristes tigres, 2d ed. (Barcelona, 1971), PP. 157-158, 176.
450. Erna Fergusson, Cuba (New York, 1946), p. 104.
451. Consuelo Hermer and Marjorie May, Havana Mariana: A Guide to Cuba and the Cubans (New York, 1941), p. 71.
452. Ruby Hart Phillips, Cuba: Island of Paradox (New York, 1959), pp. 357-358.
453. Roberto Segre, "Continuidad y renovación en la arquitectura cubana del siglo XX", Santiago 4(March 1981):9-35
454. and "Contenido de clase en la arquitectura cubana de los an̄os 50", Revista de la Biblioteca Nacional "Jose Marti" 17(September-December 1975):97-126.
455. Warren Miller, 90 Miles from Home (New York, 1961), p. 33.
456. Fergusson, Cuba, p. 104.
457. Hermer and May, Havana Mariana, pp. 44-45.
458. Angel Torres, La historia del beisbol cubano, 1878-1976 (Los Angeles, 1976), p. 143.
459. Earl Leaf, Isles of Rhythm (New York, 1948), p. 40.
460. Marshall W. Stearns, The Story of Jazz, 4th ed. (New York, 1962), p. 252.
461. Federal Writers' Project, Tampa, Florida, "Social-Ethnic Study of Ybor City", vol. 2, Unpublished Manuscript, Special Collections, University of South Florida Library, Tampa.
462. Robert P. Ingalls, Urban Vigilantes in the New South: Tampa, 1882-1936 (Knoxville, 1988)
463. and Gene Burnett, "Death and Terror Scar Tampa's Past", Florida Trend 18(December 1975):76-80.
464. Studs Terkel, Hard Times: An Oral History of the Great Depression (New York, 1970), p. 125.
465. José Yglesias, The Truth about Them (New York, 1971).
466. Rogelio Llopis, "A Horrible Man", in J. M. Cohen, ed., Writers in the New Cuba (London, 1967), pp. 140-149;
467. Juan Arcocha, A Candle in the Wind (New York, 1967), p. 32;
468. Miller, 90 Miles from Home, p. 94.
469. José Yglesias, "The Radical Latino Island in the Deep South", Nuestro 1(August 1977):6.
470. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Report on Cuba, pp. 160, 162.
471. U. S. Department of Commerce, Investment in Cuba, pp. 5-7, 182;
472. Theodore Draper, Castroism: Theory and Practice (New York, 1965), p. 114.
473. José R. Alvarez Diaz et al., A Study on Cuba (Coral Gables, 1965), p. 508;
474. U. S. Department of Commerce, Investment in Cuba, pp. 104, 107-108, 115, 124.
475. U. S. Department of Commerce, Investment in Cuba, pp. 10-11, 139;
476. Robert F. Smith, The United States and Cuba: Business and Diplomacy, 1917-1960 (New Haven, 1960), pp. 166-167.
477. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Report on Cuba, p. 744;
478. U. S. Department of Commerce, Investment in Cuba, pp. 140, 143.
479. Phillips, Cuba, p. 338.
480. Tad Szulc, "Cuba on Our Mind", Esquire, February 1974, p. 91.
481. Fernandez, Los ninos se despiden, p. 229.
482. Harold B. Quarton, "Cuban Protest American Musicians", December 18, 1929, 837.4038/3, DS/RG 59.
483. Hank Messick, Lansky (New York, 1971), p. 89.
484. Martin A. Gosch and Richard Hammer, The Last Testament of Lucky Luciano (Boston, 1975), p. 311.
485. Dennis Eisenberg, Uri Dan, and Eli Landau, Meyer Lansky, Mogul of the Mob (New York, 1979), pp. 173-175, 226-234, 253-260.
486. Ernest Havemann, "Mobsters Move in on Troubled Havana and Split Rich Gambling Profits with Batista", Life 55(March 10, 1958):34;
487. Havana Post, January 19, 1956.
488. Harry J. Anslinger and Will Oursler, The Murderers (New York, 1961), p. 106;
489. Messick, Lansky, pp. 135-136.
490. Messick, Lansky, pp. 197-198.
491. Landau, Meyer Lansky, pp. 227-228.
492. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., One Thousand Days (New York, 1965), p. 165;
493. Antonio Llano Montes, "Tras la noticia", Carteles, 38(May 5, 1957):32;
494. Time 59(April 21, 1952):38.
495. Norman Lewis, Cuban Passage (New York, 1982), p. 5.
496. U. S. Department of Commerce, Investment in Cuba, p. 24.
497. Carlton Bailey Hurst, The Arms above the Door (New York, 1932), p. 278.
498. Guillermo Patterson y De Jauregui, "Commercial Relations between Cuba and the United States", Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 186(July 1936):189.
499. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Report on Cuba, P.99.
500. Oscar Pino Santos, "El auge en Cuba de la ventas de plazos", Carteles 39(August 24, 1958):30-31, 85.
501. Levi Marrero, "Porque somos pobres?" El Mundo, March 7, 1954, p. A-8;
502. Antonio Llano Montes, "Tras la noticia", Carteles 38(March 24, 1957):32.
503. Oscar Pino Santos, "665, 000 cubanos sin trabajo", Carteles 39(February 16, 1958):38-40, 100.
504. New York Times, January 3, 1951.
505. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Economic Survey of Latin America for 1954 (New York, 1955), p. 161.
506. Banco Nacional De Cuba, "Temas sobre cuestiones economicas generales: El desarrollo economico de Cuba", Revista, March 1956, p. 276.
507. United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America, "Some Aspects of the Recent Evolution of Cuba's Economy", p. 48.
508. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Report on Cuba, pp. 6-8;
509. U. S. Department of Commerce, Report on Cuba, p. 7;
510. Banco Nacional de Cuba, "Temas sobre cuestiones economicas generales", p. 273.
511. Mario Llerena, "Los dos caminos: Politica y educacion", Carteles 37(April 22, 1956): pp. 14-15, 102.
512. Earl E. T. Smith, The Fourth Floor (New York, 1962), pp. 116-118.
513. Phillips, Cuba, pp. 324-325.
514. José Suárez Núńez, El gran culpable (Caracas, 1963), p. 56.
515. Smith, Fourth Floor, pp. 48, 107;
516. Fulgencio Batista, Respuesta (Mexico City, 1960), p. 37.
517. New York Times, September 15, 1957.
518. Batista, Respuesta, p. 112.
519. U. S. Congress, Senate, Hearings before the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws of the Committee on the Judiciary: Communist Threat to the United States through the Caribbean, 86th Cong., 2d sess., pt. 9, p. 687
520. (hereafter cited as Hearings).
521. Hearings, pt. 10, p. 739.
522. Lyman B. Kirkpatrick, Jr., The Real CIA (New York, 1968), pp. 178-179
523. and Dwight D. Eisenhower, Waging Peace, 1956-1961 (Garden City, N. Y., 1965), p. 521.
524. Hearings, pt. 9, p. 687
525. Susan Schroeder, Cuba: A Handbook of Historical Statistics (Boston, 1982), P. 433.
526. Philip W. Bonsai, Cuba, Castro, and the United States (Pittsburgh, 1972), pp. 70-128.
527. Rolando E. Bonachea and Nelson P. Valdes, eds., Che: Selected Works of Ernesto Guevara (Cambridge, Mass., 1969), pp. 246-256.
528. Bonsai, Cuba, Castro, and the United States, pp. 145
529. and Philip W. Bonsai, "Cuba, Castro, and the United States", Foreign Affairs 45(January 1967):272.
530. Jorge Manach, "Revolution in Cuba", Foreign Affairs 12(October 1933):51.
531. Bonsai, Cuba, Castro, and the United States, pp. 112, 164.
532. Wayne S. Smith, The Closest of Enemies: A Personal and Diplomatic History of the Castro Years (New York, 1987), p. 58.
533. Bonsai, Cuba, Castro, and the United States, p. 141.
534. Adolf A. Berle, "The Cuban Crisis", Foreign Affairs 39(October 1960):46, 47.
535. U. S. Department of State, Cuba (Washington, D. C., 1961), pp. 1-3.
536. Bonsai, Cuba, Castro, and the United States, p. 141.
537. Donald Losman, "The Embargo of Cuba: An Economic Appraisal", Caribbean Studies 14(October 1974):95-119.
538. U. S. Congress, Senate, Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders (Washington, D. C., 1975), pp. 71-180;
539. Philip Brenner, "The Assassination Report: Congress and the Investigation of Intelligence", Cuba Review 6(June 1976):3-15.
540. Business Week, May 1, 1971, pp. 88-89;
541. Cuban Resource Center Newsletter 2(July 1972):10-11;
542. Lourdes Casal, "Cubans in the United States: Their Impact on U. S.-Cuban Relations", in Martin Weinstein, ed., Revolutionary Cuba in the World Arena (Philadelphia, 1979), pp. 109-36.
543. "The Cuban Success: A Realization of the American Dream", New York Times, February 9, 1986.
544. Paul Heath Hoeffel, "The Right to Buy", In These Times, August 27-September 2, 1980, p. 11.
545. Robert L. Bach, "Socialist Construction and Cuban Emigration: Explorations into Mariel", in Miren Uriarte-Gaston and Jorge Canas Martinez, eds., Cubans in the United States (Boston, 1984), pp. 36-37.
546. Smith, Closest of Enemies, p. 199.
547. Morris H. Morley, Imperial State and Revolution: The United States and Cuba, 1952-1986 (New York, 1987), p. 195.
548. Edwin M. Martin, "Cuba, Latin America and Communism", September 20, 1963,;
549. George W. Ball, U. S. Policy toward Cuba (Washington, D. C., 1964), pp. 12-13, 18.
550. Philip Brenner, "Cuba after Fidel", NACLA: Report on the Americas 22(March-April 1988):4-6, 11.
551. U. S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, "U. S.-Cuban Relations", GIST, September 1988.
552. New York Times, January 12, 1993, p. A-4.
553. Wayne Smith, "Cuba after the Cold War", International Policy Report (March 1993), PP. 4-5.
554. Tampa Tribune, June 16, 1993, p. 2.
555. Thomas L. Friedman, "Give That Man a Cigar", New York Times, September 29, 1999, p. 9. Emphasis in original.
556. Ronald Reagan, Reagan on Cuba (Washington, D. C., 1986), p. 21;
557. George Bush, Bush on Cuba (Washington, D. C., 1991), pp. 46, 60.
558. Kenneth N. Skoug, Jr., The United States and Cuba under Reagan and Shultz: A Foreign Service Officer Reports (Westport, Conn., 1996), pp. 207, 212.
559. Phil Johnson, "Hot from Havana", New Statesman 127(August 7, 1998):38-40;
560. Peter Watrous, "Cuban Bands Find U. S. Fans as Curbs Relax", New York Times, April 20, 1998, p. E1.
561. "¡Viva la imisica cubana!" Time, June 22, 1998, p. 67.
562. J. J. Putnam, "Cuba: Evolution in the Revolution", National Geographic 195(June 1999):2-35;
563. E. L. Rodriguez, "Cuba Golden Era", Architectural Digest 56(November 1999):78;
564. Cathleen McGuigan, "Saving Havana", Newsweek, July 15, 2002, pp. 52-55;
565. Joseph Judge, "The Many Lives of Old", National Geographic 176(August 1989):278-300
566. "¡Viva la musica cubana!" Time, June 22, 1998, pp. 66-68.
567. R. Attaway, "The Old Man and the Boat", Motor Boat and Sailing 182(October 1998):51-52;
568. W. S. Hylton, "Cuba from Tip to Tip", Esquire 133(April 2000):56-63.
569. N. Singer, "Cuba: The Taboo Next Door", Travel Holiday 183(October 2000):77-81.
570. Cigar Aficionado, May-June 1999, pp. 62-282;
571. Cigar Aficionado, June 2001, pp. 68-152.
572. Beate Schumann, Paul Fletcher, and Glyn Genin, Cuba (Maspeth, N. Y., 2001);
573. Kirsten Ellis, Cuba Traveler's Companion (Old Saybrook, Conn., 1999);
574. Stephen Fallon, Cuba: The Bradt Travel Guide, 3rd ed. (Guilford, Conn., 2000);
575. Fiona McAuslan et al., The Rough Guide to Cuba (New York, 2000);
576. Andy Gravette, Globetrotter Travel Guide: Cuba, 2nd ed. (London, 2000);
577. Sarah Cameron, Footprint Cuba Handbook, 3rd ed. (Chicago, 2002);
578. Fred Mawer, Berlitz Cuba Pocket Guide (Princeton, 2000);
579. Richard Sale, Essential Cuba, 2nd ed. (Lincolnwood, 111., 2000)
580. Neil E. Schlecht and Eliot Grennspan, Frommer's Cuba (New York, 2002)
581. Laura M. Kidder, Fodor's Cuba (New York, 2000)
582. Paula Diperna, The Complete Travel Guide to Cuba (New York, 1988)
583. DK Travel Writers, Eyewitness Travel Guide to Cuba (New York, 2002);
584. Christopher Baker, Moon Handbooks: Cuba, 2nd ed. (Chico, Calif., 2000).
585. Carlo Gebler, Driving through Cuba (New York, 1990);
586. Rosa Jordan and Derek Choukalos, Lonely Planet Cycling Cuba (Oakland, Calif., 2002);
587. Wally Smith and Barbara Smith, Bicycling Cuba: Fifty Days of Detailed Ride Routes from Havana to El Oriente (Woodstock, Vt., 2002);
588. Diana Williams, Diving and Snorkeling Cuba (Oakland, Calif., 1999)
589. Nigel Calder, Cuba: A Cruising Guide (Dunedin, Fla., 2000);
590. Simon Charles, The Cruising Guide to Cuba, 2nd ed. (Dunedin, Fla., 1997);
591. David Schaefer, Sailing to Hemingway's Cuba (Dobb's Ferry, N. Y., 2000);
592. Christopher Howard, Living and Investing in the "New" Cuba: A Guide to Inexpensive Living and Making Money in the Caribbean's Most Beautiful Tropical Paradise (Miami, 1998).
593. Cigar Aficionado, May-June 1999, p. 109.
594. Carolyn Mooney, "Socialism, Salsa and Santeria: American Students Have a Rare Encounter with Cuba", The Chronicle of Higher Education 42(June 21, 1996):A43.