Prospective epidemiological pilot study on the morbidity of bathers exposed to tropical recreational waters and sand

Journal of Water and Health

Volumn 12, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 220-229

  Sánchez Nazario, Elia E ^a   Santiago Rodriguez, Tasha M ^a   Toranzos, Gary A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PUERTO RICO   (Puerto Rico)

Author keywords

Coliphages; Escherichia coli; Thermotolerant coliforms; Tropical recreational waters

Indexed keywords

TROPICAL RECREATIONAL WATER; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; WATER;

EPIDEMIOLOGY; GASTROENTERITIS; HEALTH RISK; MORBIDITY; NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION; POINT SOURCE POLLUTION; PUBLIC HEALTH; RECREATIONAL ACTIVITY; RESPIRATORY DISEASE; SAND; SKIN DISORDER; TEMPERATURE TOLERANCE;

ARTICLE; COLIPHAGE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIARRHEA; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ESCHERICHIA COLI; FEMALE; FEVER; GASTROENTERITIS; HEADACHE; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MORBIDITY; NAUSEA; OTALGIA; PILOT STUDY; PREVALENCE; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; PUERTO RICO; RASH; RECREATION; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; RHINORRHEA; SAND; SEASHORE; SKIN INFECTION; SNEEZING; SORE THROAT; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; STOMACH PAIN; SWIMMING; VOMITING; WATER CONTAMINATION; WATER QUALITY;

PUERTO RICO;

BACTERIA; BATHING BEACHES; COHORT STUDIES; COLIPHAGES; FECES; FEMALE; GEOLOGIC SEDIMENTS; HUMANS; MALE; MORBIDITY; ODDS RATIO; PILOT PROJECTS; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; PUERTO RICO; QUESTIONNAIRES; RISK FACTORS; SEASONS; SEAWATER; SILICON DIOXIDE;

EID: 84904099679     PISSN: 14778920     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2166/wh.2014.107     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Abdelzaher, A. M., Wright, M. E., Ortega, C., Hasan, A. R., Shibata, T., Solo-Gabriele, H. M., Kish, J., Withum, K., He, G., Elmir, S. M., Bonilla, J. A., Bonilla, T. D., Palmer, C. J., Scott, T. M., Lukasik, J., Harwood, V. J., McQuaig, S., Sinigalliano, C. D., Gidley, M. L., Wanless, D., Plano, L. R., Garza, A. C., Zhu, X., Stewart, J. R., Dickerson, J. W., Yampara-Iquise, H., Carson, C., Fleisher, J. M. & Fleming, L. E. 2011 Daily measures of microbes and human health at a non-point source marine beach. J. Water Health 9, 443-457.
2. APHA 1992 Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC.
3. Bermudez, M. & Hazen, T. C. 1988 Phenotypic and genotypic comparison of Escherichia coli from pristine tropical waters. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54, 979-983.
4. Byappanahalli, M., Fowler, M., Shively, D. & Whitman, R. 2003 Ubiquity and persistence of Escherichia coli in a Midwestern coastal stream. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69, 4549-4555. (Pubitemid 36992911)
5. Cabelli, V. J., Dufour, A. P., Levin, M. A., McCabe, L. J. & Haberman, P. W. 1979 Relationship of microbial indicators to health effects at marine bathing beaches. Am. J. Public Health 69, 690-696. (Pubitemid 9242268)
6. Cabelli, V. J., Dufour, A. P., McCabe, L. J. & Levin, M. A. 1982 Swimming-associated gastroenteritis and water quality. Am. J. Epidemiol. 115, 606-616. (Pubitemid 12147732)
7. Cheung, W. H., Chang, K. C. & Hung, R. P. 1991 Variations in microbial indicator densities in beach waters and healthrelated assessment of bathing water quality. Epidemiol. Infect. 106, 329-344.
8. Colford Jr., J. M., Wade, T. J., Schiff, K. C., Wright, C. C., Griffith, J. F., Sandhu, S. K., Burns, S., Sobsey, M., Lovelace, G. & Weisberg, S. B. 2007 Water quality indicators and the risk of illness at beaches with nonpoint sources of fecal contamination. Epidemiology 18, 27-35. (Pubitemid 46005906)
9. Colford, J. M., Schiff, K. C., Griffith, J. F., Yau, V., Arnold, B. F., Wright, C. C., Gruber, J. S., Wade, T. J., Burns, S., Hayes, J., McGee, C., Gold, M., Cao, Y., Noble, R. T., Haugland, R. & Weisberg, S. B. 2012 Using rapid indicators for Enterococcus to assess the risk of illness after exposure to urban runoff contaminated marine water. Water Res. 46, 2176-2186.
10. Corbett, S. J., Rubin, G. L., Curry, G. K. & Kleinbaum, D. G. 1993 The health effects of swimming at Sydney beaches: the Sydney Beach Users Study Advisory Group. Am. J. Public Health 83, 1701-1706. (Pubitemid 24009498)
11. Fattal, B., Wax, Y., Davies, M. & Shuval, H. I. 1986 Health risks associated with wastewater irrigation: an epidemiological study. Am. J. Public Health 76, 977-979. (Pubitemid 16074102)
12. Fujioka, R. S. 1997 Indicators of marine recreational water quality. In: Manual of Environmental Microbiology (C. J. Hurst, G. R. Knudsen, M. J. McInerney, L. D. Stetzenbach & M. V. Walter, eds). ASM Press, Washington, USA, pp. 176-183.
13. Gordis, E. 2000 Contributions of behavioral science to alcohol research: understanding who is at risk and why. Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 8, 264-270.
14. Grabow, W. O. & Coubrough, P. 1986 Practical direct plaque assay for coliphages in 100-ml samples of drinking water. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 52, 430-433. (Pubitemid 16011312)
15. Haile, R. W., Witte, J. S., Gold, M., Cressey, R., McGee, C., Millikan, R. C., Glasser, A., Harawa, N., Ervin, C., Harmon, P., Harper, J., Dermand, J., Alamillo, J., Barrett, K., Nides, M. & Wang, G. 1999 The health effects of swimming in ocean water contaminated by storm drain runoff. Epidemiology 10, 355-363. (Pubitemid 29288232)
16. Hartz, A., Cuvelier, M., Nowosielski, K., Bonilla, T. D., Green, M., Esiobu, N., McCorquodale, D. S. & Rogerson, A. 2008 Survival potential of Escherichia coli and enterococci in subtropical beach sand: implications for water quality managers. J. Environ. Qual. 37, 898-905. (Pubitemid 351694159)
17. Heaney, C. D., Sams, E., Dufour, A. P., Brenner, K. P., Haugland, R. A., Chern, E., Wing, S., Marshall, S., Love, D. C., Serre, M., Noble, R. & Wade, T. J. 2012 Fecal indicators in sand, sand contact, and risk of enteric illness among beachgoers. Epidemiology 23, 95-106.
18. Kueh, C. S., Tam, T. Y., Lee, T., Wong, S. L. & Lloyd, O. L. 1995 Epidemiological study of swimming associated illnesses relating to bathing beach water quality. Water Sci. Technol. 31, 1-4.
19. Prieto, M. D., Lopez, B., Juanes, J. A., Revilla, J. A., Llorca, J. & Delgado-Rodriguez, M. 2001 Recreation in coastal waters: health risks associated with bathing in sea water. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 55, 442-447. (Pubitemid 32475754)
20. Pruss, A. 1998 Review of epidemiological studies on health effects from exposure to recreational water. Int. J. Epidemiol. 27, 1-9. (Pubitemid 28140495)
21. Rivera, S. C., Hazen, T. C. & Toranzos, G. A. 1988 Isolation of fecal coliforms from pristine sites in a tropical rain forest. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54, 513-517.
22. Santiago-Mercado, J. & Hazen, T. C. 1987 Comparison of four membrane filter methods for fecal coliform enumeration in tropical waters. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53, 2922-2928. (Pubitemid 18019735)
23. Santiago-Rodriguez, T. M., Tremblay, R. L., Toledo-Hernandez, C., Gonzalez-Nieves, J. E., Ryu, H., Santo Domingo, J. W. & Toranzos, G. A. 2012 Microbial quality of tropical inland waters and effects of rainfall events. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78, 5160-5169.
24. Seyfried, P. L., Tobin, R. S., Brown, N. E. & Ness, P. F. 1985 A prospective study of swimming-related illness. II. Morbidity and the microbiological quality of water. Am. J. Public Health 75, 1071-1075. (Pubitemid 15009789)
25. Shah, A. H., Abdelzaher, A. M., Phillips, M., Hernandez, R., Solo-Gabriele, H. M., Kish, J., Scorzetti, G., Fell, J. W., Diaz, M. R., Scott, T. M., Lukasik, J., Harwood, V. J., McQuaig, S., Sinigalliano, C. D., Gidley, M. L., Wanless, D., Ager, A., Lui, J., Stewart, J. R., Plano, L. R. W. & Fleming, L. E. 2011 Indicator microbes correlate with pathogenic bacteria, yeasts and helminthes in sand at a subtropical recreational beach site. J. Appl. Microbiol. 110, 1571-1583.
26. Stone, D. L., Harding, A. K., Hope, B. K. & Slaughter-Mason, S. 2008 Exposure assessment and risk of gastrointestinal illness among surfers. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A. 71, 1603-1615.
27. von Schirnding, Y. E. & Yach, D. 1992 Availability of environmental health services among blacks in urban and peri-urban areas of South Africa. S. Afr. Med. J. 81, 569-571.
28. von Schirnding, Y. E., Kfir, R., Cabelli, V., Franklin, L. & Joubert, G. 1992 Morbidity among bathers exposed to polluted seawater. A prospective epidemiological study. S. Afr. Med. J. 81, 543-546.
29. Wade, T. J., Pai, N., Eisenberg, J. N. & Colford Jr., J. M. 2003 Do U.S. Environmental Protection Agency water quality guidelines for recreational waters prevent gastrointestinal illness? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ. Health Perspect. 111, 1102-1109. (Pubitemid 36826889)
30. Wade, T. J., Calderon, R. L., Sams, E., Beach, M., Brenner, K. P., Williams, A. H. & Dufour, A. P. 2006 Rapidly measured indicators of recreational water quality are predictive of swimming-associated gastrointestinal illness. Environ. Health Perspect. 114, 24-28. (Pubitemid 43056863)
31. Wade, T. J., Sams, E., Brenner, K. P., Haugland, R., Chern, E., Beach, M., Wymer, L., Rankin, C. C., Love, D., Li, Q., Noble, R. & Dufour, A. P. 2010 Rapidly measured indicators of recreational water quality and swimming-associated illness at marine beaches: a prospective cohort study. Environ. Health 9, 66. Available from: www.ehjournal.net/content/9/1/66 (accessed October 8 2013).
32. Yamahara, K. M., Sassoubre, L. M., Goodwin, K. D. & Boehm, A. B. 2012 Occurrence and persistence of bacterial pathogens and indicator organisms in beach sand along the California coast. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78, 1733-1745.
33. Yan, T., Goto, D. K. & Feng, F. 2011 Concentration Dynamics of Fecal Indicators in Hawaii's Coastal and Inland Sand, Soil, and Water During Rainfall Events. PATH6R09: Water Environment Research Foundation, Alexandria, VA, USA.