Carbon footprint assessment of Western Australian LNG production and export to the chinese market

International Journal of Product Lifecycle Management

Volumn 6, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 339-356

  Biswas, Wahidul K ^a   Engelbrecht, Deborah ^a   Rosano, Michele ^a  

^a CURTIN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Carbon footprint; LCA; Life cycle assessment; Liquefied natural gas; LNG

Indexed keywords

EID: 84904020004     PISSN: 17435110     EISSN: 17435129     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1504/IJPLM.2013.063211     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (49)

1. Arteconi, A., Brandoni, C., Evangelista, D. and Polonara, F. (2010) 'Life-Cycle greenhouse gas analysis of LNG as a heavy vehicle fuel in Europe', Applied Energy, Vol. 87, No. 6, pp.2005-2013.
2. 2 phase space', Energy Conversations and Management, Vol. 43, pp.87-102. (Pubitemid 32998260)
3. Ball, A., Schneider, K., Fairhead, L. and Short, C. (2004) The Asia Pacific LNG Market: Issues and Outlook, ABARE Research Report 04.1, Canberra.
4. Beer, T., Grant, T., Williams, D. and Watson, H. (2002) 'Fuel-Cycle greenhouse gas emissions from alternative fuels in Australian heavy vehicles', Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 36, No. 4, pp.753-763. (Pubitemid 34093936)
5. Biswas, W.K. (2014) 'Carbon footprint and embodied energy assessment of a civil works program in a residential estate of Western Australia', Int. J. Life Cycle Assess, Vol. 19, pp.732-744.
6. Biswas, W.K., Barton, L. and Carter, D. (2008) 'Global warming potential of wheat production in Western Australia: A life cycle assessment', Water and Environment Journal, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp.206-216.
7. Biswas, W.K., Graham, J., Kelly, K. and John, M.B. (2010) 'Global warming contributions from wheat, sheep meat and wool production in Victoria, Australia - A life cycle assessment', Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 18, No. 14, pp.1386-1392.
8. Biswas, W.K., John, M.B., Batt, P.J. and Noonan, J.B., (2011) 'Environmental supply chain management in Australian grain industries: A life cycle assessment approach', in Quaddus, M.A. and Siddique, MA.B. (Eds.): Handbook of Corporate Sustainability, Frameworks, Strategies and Tools, pp.93-112, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, UK.
9. Bomstad, F. and Nordland, K. (2009) Energy System for LNG Plant Based on Imported Power, Masters thesis (unpublished), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
10. Chevron (2010) Draft Environmental Impact Statement/Environmental Review and Management Programme for the Proposed Wheatstone Project, Vol. 1, Chapters 1 to 6, Chevron Australia Pty Ltd., Australia.
11. Clean Energy Council (2011) Review of the Australian Wind Energy 2011, Clean Energy Council, Melbourne VIC 3000, Australia.
12. ComLaw (2007) National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting Act 2007, Australian Government [online] http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2009C00122 (accessed August 2011).
13. ConocoPhillips (2011) About Gas [online] http://lnglicensing. conocophillips.com/EN/about/ gas/Pages/index.aspx (accessed August 2011).
14. Curran, M.A. (2006) Life Cycle Assessment: Principles and Practice, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio.
15. Curtis (2009) Queensland Curtis LNG, Vol. 11, Chapter 1, Department of State Development, Infrastructure and Planning, Queensland Government, Queensland, Australia.
16. Department of Climate Change (2006) Australian Methodology for the Estimation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks, Australian Government, Canberra.
17. Dinca, C., Rousseaux, P. and Badea, A. (2007) 'A life cycle impact of the natural gas used in the energy sector in Romania', Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 15, pp.1451-1462. (Pubitemid 46553861)
18. DSD (2012) Western Australia Liquefied Natural Gas Profile, Government of Western Australia [online] http://www.dsd.wa.gov.au/documents/000097.raz.ion. docx (accessed September 2012).
19. Department of State Development (DSD) (2013) Western Australia Economic Profile, October, Government of Western Australia [online] http://www.dsd.wa. gov.au/6656.aspx (accessed September 2013).
20. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2011) Sources of Methane [online] http://epa.gov/methane/sources.html (accessed October 2011).
21. Finkbeiner, M., Tan, R. and Raimbault, M. (2011) 'Life cycle assessment (ISO 14040/44) as basis for environmental declarations and carbon footprint of products', ISO Technical Committee 207 Workshop, Oslo [online] http://www.standard.no/en/Nyheter-og-rodukter/Newsarchive/News-in-English/ Visit-the-annual-ISOTC-207-Environmental-Management-meetingin-Oslo-online (accessed June 2013).
22. Gorgon (2009) Gorgon Gas Development and Jansz Feed Gas Pipeline. Greenhouse Gas Abatement Program, Document number G1-NT-PLNX0000012, Chevron Australia Pty Ltd., Perth, Western Australia.
23. Hardisty, P.E., Clark, T.S. and Hynes, R.G. (2012) 'Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions from electricity generation: A comparative analysis of Australian energy sources', Energies, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp.872-897.
24. INPEX (2011) Greenhouse Gas [online] http://www.inpex.com.au (accessed September 2011).
25. International Standard Organization (ISO) (2006) ISO 14040:2006 Environmental Management -Life Cycle Assessment - Principles and Framework, International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva, Switzerland.
26. Jaramillo, P., Griffin, W.M. and Matthews, H.S. (2005) Comparative Life Cycle Carbon Emissions of LNG versus Coal and Gas for Electricity Generation [online] http://www.ce.cmu.edu/~gdrg/readings/2005/10/12/Jaramillo- LifeCycleCarbonEmissionsFromLNG.pdf (accessedAugust 2011).
27. Lin, W., Zhang, N. and Gu, A. (2009) 'LNG (liquefied natural gas): A necessary part in China's future energy infrastructure', Energy, Vol. 35, No. 11, pp.4383-4391.
28. Lund, C. and Biswas, W.K. (2008) 'A review of the application of lifecycle analysis to renewable energy systems', Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp.206-216.
29. May, J.R. and Brennan, D.J. (2003) 'Life cycle assessment of Australian fossil energy options, Institution of Chemical Engineers', TransIChemE, September, Vol. 81, Part B, [online]http://www.ingentaselect.com=titles= 09575820.htm (accessed August 2011).
30. NG (2011) Natural Gas [online] http://www.naturalgas.org/environment/ naturalgas.asp (accessed September 2011).
31. Okamura, T., Furukawa, M. and Ishitani, H. (2007) 'Future forecast for life-Cycle greenhouse gas emissions of LNG and City Gas 13A', Applied Energy, Vol. 84, No. 11, pp.1136-1149. (Pubitemid 47214654)
32. PACE (2009) Life Cycle Assessment of GHG Emissions from LNG and Coal Fired Generation Scenarios: Assumptions and Results, Center for Liquefied Natural Gas (CLNG), Washington DC.
33. Parkinson, G. (2012) 'A smart grid and seven clean energy sources', Renew Economy [online] http://reneweconomy.com.au/2012/a-smart-grid-and-seven-Clean- Energy-sources-31471 (accessed September 2013).
34. PRé Consultants (2011) Simapro Version 7.2, The Netherlands.
35. Priestley, M. (2010) China's Reliance on Australian LNG exports, 2009-2010, Economics Section, Background Note [online] http://www.aph.gov.au/ library (accessed August 2011).
36. RMIT (2007) Life Cycle Assessment Tools in Building and Construction, RMIT Centre for Design, Melbourne.
37. Roarty, M. (2008) Australia's Natural Gas: Issues and Trends, Science, Technology, Environment and Resources Section, No. 25, 2007-08, Parliament of Australia, Research Paper [online] http://www.aph.gov.au/library (accessed July 2011).
38. Rosenfeld, J. and Jackson, M.D. (2008) Life-Cycle Cost Model and Pollutant Emissions Estimator, Report prepared for Westport Innovations Inc, Vancouver BC, Canada.
39. Sakmar, S.L. (2010) 'The globalization and environmental sustainability of LNG: Is LNG a fuel for the 21st century?', World Energy Congress, 12-16 September, Montreal, Canada.
40. Shell (2009) Prelude Floating LNG Project, Draft Environmental Impact Statement, Shell Development (Australia) Proprietary Limited, EPBC 2008/4146.
41. 2 analysis of LNG and City Gas', Applied Energy, Vol. 68, No. 3, pp.301-319.
42. The Climate Institute (2010) Clean Energy Job in Regional Australia, The Climate Institute, Elizabeth Street, Sydney, NSW.
43. Tillman, A.M., Ekvall, T., Baumann, H. and Rydbergl, T. (1994) 'Choice of system boundaries in life cycle assessment', Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp.21-29.
44. Todd, J.A. and Curran, M.A. (1999) Streamlined Life-Cycle Assessment: A Final Report from the SETAC North America Streamlined LCA Workgroup, Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry and SETAC Foundation for Environmental Education, Pensacola, FL.
45. United States Energy Information Administration (USEIA) (2013) Australia, US Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
46. Van Berkel, R. (2007) 'Cleaner production and eco-Efficiency initiatives in Western Australia 1996-2004', Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 15, Nos. 8-9, pp.741-755.
47. Venkatesh, A., Jaramillo, P., Griffin, W.M. and Scott, H. (2011) 'Uncertainty in life cycle greenhouse gas emissions from united states natural gas end-uses and its effects on policy', Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 45, No. 19, pp.8182-8189.
48. Waterborne Energy Inc. (WEI) (2008) The European Waterborne LNG Report, Vol. 3, No. 10, 10 January [online] http://www.waterborneenergy.com/wb/web/ downloads/LNG/European/Sample-The%20European%20Waterborne%20LNG%20Report.pdf (accessed August 2011).
49. Yoon, S.Y. and Yamada, T. (2001) 'Life cycle inventory analysis of fossil energies in Japan', Energy in Japan, Vol. 25, No. 8, pp.22-48.