Pitcher plants (Sarracenia) provide a 21st-century perspective on infraspecific ranks and interspecific hybrids: A modest proposal* for appropriate recognition and usage

Systematic Botany

Volumn 39, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 939-949

  Ellison, Aaron M ^a   Davis, Charles C ^b   Calie, Patrick J ^c   Naczi, Robert F C ^d  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c EASTERN KENTUCKY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN   (United States)

Author keywords

Flora; nomenclature; Sarracenia; species concept; systematics

Indexed keywords

EID: 84903737436     PISSN: 03636445     EISSN: 15482324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1600/036364414X681473     Document Type: Article

References (92)

1. Bailey, L. H. 1924. Manual of cultivated plants most commonly grown in the United States and Canada. New York: Macmillan.
2. Baldwin, B. G., D. H. Goldman, D. J. Keil, R. Patterson, and T. J. Rosatti, eds. 2012. The Jepson manual: Vascular plants of California. Ed. 2. Berkeley: University of California Press.
3. Bateman, R. M. 2011. The perils of addressing long-term challenges in a short-term world: making descriptive taxonomy predictive. Pp. 67-95 in Climate change, ecology, and systematics, eds. T. R. Hodkinson, M. B. Jones, S. Waldren, and J. A. N. Parnell. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4. Bayer, R. J., L. Hufford, and D. E. Soltis. 1996. Phylogenetic relationships in Sarraceniaceae based on rbcL and ITS sequences. Systematic Botany 21: 121-134.
5. Bell, C. R. 1949. A cytotaxonomic study of the Sarraceniaceae of North America. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 65: 137-166.
6. Bell, C. R. 1952. Natural hybrids in the genus Sarracenia. I. History, distribution and taxonomy. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 68: 55-80.
7. Bell, C. R. and F. W. Case. 1956. Natural hybrids in the genus Sarracenia. II. Current notes on distribution. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 72: 142-152.
8. Braby, M. F., R. Eastwood, and N. Murray. 2012. The subspecies concept in butterflies: has its application in taxonomy and conservation biology outlived its usefulness? Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 106: 696-716.
9. Carstens, B. C. and J. D. Satler. 2013. The carnivorous plant described as Sarracenia alata consists of two cryptic species. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 109: 737-746.
10. Cellinese, N., D. A. Baum, and B. D. Mishler. 2012. Species and phylogenetic nomenclature. Systematic Biology 61: 885-891.
11. CITES. 2012. Appendices I, II and III valid from 25 September 2012. Available online at: http://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php. Last accessed 17 October 2012.
12. Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity. 2010. Global Strategy for Plant Conservation 2011-2010. Available online at: http://www.cbd.int/gspc/strategy.shtml. Last accessed 14 December 2013.
13. Costello, M. J., R. M. May, and N. E. Stork. 2013. Can we name Earth's species before they go extinct? Science 339: 413-416.
14. D'Amato, P. 2013. The savage garden, revised: Cultivating carnivorous plants. Berkeley: Ten Speed Press.
15. Dahlem, G. A. and R. F. C. Naczi. 2006. Flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) associated with North American pitcher plants (Sarraceniaceae), with descriptions of three new species. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 99: 218-240.
16. Daly, M., P. S. Herendeen, R. P. Guralnick, M. W. Westneat, and L. McDade. 2012. Systematics Agenda 2020: The mission evolves. Systematic Biology 61: 549-552.
17. Darwin, C. 1859. On the origin of species. Or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray.
18. Darwin, C. 1875. Insectivorous plants. New York: Appleton.
19. Davis, P. H. and V. H. Heywood. 1973. Principles of angiosperm taxonomy. Malabar: Krieger Publishing.
20. de Candolle, A. P. 1867. Lois de la nomenclature botanique adoptées par le Congrès International de Botanique tenu à Paris en aoû t 1867 suivies d'une deuxième édition de l'introduction historique et du commentaire qui accompagnaient la rédaction préparatoire présentée au congrès. Genève et Bale: J.-B. Baillière et fils.
21. de Queiroz, K. 2007. Species concepts and species delimitation. Systematic Biology 56: 879-886.
22. Department of the Interior. 2012. U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service: Endangered Species Program. Available online at: http://www.fws.gov/ endangered/. Last accessed 17 October 2012.
23. Dobson, A. 2005. Monitoring global rates of biodiversity change: challenges that arise in meeting the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 2010 goals. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Series B, Biological Sciences 360: 229-241.
24. Ellison, A. M. 2001. Interspecific and intraspecific variation in seed size and germination requirements of Sarracenia (Sarraceniaceae). American Journal of Botany 88: 429-437.
25. Ellison, A. M. and N. J. Gotelli. 2009. Energetics and the evolution of carnivorous plants - Darwin's "most wonderful plants in the world.". Journal of Experimental Botany 60: 19-42.
26. Ellison, A. M., H. L. Buckley, T. E. Miller, and N. J. Gotelli. 2004. Morphological variation in Sarracenia purpurea (Sarraceniaceae): geographic, environmental, and taxonomic correlates. American Journal of Botany 91: 1930-1935.
27. Ellison, A. M., E. D. Butler, E. J. Hicks, R. F. C. Naczi, P. J. Calie, C. D. Bell, and C. C. Davis. 2012. Phylogeny and biogeography of the carnivorous plant family Sarraceniaceae. PLoS ONE 7: e39291.
28. Fernald, M. L. 1950. Gray's manual of botany: A handbook of the flowering plants and ferns of the central and northeastern U. S. and adjacent Canada. New York: Van Nostrand.
29. Flora of North America Editorial Committee. 1993-present. Flora of North America north of Mexico. New York: Oxford University Press.
30. Gaston, K. J. and L. A. Mound. 1993. Taxonomy, hypothesis testing and the biodiversity crisis. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 251: 139-142.
31. Gleason, H. A. and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. New York: New York Botanic Garden Press.
32. Godt, M. J. W. and J. L. Hamrick. 1996. Genetic structure of two endangered pitcher plants, Sarracenia jonesii and Sarracenia oreophila (Sarraceniaceae). American Journal of Botany 83: 1016-1023.
33. Godt, M. J. W. and J. L. Hamrick. 1998. Allozyme diversity in the endangered pitcher plant Sarracenia rubra ssp. alabamensis (Sarraceniaceae) and its close relative S. rubra ssp. rubra. American Journal of Botany 85: 802-810.
34. Godt, M. J. W. and J. L. Hamrick. 1999. Genetic divergence among infraspecific taxa of Sarracenia purpurea. Systematic Botany 23: 427-438.
35. Haines, A. 2011. Flora Novae Angliae: A manual for the identification of native and naturalized higher vascular plants of New England. New Haven: Yale University Press.
36. Hamilton, C. W. and S. H. Reichard. 1992. Current practice in the use of subspecies, variety, and forma in the classification of wild plants. Taxon 41: 485-498.
37. Harper, R. M. 1918. The American pitcher-plants. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 34: 110-125.
38. Helgen, K. M., M. Pinto, R. Kays, L. Helgen, M. Tsuchiya, A. Quinn, D. Wilson, and J. Maldonado. 2013. Taxonomic revision of the olingos (Bassaricyon), with description of a new species, the Olinguito. ZooKeys 324: 1-83.
39. Hetterscheid, W. L. A. and W. A. Brandenburg. 1995. Culton versus taxon: Conceptual issues in cultivated plant systematics. Taxon 44: 161-175.
40. Hitchcock, L. H. and A. Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
41. Hochachka, W. M., D. Fink, R. A. Hutchinson, D. Sheldon, W. K. Wong, and S. Kelling. 2012. Data-intensive science applied to broad-scale citizen science. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 27: 130-137.
42. Hopkins, G. W. and R. P. Freckleton. 2002. Declines in the numbers of amateur and professional taxonomists: Implications for conservation. Animal Conservation 5: 245-249.
43. ICZN. 2012. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, fourth edition, incorporating Declaration 44, amendments of Article 74.7.3, with effect from 31 December 1999 and the Amendment on e-publication, amendments to Articles 8, 9, 10, 21, and 78, with effect from 1 January 2012. Available online at: http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted-sites/ iczn/code. Accessed 26 August 2013.
44. Kim, K. C. and L. B. Byrne. 2006. Biodiversity loss and the taxonomic bottleneck: emerging biodiversity science. Ecological Research 21: 794-810.
45. Kingsbury, N. 2009. Hybrid: The history and science of plant breeding. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
46. Bailey Hortorium, L. H. 1976. Hortus third: A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada. New York: Macmillan.
47. Leys, S. 1997. The analects of Confucius. New York: Norton.
48. Leakey, R. E. and R. Lewin. 1995. The sixth extinction: Patterns of life and the future of humankind. New York: Random House.
49. Mabberley, D. J. 1991. The problem of older names. Regnum Vegetabile 123: 122-134.
50. Mace, G. M. 2004. The role of taxonomy in species conservation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences 359: 711-719.
51. Macfarlane, J. M. 1908. Sarraceniaceae. Pp. 1-39 in Das Pflanzenreich. Regni vegetabilis conspectus, ed. A. Engler. Leipzig, Germany: Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann.
52. Maddison, W. P. 1997. Gene trees in species trees. Systematic Biology 46: 523-536.
53. Masters, M. T. 1881. Sarracenias. Gardners Chronicle, series 2 16: 40-41.
54. Mayr, E. 1992. A local flora and the biological species concept. American Journal of Botany 79: 222-238.
55. McDade, L. 1995. Species concepts and problems in practice: insight from botanical monographs. Systematic Botany 20: 606-622.
56. McDaniel, S. 1971. The genus Sarracenia (Sarraceniaceae). Bulletin of the Tall Timbers Research Station 9: 1-36.
57. McNeill, J., F. R. Barrie, W. R. Buck, V. Demoulin, W. Greuter, D. L. Hawksworth, P. S. Herendeen, S. Knapp, K. Marhold, J. Prado, W. F. Prud'homme van Reine, G. F. Smith, H. H.Wiersema, and N. J. Turland. 2012. International Code of Nomenclature for algae fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code). Regnum Vegetabile 154. Ruggell: A. R. G. Gantner.
58. McPherson, S. 2007. Pitcher plants of the Americas. Blacksburg: The McDonald and Woodward Publishing Company.
59. McPherson, S. and D. E. Schnell. 2011. Sarraceniaceae of North America. Dorset: Redfern Natural History Productions.
60. Mellichamp, T. L. and F. W. Case. 2009. Sarracenia. Pp. 350-363 in Flora of North America volume 8: Magnoliophyta: Paeoniaceae to Ericaceae, ed. Flora of North America Editorial Committee. New York: Oxford University Press.
61. Mishler, B. D. 1999. Getting rid of species? Pp. 307-315 in Species: New interdisciplinary essays, ed. R. Wilson. Cambridge: MIT Press.
62. Moore, D. 1874. On a hybrid Sarracenia. Gardners Chronicle, series 2 1: 702.
63. Naczi, R. F. C., E. M. Soper, F. W. Case Jr, and R. B. Case. 1999. Sarracenia rosea (Sarraceniaceae), a new species of pitcher plant from the southeastern United States. Sida 18: 1183-1206.
64. Nelson, E. C. 1986. Sarracenia hybrids raised at Glasnevin Botanic Gardens, Ireland: Nomenclature and typification. Taxon 35: 574-578.
65. Neyland, R. and M. Merchant. 2006. Systematic relationships of Sarraceniaceae inferred from nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences. Madroño 53: 223-232.
66. NYBG. 1972-2012. Intermountain flora: Vascular plants of the intermountain west, U. S. A. (six volumes). Bronx: The New York Botanical Garden Press.
67. Oswald, W. W., E. D. Doughty, G. Ne'eman, R. Ne'eman, and A. M. Ellison. 2011. Pollen morphology and its relationship to taxonomy in the genus Sarracenia (Sarraceniaceae). Rhodora 113: 235-251.
68. Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles, and C. R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
69. Radford, A. E., W. C. Dickinson, J. R. Massey, and C. R. Bell. 1974. Vascular plant systematics. New York: Harper and Row.
70. Reveal, J. L. 1993. The correct name of the northern expression of Sarracenia purpurea L. (Sarraceniaceae). Phytologia 74: 180-184.
71. Reveal, J. L. and J. S. Pringle. 1993. Taxonomic botany and floristics. Pp. 157-192 in Flora of North America volume 1: Introduction, ed. Flora of North America Editorial Committee. New York: Oxford University Press.
72. Rogers, W. L., J. M. Cruse-Sanders, R. Determann, and R. L. Malmberg. 2010. Development and characterization of microsatellite markers in Sarracenia L. (pitcher plant) species. Conservation Genetics Resources 2: 75-79.
73. Scheffers, B. R., L. N. Joppa, S. L. Pimm, and W. F. Laurance. 2012. What we know and don't know about Earth's missing biodiversity. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 27: 501-510.
74. Schnell, D. E. 2002. Carnivorous plants of the United States and Canada. Ed. 2. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press.
75. Schuh, R. T. 2003. The Linnean system and its 250-year persistence. Botanical Review 69: 59-78.
76. Scotland, R. W. and A. H. Wortley. 2003. How many species of seed plants are there? Taxon 52: 101-104.
77. Sheridan, P. M. and R. R. Mills. 1998. Genetics of anthocyanin deficiency in Sarracenia L. HortScience 33: 1042-1045.
78. Simpson, G. G. 1961. Principles of animal taxonomy. New York: Columbia University Press.
79. Simpson, M. G. 2006. Plant systematics. New York: Elsevier.
80. Small, J. K. 1933. Manual of the southeastern flora. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
81. Sonka, S. T. 2001. Farming within a knowledge creating system: Biotechnology and tomorrow's agriculture. The American Behavioral Scientist 44: 1327-1349.
82. Sorrie, B. A. 2011. A field guide to wildflowers of the Sandhills region: North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
83. Stebbins, G. L. 1993. Concepts of species and genera. Pp. 229-246 in Flora of North America, Volume 1: Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press.
84. Stuessy, T. F. 2009. Plant taxonomy. The systematic evaluation of comparative data. New York: Columbia University Press.
85. Systematics Agenda 2000. 1994. Systematics agenda 2000: Charting the biosphere. Technical Report. New York: Systematics Agenda 2000.
86. Tripp, E. A. and K. E. Hoagland. 2013. Typifying an era in biology through synthesis of biodiversity information: Achievements and impediments. Taxon 62: 899-911.
87. Valleau, J. 2004. Plant name changes: Good science, angry growers and confused gardeners. Acta Horticulturae 634: 63-66.
88. Veitch, J. H. 1906. Hortus Veitchii: A history of the rise and progress of the nurseries of Messrs. James Veitch and Sons, together with an account of the botanical collectors and hybridists employed by them and a list of the most remarkable of their introductions. London: J. Veitch and Sons.
89. Voss, E. G. and A. A. Reznicek. 2012. Field manual of Michigan flora. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
90. Wherry, E. T. 1935. Distribution of the North American pitcherplants. Pp. 1-34 in Illustrations of North American pitcherplants, ed M. V. Walcott. Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian.
91. Wortley, A. H., J. R. Bennett, and R. W. Scotland. 2002. Taxonomy and phylogenetic reconstruction: Two distinct research agendas in systematics. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 59: 335-349.
92. Zellmer, A. J., M. M. Hanes, S. M. Hird, and B. C. Carstens. 2012. Deep phylogeographic structure and environmental differentiation in the carnivorous plant Sarracenia alata. Systematic Biology 61: 763-777.