Proof-of-concept of a zinc-silver battery for the extraction of energy from a concentration difference

Energies

Volumn 7, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 3664-3683

  Marino, Massimo ^a   Misuri, Lorenza ^a   Carati, Andrea ^b   Brogioli, Doriano ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MILAN   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MILANO BICOCCA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Power from low temperature heat sources; Renewable energy; Salinity gradient power; Zinc silver battery

Indexed keywords

CHLORINE COMPOUNDS; ELECTRIC BATTERIES; ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS; ELECTRODES; FREE ENERGY; MIXING; SILVER; TEMPERATURE; ZINC;

CONCENTRATED SOLUTION; CYCLIC OPERATION; DILUTED SOLUTIONS; LOW TEMPERATURE HEAT SOURCES; PROOF OF CONCEPT; RENEWABLE ENERGIES; SALINITY GRADIENT POWER; SILVER CHLORIDES;

ZINC CHLORIDE;

EID: 84903709578     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19961073     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/en7063664     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Pattle, R.E. Production of electric power by mixing fresh and salt water in the hydroelectric pile. Nature 1954, 174, doi:10.1038/174660a0.
2. Norman, R.W. Water salination: A source of energy. Science 1974, 186, 350-353.
3. Logan, B.E.; Elimelech, M. Membrane-based processes for sustainable power generation using water. Nature 2012, 488, 313-319.
4. La Mantia, F.; Pasta, M.; Deshazer, H.D.; Logan, B.E.; Cui, Y. Batteries for efficient energy extraction from a water salinity difference. Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 1810-1813.
5. Carati, A.; Marino, M.; Brogioli, D. Theoretical Thermodynamic Analysis of A Closed-Cycle Process for the Conversion of Heat into Electrical Energy by Means of A Distiller and An Electrochemical Cell. Available online: http://arxiv.org/abs/1309.3643 (accessed on 12 June 2014).
6. Post, J.W.; Veerman, J.; Hamelers, H.V.M.; Euverink, G.J.W.; Metz, S.J.; Nymeijer, K.; Buisman, C.J.N. Salinity-gradient power: Evaluation of pressure-retarded osmosis and reverse electrodialysis. J. Membr. Sci. 2007, 288, 218-230.
7. Levenspiel, O.; de Vevers, N. The osmotic pump. Science 1974, 183, 157-160.
8. Loeb, S. Osmotic Power Plant. Science 1975, 189, 654-655.
9. Chung, T.S.; Li, X.; Ong, R.C.; Wang, Q.G.H.; Han, G. Emerging forward osmosis (FO) technologies and challenges ahead for clean water and clean energy applications. Curr. Opin. Chem. Eng. 2012, 1, 246-257.
10. Achilli, A.; Cath, T.Y.; Childress, A.E. Power generation with pressure retarded osmosis: An experimental and theoretical investigation. J. Membr. Sci. 2009, 343, 42-52.
11. Weinstein, J.N.; Leitz, F.B. Electric power from differences in salinity: The dyalitic battery. Science 1976, 191, 557-559.
12. Lacey, R.E. Energy by reverse electrodialysis. Ocean Eng. 1980, 7, 1-47.
13. Post, J.W.; Hamelers, H.V.M.; Buisman, C.J.N. Energy recovery from controlled mixing salt and fresh water with a reverse electrodialysis system. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42, 5785-5790.
14. Olsson, M.; Wick, G.L.; Isaacs, J.D. Salinity gradient power: Utilizing vapor pressure differences. Science 1979, 206, 452-454.
15. Bijmans, M.F.M.; Burheim, O.S.; Bryjak, M.; Delgado, A.; Hack, P.; Mantegazza, F.; Tennisson, S.; Hamelers, H.V.M. CAPMIX-Deploying capacitors for salt gradient power extraction. Energy Procedia 2012, 20, 108-115.
16. Brogioli, D. Extracting renewable energy from a salinity difference using a capacitor. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2009, 103, 058501-058504.
17. Brogioli, D.; Zhao, R.; Biesheuvel, P.M. A prototype cell for extracting energy from a water salinity difference by means of double layer expansion in nanoporous carbon electrodes. Energ. Environ. Sci. 2011, 4, 772-777.
18. Rica, R.A.; Ziano, R.; Salerno, D.; Mantegazza, F.; van Roij, R.; Brogioli, D. Capacitive mixing for harvesting the free energy of solutions at different concentrations. Entropy 2013, 15, 1388-1407.
19. Sales, B.B.; Saakes, M.; Post, J.W.; Buisman, C.J.N.; Biesheuvel, P.M.; Hamelers, H.V.M. Direct power production from a water salinity difference in a membrane-modified supercapacitor flow cell. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44, 5661-5665.
20. Burheim, O.; Sales, B.; Schaezle, O.; Liu, F.; Hamelers, H.V.M. Auto generative capacitive mixing of sea and river water by the use of membranes. In Proceedings of the ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition (IMECE2011), Denver, CO, USA, 11-17 November 2011; pp. 483-492.
21. Liu, F.; Schaetzle, O.; Sales, B.B.; Saakes, M.; Buisman, C.J.N.; Hamelers, H.V.M. Effect of additional charging and current density on the performance of capacitive energy extraction based on donnan potential. Energ. Environ. Sci. 2012, 5, 8642-8650.
22. Burheim, O.S.; Liu, F.; Sales, B.B.; Schaetzle, O.; Buisman, C.J.N.; Hamelers, H.M. Faster time response by the use of wire electrodes in capacitive salinity gradient energy systems. J. Phys. Chem. C 2012, 116, 19203-19210.
23. Sales, B.B.; Burheim, O.S.; Liu, F.; Schaetzle, O.; Buisman, C.J.N.; Hamelers, H.V.M. Impact of wire geometry in energy extraction from salinity differences using capacitive technology. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46, 12203-12208.
24. Jia, Z.; Wang, B.; Song, S.; Fan, Y. A membrane-less Na ion battery-based CAPMIX cell for energy extraction using water salinity gradients. RSC Adv. 2013, 3, 26205-26209.
25. Clampitt, B.H.; Kiviat, F.E. Energy recovery from saline water by means of electrochemical cells. Science 1976, 194, 719-720.
26. Crompton, T.P.J. Battery Reference Book, 3rd ed.; Newnes: Oxford, MA, USA, 2000.
27. Karpinski, A.P.; Makovetski, B.; Russell, S.J.; Serenyi, J.R.; Williams, D.C. Silver-zinc: Status of technology and applications. J. Power Sources 1999, 80, 53-60.
28. Lim, H.S.; Lackner, A.M.; Knechtli, R.C. Zinc-bromine secondary battery. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1977, 124, 1154-1157.
29. Karpinski, A.P.; Russell, S.J.; Serenyi, J.R.; Murphy, J.P. Silver based batteries for high power applications. J. Power Sources 2000, 91, 77-82.
30. Tedesco, M.; Cipollina, A.; Tamburini, A.; van Baak, W.; Micale, G. Modelling the reverse electroDialysis process withseawater and concentrated brines. Desalin. Water Treat. 2012, 49, 404-424.
31. REAPower Project, Under FP7 (FP7/2007-2013). Available online: http://www.reapower.eu/(accessed on 12 June 2014).
32. 2 emissions Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. 1(1) 2013, 31-35.
33. Muschaweck, J.; Spirkl, W.; Timinger, A.; Benz, N.; Dorfler, M.; Gut, M.; Kose, E. Optimized reflectors for non-tracking solar collectors with tubular absorbers. Sol. Energy 2000, 68, 151-159.
34. Spirkl, W.; Ries, H.; Muschaweck, J.; Winston, R. Nontracking solar concentrators. Sol. Energy 1998, 62, 113-120.
35. Feidt, M.; Costea, M. Energy and exergy analysis and optimization of combined heat and power systems. Comparison of various systems. Energies 2012, 5, 3701-3722.
36. Ulloa, C.; Miguez, J.L.; Porteiro, J.; Eguia, P.; Cacabelos, A. Development of a transient model of a stirling-based CHP system. Energies 2013, 6, 3115-3133.
37. Chen, C.L.; Ho, C.; Yau, H.T. Performance analysis and optimization of a solar powered stirling engine with heat transfer considerations. Energies 2012, 5, 3573-3585.
38. Gao, H.; Liu, C.; He, C.; Xu, X.X.; Wu, S.Y.; Li, Y.R. Performance analysis and working fluid selection of a supercritical organic rankine cycle for low grade waste heat recovery. Energies 2012, 5, 3233-3247.
39. Snyder, G.J.; Toberer, E.S. Complex thermoelectric materials. Nat. Mater. 2008, 7, 105-114.
40. Weidenkaff, A.; Robert, R.; Aguirre, A.M.; Bocher, L.; Lippert, T.; Canulescu, S. Development of thermoelectric oxides for renewable energy conversion technologies. Renew. Energ. 2008, 33, 342-347.
41. Fraisse, G.; Ramousse, J.; Sgorlon, D.; Goupil, C. Comparison of different modeling approaches for thermoelectric elemen ts. Energ. Convers. Manag. 2013, 65, 351-356.
42. Kim, J.; Shim, K.; Jeon, J. Thermoelectric power generation in a vacuum cell of decomposing liquid potassium-ammonia solutions. Energies 2013, 6, 5960-5972.
43. Kaushika, N.D.; Reddy, K.S. Performance of a low cost solar paraboloidal dish steam generating system. Energ. Convers. Manag. 2000, 41, 713-726.
44. Rosato, A.; Sibilio, S. Performance assessment of a micro-cogeneration system under realistic operating conditions. Energ. Convers. Manag. 2013, 70, 149-162.
45. Pan, T.H.; Xu, D.L.; Li, A.M.; Shieh, S.S.; Jang, S.S. Efficiency improvement of cogeneration system using statistical model. Energ. Convers. Manag. 2013, 68, 169-176.
46. McGinnis, R.L.; McCutcheon, J.R.; Elimelech, M. A novel ammonia-carbon dioxide osmotic heat engine for power generation. J. Membr. Sci. 2007, 305, 13-19.
47. Rica, R.A.; Ziano, R.; Salerno, D.; Mantegazza, F.; Brogioli, D. Thermodynamic relation between voltage-concentration dependence and salt adsorption in electrochemical cells. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2012, 109, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.156103.
48. Brogioli, D.; others. Exploiting the spontaneous potential of the electrodes used in capacitive mixing technique for extraction of salinity-difference energy. Energ. Environ. Sci. 2012, 5, 9870-9880.
49. Birss, V.I.; Smith, C.K. The anodic behavior of silver in chloride solutions. 1. The formation and reduction of thin silver-chloride films. Electrochim. Acta 1987, 32, 259-268.
50. Italschell, Monza, Italy. Available online: http://www.italschell.it/(accessed on 12 June 2014).
51. Jorne, J.; Ho, W.T. Transference numbers of zinc in zinc-chloride battery electrolytes. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1982, 129, 907-912.
52. Thomas, B.K.; Fray, D.J. The conductivity of aqueous zinc chloride solutions. J. Appl. Electrochem. 1982, 12, 1-5.
53. Briggs, G.W.D.; Thirsk, H.R. A study of the behaviour of polarized electrodes part 3-The behaviour of the silver/silver chloride system during electrolytic reduction. Trans. Faraday Soc. 1952, 48, 1171-1178.
54. Jin, X.; Lu, J.; Liu, P.; Tong, H. The electrochemical formation and reduction of a thick AgCl deposition layer on a silver substrate. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2003, 542, 85-96.
55. Lyklema, J. Fundamentals of Interface and Colloid Science; Academic: New York, NY, USA, 1995; Volume 2.
56. ET-EcoinnovativeTechnologies S.r.l, spin-off of ENEA (National agency for new technologies, energy and sustainable economic development, Bologna, Italy). Available online:http://utt.enea.it/chi-siamo/proprieta-intellettuale/servizi-imprese/creazione-impresa/descrizione/et/view (accessed on 12 June 2014).