Summoning the ancestors: The flying Africans' story and its enduring legacy

African American Life in the Georgia Lowcountry: The Atlantic World and the Gullah Geechee

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 253-280

  Powell, Timothy ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84903679957     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (75)

1. Roswell King to Pierce Butler, May 13, 1803
2. Malcolm Bell Jr., Major Butler's Legacy: Five Generations of a Slaveholding Family (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1987);
3. The Legacy of Ibo Landing: Gullah Roots of African American Culture, ed. Marquetta L. Goodwine and the Clarity Press Gullah Project (Atlanta: Clarity Press, 1998).
4. Georgia Writers' Project, Drums and Shadows: Survival Studies among the Georgia Coastal Negroes (1940; Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1986), 20.
5. Steven Feierman, "Colonizers, Scholars, and the Creation of Invisible Histories", in Beyond the Cultural Turn: New Directions in the Study of Society and Culture, ed. Victoria E. Bonnell and Lynn Hunt (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), 190.
6. David L. Schoenbrun, "Conjuring the Modern in Africa: Durability and Rupture in Histories of Public Healing between the Great Lakes of East Africa", American Historical Review 111, no. 5(December 2006):1405.
7. E. J. Afigbo, Ropes of Sand: Studies in Igbo History and Culture (Ibadan: Ibadan University Press in association with Oxford University Press, 1981);
8. Elizabeth Isichei, Ibo People and the Europeans: The Genesis of a Relationship- to 1906 (London: Faber and Faber, 1973);
9. Emmanuel M. P. Eden, Towards an Igbo Metaphysics (Chicago: Loyola University Press, 1985).
10. Michael A. Gomez, Exchanging Our Country Marks: The Transformation of African Identities in the Colonial and Antebellum South (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), chap. 4;
11. Nada Elia, "'Kum Buba Yali Kum Buba Tambe, Ameen, Ameen, Ameen': Did Some of the Flying Africans Bow to Allah?" Callaloo 26, no. 1(2003):182-202.
12. Jill Lepore, "Just the Facts, Ma'am: Fake Memoirs, Factual Fictions, and the History of History", New Yorker, March 24, 2008, 79, 80.
13. Wai-Chee Dimock, Empire for Liberty: Melville and the Poetics of Individualism (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1989);
14. Simon Schama, Dead Certainties: Unwarranted Speculations (New York: Knopf, 1991);
15. Gordon S. Wood, The Purpose of the Past: Reflections on the Uses of History (New York: Penguin Press, 2008).
16. Letter from William Mein to Pierce Butler, May 24, 1803
17. Johannes Fabian, Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes its Object (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002).
18. Jerome S. Handler, "Life Histories of Enslaved Africans in Barbados", Slavery and Abolition 19, no. 1(1998):129-44;
19. Vincent Brown, The Reaper's Garden: Death and Power in the World of Atlantic Slavery (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2008).
20. John C. McCall, Dancing Histories: Heuristic Ethnography with the Ohafia Igbo (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000), 76.
21. Melville Herskovits, The Myth of a Negro Past (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1941);
22. Lorenzo Dow Turner, Africanisms in the Gullah Dialect (New York: Arno Press, 1969).
23. Charles Joyner, "Introduction to the Brown Thrasher Edition", in Drums and Shadows.
24. Jerrold Hirsch, Portrait of America: A Cultural History of the Federal Writers' Project (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003), 126.
25. Georgia Writers' Project, Drums and Shadows, 7.
26. "American Memory" site at http://memory.loc.gov/master/afc/ afc9999001/25665a.wav.
27. Joyner, "Introduction", Drums and Shadows, xxiv.
28. Allan B. Austin, African Muslims in Antebellum America: Transatlantic Stories and Spiritual Struggles (New York: Routledge, 1997), 112.
29. Georgia Writers' Project, Drums and Shadows, 79.
30. Toni Morrison, Song of Solomon (New York: Plume, 1977)
31. Virginia Hamilton, The People Could Fly: American Black Folktales (New York: Knopf, 1985);
32. tsee also Wendy W. Walters, "'One of Dese Mornings, Bright and Fair, Take My Wings and Cleave De Air': The legend of the Flying Africans and Diasporic Consciousness", MELUS 22, no. 3(Fall 1997):3-29.
33. Winifred Kellersberger Vass, The Bantu Speaking Heritage of the United States (Los Angeles: Center for Afro-American Studies, University of California, 1979), 70-71.
34. Robert Allen Warrior, Tribal Secrets: Recovering American Indian Intellectual Traditions (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995).
35. Sandra E. Greene, "Whispers and Silences: Explorations in African Oral History", Africa Today 50, no. 2(Fall/Winter 2003):41.
36. Feierman, "Colonizers", 182.
37. Robert Farris Thompson, Flash of the Spirit: African and Afo-American Art and Philosophy (New York: Vintage, 1984), 108-13.
38. Betty M. Kuyk, African Voices in the African American Heritage (Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 2003);
39. Kenneth L. Brown, "Interwoven Traditions: Archaeology of the Conjurer's Cabin and the African American Cemetery at Jordan and Frogmore Manor Plantations", http://www.nps.gov/history/crdi/conferences/AFR-99-114- KBrown.pdf.
40. Maude Southwell Wahlman, Signs and Symbols: African Images in African American Quilts (Atlanta: Tinwood, 2001);
41. Daniel L. Fountain, "Historians and Historical Archaeology: Slave Sites", Journal of Interdisciplinary History 26, no. 1(Summer 1995):67-77;
42. Kenneth L. Brown, "Interwoven Traditions: Archaeology of the Conjurer's Cabins and the African American Cemetery at the Jordan and Frogmore Manor Plantations", http://www.nps.gov/history/crdi/conferences/AFR-99-114- KBrown.pdf.
43. Philip D. Curtin, Atlantic Slave Trade, A Census (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969);
44. Wyatt MacGaffey, Religion and Society in Central Africa: The BaKongo of Lower Zaire (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986);
45. Anne Hilton, The Kingdom of Kongo (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985);
46. Wyatt MacGaffey, ed., Art and Healing of the Bakongo, Commented by Themselves (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991);
47. Ronald K. Engard, "Dance and Power in Bafut (Cameroon)", in Creativity of Power: Cosmology and Action in African Societies, ed. W. Arens and Ivan Karp (Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1989);
48. Gomez, Exchanging Our Country Marks.
49. Gomez, Exchanging Our Country Marks, 29.
50. K. K. Bunseki Fu-Kiau, "Ntangu-Tandu-Kolo: The Bantu-Kongo Concept of Time", Time in the Black Experience, ed. Joseph K. Adjaye (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1994).
51. Thompson, Flash of the Spirit, 109.
52. Bunseki Fu-Kiau, "Ntangu-Tandu-Kolo", 30.
53. Robert Farris Thompson, "Tendwa kia Nza-n'kongo: The Kongo Cosmogram ('The Four Moments of the Sun, '" in The Four Moments of the Sun: Kongo Art in Two Worlds, ed. Robert Farris Thompson and Joseph Cornet (Washington, D. C.: National Gallery of Art, 1981), 44.
54. Bunseki Fu-Kiau, "Ntangu-Tandu-Kolo", 30.
55. Orlando Patterson, Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study (C a mbridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982).
56. Bunseki Fu-Kiau, "Ntangu-Tandu-Kolo", 27.
57. Georgia Writers' Project, Drums and Shadows, 154.
58. Gomez, Exchanging Our Country Marks, 149.
59. MacGaffey, Religion and Society, 96.
60. Thompson, "Tendwa kia Nza-n'kongo", 45.
61. See also Robert Farris Thompson, Face of the Gods: Art and Altars of Africa and the African Americas (New York: Museum for African Art, 1993), 48
62. Elia, "Kum Buba Yali";
63. Walters, "One of Dese Mornings";
64. Farah Jasmine Griffin, "Who Set You Flowin'?": The African-American Migration Narrative (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995);
65. New Essays on Song of Solomon, ed. Valerie Smith (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995);
66. Toni Morrison's Song of Solomon: A Case Book (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003).
67. Julie Dash, Daughters of the Dust (New York: Dutton, 1997)
68. Robert Hayden, "O Daedalus, Fly Away Home", Collected Poems, ed. Frederick Glaysher (New York: Liveright, 1996);
69. Paule Marshall, Praisesong for the Widow (New York: Dutton, 1984).
70. Toni Morrison, Song of Solomon (New York: Plume, 1978), 6.
71. Quoted in Thompson, Flash of the Spirit, 110.
72. John M. Janzen, Lemba, 1650-1930: A Drum of Affliction in Africa and the New World (New York: Garland, 1982).
73. Cornelia Bailey with Christena Bledsoe, God, Dr. Buzzard, and the Bolito Man: A Saltwater Geechee Talks about Life on Sapelo Island (New York: Doubleday, 2000), 319.
74. Georgia Writers' Project, Drums and Shadows, 168.
75. Bailey, God, Dr. Buzzard, 316.