The role that graduate medical education must play in ensuring health equity and eliminating health care disparities

Annals of the American Thoracic Society

Volumn 11, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 603-607

  Maldonado, Maria E ^a,b   Fried, Ethan D ^c,d   DuBose Jr , Thomas D ^e   Nelson, Consuelo ^f   Breida, Margaret ^f  

^a STAMFORD HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b Columbia University's College of Physicians and Surgaons ^*  (United States)

^c LENOX HILL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^d DONALD AND BARBARA ZUCKER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AT HOFSTRA NORTHWELL   (United States)

^e WAKE FOREST SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^f Alliance for Academic Internal Medicine   (United States)

Author keywords

Cultural competency; Graduate medical education; Health care disparities; Health equity

Indexed keywords

ACCREDITATION; CULTURAL COMPETENCE; GRADUATE STUDENT; HEALTH CARE DISPARITY; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HEALTH DISPARITY; HUMAN; INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION; MEDICAL EDUCATION; MEDICAL INFORMATION; MEDICAL SOCIETY; PATIENT SATISFACTION; RESIDENT; REVIEW; SOCIOECONOMICS; CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; CURRICULUM; EDUCATION; PROCEDURES; UNITED STATES;

CULTURAL COMPETENCY; CULTURAL DIVERSITY; CURRICULUM; EDUCATION, MEDICAL, GRADUATE; HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES; HUMANS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84903603855     PISSN: 23256621     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201402-068PS     Document Type: Review

References (34)

1. Smedley BD, Stith AY, Nelson AR, editors. Unequal treatment: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2002.
2. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. National healthcare quality & disparities report 2012. 2012 [accessed 2014 Jan]. AHRQ Publication No. 13-0003. Available from: www.ahrq.gov/research/findings/nhqrdr/index.html
3. U.S. Census Bureau Website. U.S. Population Projections: 2012. 2012 Dec 12 [accessed 2014 Mar 17]. U.S. Census Bureau Projections Show a Slower Growing, Older, More Diverse Nation a Half Century From Now. Available from: http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/population/cb12.243.html
4. American College of Physicians. Racial and ethnic disparities in health care, Updated 2010. Philadelphia: American College of Physicians; 2010. Policy Paper (Available from American College of Physicians, 190 N. Independence Mall West, Philadelphia, PA 19106).
5. LaVeist TA, Gaskin DJ, Richard P. The economic burden of health inequalities in the United States, September 2009. Joint Center for Political & Economic Studies. 2009 Sept [accessed 2014 Jan 31]. Available from: http://www.jointcenter.org/hpi/sites/all/files/Burden-Of-Health-FINAL-0.pdf
6. The Joint Commission. Advancing effective communication, cultural competence and patient-and family-centered care: a roadmap for hospitals. Oakbrook Terrace, IL: The Joint Commission, 2010.
7. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. How does the Affordable Care Act address racial and ethnic disparities in health care. 2011 Dec [accessed 2014 Mar 14]. Health Policy Snapshot Series. Available from: http://www.rwjf.org/en/research- publications/find-rwjf-research/2011/12/how-does-the-affordable-care-act- address-racial-and-ethnic-dispa.html
8. Nasca TJ, Philibert I, Brigham T, Flynn TC. The next GME accreditation system-rationale and benefits. N Engl J Med 2012, 366:1051-1056.
9. Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. Clinical Environment Review (CLER) Program. [accessed 2014 April 17] Available from: http://www.acgme.org/acgmeweb/tabid/436/ProgramandInstitutionalAccreditation/ NextAccreditationSystem/ClinicalLearningEnvironmentReviewProgram.aspx
10. Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. Clinical learning environment review (CLER). CLER pathways to excellence. Expectations for an optimal clinical learning environment to achieve safe and high quality care. 2014 [accessed 2014 Feb 15]. Available from: http://www.acgme.org/acgmeweb/ portals/0/PDFs/CLER/CLER-Brochure.pdf
11. A Joint Initiative of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education and the American Board of Internal Medicine in Collaboration with Alliance for Academic Internal Medicine. The Internal Medicine Subspecialty Milestones Project. February 2014 [accessed 2014 April 18] Available from: http://www.acgme.org/acgmeweb/Portals/0/PDFs/Milestones/ InternalMedicineSubspecialtyMilestones.pdf
12. Smith WR, Betancourt JR, Wynia MK, Bussey-Jones J, Stone VE, Phillips CO, Fernandez A, Jacobs E, Bowles J. Recommendations for teaching about racial and ethnic disparities in health and health care. Ann Intern Med 2007;147:654-665.
13. Weissman JS, Betancourt JR, Campbell EG, Park ER, Kim M, Clarridge B, Blumenthal D, Lee KC, Maina AW. Resident physicians' preparedness to provide cross-cultural care. JAMA 2005;294: 1058-1067. (Pubitemid 41248447)
14. Staton LJ, Estrada C, Panda M, Ortiz D, Roddy D. A multimethod approach for cross-cultural training in an internal medicine residency program. Med Educ Online 2013;18:20352.
15. Crenshaw K, Shewchuk RM, Qu H, Staton LJ, Bigby JA, Houston TK, Allison J, Estrada CA. What should we include in a cultural competence curriculum? An emerging formative evaluation process to foster curriculum development. Acad Med 2011;86:333-341.
16. Association of American Medical Colleges. Cultural competence education. 2005 [accessed 2014 Jan 31]. Available from: https://www.aamc.org/download/ 54338/data/culturalcomped.pdf
17. Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. ACGME program requirements for graduate medical education in internal medicine. ACGME approved categorization: 2012. Sept 30 [accessed 2014 Jan 30]. Available from: http://acgme.org/acgmeweb/Portals/0/PFAssets/2013-PR-FAQ-PIF/ 140-internal-medicine-07012013.pdf
18. Holmboe ES, Bowen JL, Green M, Gregg J, DiFrancesco L, Reynolds E, Alguire P, Battinelli D, Lucey C, Duffy D. Reforming internal medicine residency training. A report from the Society of General Internal Medicine's task force for residency reform. J Gen Intern Med 2005;20:1165-1172. (Pubitemid 43110270)
19. Ross PT, Wiley Cené C, Bussey-Jones J, Brown AF, Blackman D, Fernandez A, Fernandez L, Glick SB, Horowitz CR, Jacobs EA, et al. A strategy for improving health disparities education in medicine. J Gen Intern Med 2010;25:S160-S163.
20. Society of General Internal Medicine. A train the trainer guide: health disparities education. Society of General Internal Medicine's Disparities Task Force, 2008. [accessed 2014 Mar 17] Available from: http://www.sgim.org/ File%20Library/SGIM/Communities/Task%20Forces/Disparities/SGIM-DTFES-Health- Disparities-Training-Guide.pdf)
21. American Medical Association Foundation. Health literacy and patient safety. Help patients understand. Reducing the risk by designing a safer shame-free health care environment. 2007 [accessed 2014 Feb 15]. Available from: http://www.ama-assn.org/resources/doc/ama-foundation/hl-monograph.pdf
22. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. A physician's practical guide to culturally competent care. [accessed 2014 Apr 17] Available from: https://cccm.thinkculturalhealth.hhs.gov/
23. Expert Panel on Cultural Competence Education for Students in Medicine and Public Health. Cultural competence education for students in medicine and public health. Report of an expert panel. Washington, D.C.: Association of American Medical Colleges and Association of Schools of Public Health. 2012.
24. Massachusetts General Hospital. Disparities Solutions Center website [accessed 2014 Mar 16] Available from http://www2.massgeneral. org/disparitiessolutions/resources.html
25. Ring JM, Nyquist JG, Mitchell S, Flores H, Samaniego L. Curriculum for culturally responsive health care. The step-by-step guide for cultural competence training. New York: Radcliffe Publishing; 2008.
26. Hark LA, DeLisser HM, Morrison G. Achieving cultural competency. A case-based approach to training health professionals. UK: Wiley-Blackwell; 2009.
27. Association of American Medical Colleges. Diversity in the physician workforce: facts and Figures. 2010. [accessed 2014 Mar 16]. Available from: https://members.aamc.org/eweb/upload/Diversity% 20in%20the%20Physician%20Workforce%20Facts%20and% 20Figures%202010.pdf
28. Center for American Progress. Equal health care for all: opportunities to address health care disparities in health care reform. 2009 Dec [accessed 2014 Mar] Available from http://www.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/issues/ 2009/12/pdf/racialhealthdisparities.pdf
29. Komaromy M, Grumbach K, Drake M, Vranizan K, Lurie N, Keane D, Bindman AB. The role of black and Hispanic physicians in providing health care for underserved populations. N Engl J Med 1996;334: 1305-1310. (Pubitemid 26138012)
30. Marrast LM, Zallman L, Woolhandler S, Bor DH, McCormick D. Minority physicians' role in the care of underserved patients: diversifying the physician workforce may be key in addressing health disparities. JAMA Intern Med 2014;174:289-291.
31. Aagaard EM, Julian K, Dedier J, Soloman I, Tillisch J, Pérez-Stable EJ. Factors affecting medical students' selection of an internal medicine residency program. J Natl Med Assoc 2005;97:1264-1270. (Pubitemid 41254432)
32. National Resident Matching Program. Results of the 2013 NRMP Applicant Survey by Preferred Specialty and Applicant Type. National Resident Matching Program, Washington, DC. September 2013.
33. Wesson DE, King TE Jr, Todd RF, Torres EA, Hellmann DB, Flack JM, Dubose TD Jr, Schuster VL. Achieving diversity in academic internal medicine: recommendations for leaders. Am J Med 2006;119: 76-81. (Pubitemid 43117481)
34. Peek ME, Kim KE, Johnson JK, Vela MB. "URM candidates are encouraged to apply": a national study to identify effective strategies to enhance racial and ethnic faculty diversity in academic departments of medicine. Acad Med 2013;88:405-412.