Fuel Cell Catalysis from a Materials Perspective

New and Future Developments in Catalysis: Batteries, Hydrogen Storage and Fuel Cells

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 271-305

  Bron, Michael ^a   Roth, Christina ^b  

^a MARTIN LUTHER UNIVERSITY HALLE WITTENBERG   (Germany)

^b FREIE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ENERGY RESOURCES; GAS FUEL PURIFICATION;

FUEL CELLS;

EID: 84903505267     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-53880-2.00015-6     Document Type: Chapter

References (124)

1. Gasteiger H.A., Kocha S.S., Sompalli B., Wagner F.T. Activity benchmarks and requirements for Pt, Pt-alloy, and non-Pt oxygen reduction catalysts for PEMFCs. Appl. Catal. B 2005, 56:9-35.
2. Gasteiger H.A., Garche J. Fuel Cells in Handbook of Heterogeneous Catalysis 2006, 8:3081-3121.
3. Gewirth A.A., Thorum M.S. Electroreduction of dioxygen for fuel-cell applications: materials and challenges. Inorg. Chem. 2010, 49:3557-3566.
4. Nilekar A.U., Xu Y., Zhang J., Vukmirovic M.B., Sasaki K., Adzic R.R., Mavrikakis M. Bimetallic and ternary alloys for improved oxygen reduction catalysis. Top. Catal. 2007, 46:276-284.
5. Antolini E. Platinum-based ternary catalysts for low temperature fuel cells. Part I. Preparation methods and structural characteristics. Appl. Catal. B 2007, 74:324-336.
6. Antolini E. Platinum-based ternary catalysts for low temperature fuel cells. Part II. Electrochemical properties. Appl. Catal. B 2007, 74:337-350.
7. Stamenkovic V.R., Mun B.S., Mayrhofer K.J.J., Poss P.N., Markovic N.M. Effect of surface composition on electronic structure, stability, and electrocatalytic properties of Pt-transition metal alloys: Pt-skin vs. Pt-skeleton surfaces. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128:8813-8819.
8. Stamenkovic V.R., Mun B.S., Arenz M., Mayrhofer K.J.J., Lucas C.A., Wang G., et al. Trends in electrocatalysis on extended and nanoscale Pt-bimetallic alloy surfaces. Nature Mater. 2007, 6:241-247.
9. Götz M., Wendt H. Binary and ternary anode catalyst formulations including the elements W, Sn, and Mo for PEMFCs operated on methanol or reformate gas. Electrochim. Acta 1998, 43:3637-3644.
10. Lima A., Coutanceau C., Leger J.-M., Lamy C. Investigation of ternary catalysts for methanol electrooxidation. J. Appl. Electrochem. 2001, 31:37-38.
11. Güldür Ç., Güneş S. Carbon supported Pt-based ternary catalysts for oxygen reduction in PEM fuel cells. Catal. Commun. 2011, 12:707-711.
12. Seo A., Lee J., Han K., Kim H. Performance and stability of Pt-based ternary alloy catalysts for PEMFC. Electrochim. Acta 2006, 52:1603-1611.
13. Strasser P., Fan Q., Devenney M., Weinberg W.H., Liu P., Nørskov J.K. High throughput experimental and theoretical predictive screening of materials-a comparative study of search strategies for new fuel cell anode catalysts. J. Phys. Chem. B 2003, 107:1102-11013.
14. Reddington E., Sapienza A., Gurau B., Viswanathan R., Sarangapani S., Smotkin E.S., Mallouk T.E. Combinatorial electrochemistry: a highly parallel, optical screening method for discovery of better electrocatalysts. Science 1998, 280:1735-1737.
15. 3Ni(111) via increased surface site availability. Science 2007, 315:493-497.
16. Adzic R.R., Zhang J., Sasaki K., Vukmirovic M.B., Shao M., Wang J.X., Nilekar A.U., Mavrikakis M., Valerio J.A., Uribe F. Platinum monolayer fuel cell electrocatalysts. Top. Catal. 2007, 46:249-262.
17. Strasser P. Dealloyed core-shell fuel cell electrocatalysts. Rev. Chem. Eng. 2009, 25:255-295.
18. 2 reduction: Pt monolayer on Pd(111) and on carbon-supported Pd nanoparticles. J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108:10955-10964.
19. Zhang J., Vukmirovic M.B., Sasaki K., Uribe F., Adzic R.R. Platinum monolayer electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction: effect of substrates, and long-term stability. J. Serb. Chem. Soc. 2005, 70:513-525.
20. 2 reduction. J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109:22701-22704.
21. Mrozek M.F., Xie Y., Weaver M.J. Surface-enhanced raman scattering on uniform platinum-group overlayers: preparation by redox replacement of underpotential-deposited metals on gold. Anal. Chem. 2001, 73:5953-5960.
22. Park S., Yang P., Corredor P., Weaver M.J. Transition metal-coated nanoparticle films: vibrational characterization with surface-enhanced raman scattering. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124:2428-2429.
23. Kumar S., Zou S. Electrooxidation of carbon monoxide and methanol on platinum-overlayer-coated gold nanoparticles: effect of film thickness. Langmuir 2007, 23:7365-7737.
24. Koh S., Strasser P. Electrocatalysis on bimetallic surfaces: modifying catalytic reactivity for oxygen reduction by voltammetric surface dealloying. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129:12624-12625.
25. Srivastava R., Mani P., Hahn N., Strasser P. Efficient oxygen reduction fuel cell electrocatalysis on voltammetrically dealloyed Pt-Cu-Co nanoparticles. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46:8988-8991.
26. Mani P., Srivastava R., Strasser P. Dealloyed Pt-Cu Core-shell nanoparticle electrocatalysts for use in PEM fuel cell cathodes. J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112:2770-2778.
27. 3 thin films and catalytic activity for oxygen reduction. Chem. Mater. 2010, 22:4712-4720.
28. 3Pt (111) studied by surface X-ray scattering. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2011, 115:9074-9080.
29. 3M (MCu, Co, Fe, Cr) electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction: performance in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. J. Power Sources 2011, 196:666-673.
30. Kulp C., Chen X., Puschhof A., Schwamborn S., Schuhmann W., Bron M. Electrochemical synthesis of core-shell catalysts for electrocatalytic applications. ChemPhysChem. 2010, 11:2854-2861.
31. Sasaki K., Wang J.X., Naohara H., Marinkovic N., More K., Inada H., Adzic R.R. Recent advances in platinum monolayer electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction: Scale-up synthesis, structure and activity of Pt shells on Pd cores. Electrochim. Acta 2010, 55:2645-2652.
32. Kulp C., Bron M. Electrochim. Acta 2013.
33. Zhang L., Zhang J., Wilkinson D.P., Wang H. Progress in preparation of non-noble electrocatalysts for PEM fuel cell reactions. J. Power Sources 2006, 156:171-182.
34. 4-Macrocyclic Metal Complexes 2006, Springer, New York. J.H. Zagal, F. Bedioui, J.-P. Dodelet (Eds.).
35. Bezerra C.W.B., Zhang L., Lee K., Liu H., Marques A.L.B., Marques E.O., Wang H., Zhang J. A review of Fe-N/C and Co-N/C catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction. Electrochim. Acta 2008, 53:4937-4951.
36. Jaouen F., Proietti E., Lefevre M., Chenitz R., Dodelet J.-P., Wu G., et al. Recent advances in non-precious metal catalysis for oxygen-reduction reaction in polymer electrolyte fuel cells. Energy Environ. Sci. 2011, 4:114-130.
37. Jasinski R. A new fuel cell cathode catalyst. Nature 1964, 201:1212-1213.
38. Jahnke H., Schönborn M., Zimmermann G. Organic dyestuffs as catalysts for fuel cells. Top. Curr. Chem. 1976, 61:133-181.
39. Faubert G., Côté R., Dodelet J.P., Lefèvre M., Bertrand P. Oxygen reduction catalysts for polymer electrolyte fuel cells from the pyrolysis of FeII acetate adsorbed on 3,4,9,10-perylentetracarboxylic dianhydride. Electrochim. Acta 1999, 44:2589-2603.
40. Faubert G., Côté R., Guay D., Dodelet J.P., Dénès G., Poleunis C., Bertrand P. Activity and characterization of Fe-based catalysts for the reduction of oxygen in polymer electrolyte fuel cells. Electrochim. Acta 1998, 43:1969-1984.
41. Bron M., Fiechter S., Hilgendorff M., Bogdanoff P. Catalysts for oxygen reduction from heat treated, carbon supported iron phenantroline complexes. J. Appl. Electrochem. 2002, 32:211-216.
42. Bron M., Radnik J., Fieber-Erdmann M., Bogdanoff P., Fiechter S. EXAFS, XPS and electrochemical studies on oxygen reduction catalysts obtained by heat treatment of iron phenantroline complexes supported onto high surface area carbon black. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2002, 535:113-119.
43. Lefèvre M., Proietti E., Jaouen F., Dodelet J.-P. Iron-based catalysts with improved oxygen reduction activity in polymer electrolyte fuel cells. Science 2009, 324:71-74.
44. Wu G., More K.L., Johnston C.M., Zelenay P. High-performance electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction derived from polyaniline, iron, and cobalt. Science 2011, 332:443-447.
45. Xia W., Masa J., Bron M., Schuhmann W., Muhler M. Highly active metal-free nitrogen-containing carbon catalysts for oxygen reduction synthesized by thermal treatment of polypyridine-carbon black mixtures. Electrochem. Commun. 2011, 13:593-596.
46. Schulenburg H., Stankov S., Schünemann V., Radnik J., Dorband I., Fiechter S., et al. Catalysts for the Oxygen Reduction from Heat-Treated Iron(III) Tetramethoxyphenylpophyrin Chloride: Structure and Stability of Active Sites. J. Phys. Chem. B 2003, 107:9034-9041.
47. Biddinger E.J., von Deak D., Ozkan U.S. Nitrogen-containing carbon nanostructures as oxygen-reduction catalysts. Top. Catal. 2009, 52:1566-1574.
48. Schilling T., Bron M. Oxygen reduction at Fe-N-modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes in acidic electrolyte. Electrochim. Acta 2008, 53:5379-5385.
49. Okunola A., Kowalewska B., Bron M., Kulesza P.J., Schuhmann W. Electrocatalytic reduction of oxygen at electropolymerized films of metalloporphyrins deposited onto multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Electrochim. Acta 2009, 54:1954-1960.
50. Schilling T., Okunola A., Masa J., Schuhmann W., Bron M. Carbon nanotubes modified with electrodeposited metalloporphyrines and phenanthrolines for electrocatalytic applications. Electrochim. Acta 2010, 55:7597-7602.
51. Nagaiah T.C., Kundu S., Bron M., Muhler M., Schuhmann W. Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes as a highly efficient cathode catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline medium. Electrochem. Commun. 2010, 12:338-341.
52. Jin C., Nagaiah T.C., Xia W., Spliethoff B., Wang S., Bron M., Schuhmann W., Muhler M. Metal-free and electrocatalytically active nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes synthesized by coating with polyaniline. Nanoscale 2010, 2:981-987.
53. Gong K., Du F., Xia Z., Durstock M., Dai L. Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube arrays with high electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction. Science 2009, 323:760-764.
54. Chen Z., Higgins D., Tao H., Hsu R.S., Chen Z. Highly active nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes for oxygen reduction reaction in fuel cell applications. J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113:21008-21013.
55. Maldonado S., Stevenson K.J. Influence of nitrogen doping on oxygen reduction electrocatalysis at carbon nanofiber electrodes. J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109:4707-4716.
56. Kundu S., Nagaiah T., Xia W., Wang Y., Dommele S., Bitter J., Santa M., Grundmeier G., Bron M., Schuhmann W., Muhler M. Electrocatalytic activity and stability of nitrogen-containing carbon nanotubes in the oxygen reduction reaction. J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113:14302-14310.
57. Prehn K., Warburg A., Schilling T., Bron M., Schulte K. Towards nitrogen-containing CNTs for fuel cell electrodes. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2009, 69:1570-1579.
58. x oxygen reduction catalysts. Top. Catal. 2007, 46:339-348.
59. Matter P.H., Wang E., Arias M., Biddinger E.J., Ozkan U.S. Oxygen reduction reaction catalysts prepared from acetonitrile pyrolysis over alumina-supported metal particles. J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110:18374-18384.
60. Xu R., Wang D., Zhang J., Li Y. Shape-dependent catalytic activity of silver nanoparticles for the oxidation of styrene. Chem. Asian J. 2006, 1:888-893.
61. Komanicky V., Iddir H., Chang K.C., Menzel A., Karapetrov G., Hennessy D., Zapol P., You H. Shape-dependent activity of platinum array catalyst. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131:5732-5733.
62. Teranishi T., Kurita R., Miyake M. Shape control of Pt nanoparticles. J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. 2000, 10:145-156.
63. Kinge S., Urgeghe C., De Battisti A., Bönnemann H. Dependence of CO oxidation on Pt nanoparticle shape: a shape-selective approach to the synthesis of PEMFC catalysts. Appl. Organometal. Chem. 2008, 22:49-54.
64. D. Dixon, J. Melke, M. Botros, J. Rathore, C. Roth, (2013).
65. Solla-Gullón J., Vidal-Iglesias F.J., López-Cudero A., Garnier E., Feliu J.M., Aldaz A. Shape-dependent electrocatalysis: methanol and formic acid electrooxidation on preferentially oriented Pt nanoparticles. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2008, 10:3689-3698.
66. Paulus U.A., Scherer G.G., Wokaun A., Schmidt T.J., Stamenkovic V., Radmilovic V., Ross P.N. Oxygen reduction on carbon-supported Pt-Ni and Pt-Co alloy catalysts. J. Phys. Chem. B. 2002, 106:4181-4191.
67. Lin Z., Chu H., Shen Y., Wei L., Liu H., Li Y. Rational preparation of faceted platinum nanocrystals supported on carbon nanotubes with remarkably enhanced catalytic performance. Chem. Commun. 2009, 46:7167-7169.
68. Ditty Dixon, PhD Thesis, TU Darmstadt, 2012.
69. de Bruijn F., Dam V.T., Janssen G.J.M. Review: durability and degradation issues of PEM fuel cell components. Fuel Cells 2008, 8:3-22.
70. Shao Y., Yin G., Gao Y. Understanding and approaches for the durability issues of Pt-based catalysts for PEM fuel cell. J. Power Sources 2007, 171:558-566.
71. Kinoshita K. Carbon: Electrochemical and Physicochemical Properties 1988, Wiley, New York, 319.
72. Ettingshausen F., Kleemann J., Marcu A., Toth G., Fuess H., Roth C. Dissolution and migration of platinum in PEMFCs investigated for start/stop cycling and high potential degradation. Fuel Cells 2011, 11:238-245.
73. Antolini E. Carbon supports for low-temperature fuel cell catalysts. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 2009, 88:1-24.
74. Che S., Garcia-Bennett A.E., Liu X., Hodgkins R.P., Wright P.A., Zhao D., Terasaki O., Tatsumi T. Synthesis of large-pore Ia3d mesoporous silica and its tubelike carbon replica. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2003, 42:3930-3934.
75. Choi S.H., Ryoo R. Cubic Ia3d large mesoporous silica: synthesis and replication to platinum nanowires, carbon nanorods and carbon nanotubes. Chem. Commun. 2003, 1:2136-2137.
76. Soehn M., Zils S., Nicoloso N., Roth C. Effective debundling of CNTs and simultaneous synthesis of Pt nanoparticles by Nafion® induced emulsions. J. Power Sources 2011, 196:6079-6084.
77. Serp P., Corrias M., Kalck P. Carbon nanotubes and nanofibers in catalysis. Appl. Catal. A 2003, 253:337-358.
78. Lakshminarayanan P.V., Toghiani H., Pittman C.U. Nitric Acid oxidation of vapor grown carbon nanofibers. Carbon 2004, 42:2433-2442.
79. Hernández-Fernández P., Montiel M., Ocón P., Gómez de La Fuente J.L., García-Rodríguez S., Rojas S., Fierro J.L.G. Functionalization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and application as supports for electrocatalysts in proton-exchange membrane fuel cell. Appl. Catal. B 2010, 99:343-352.
80. Nassr A.B.A., Sinev I., Grünert W., Bron M. Appl. Catal. B 2013.
81. Verdejo R., Lamoriniere S., Cottam B., Bismarck A., Shaffer M. Removal of oxidation debris from multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Chem. Commun. 2007, 513-515.
82. Kundu S., Wang Y., Xia W., Muhler M. Thermal stability and reducibility of oxygen-containing functional groups on multiwalled carbon nanotube surfaces: a quantitative high-resolution XPS and TPD/ TPR study. J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112:16869-16878.
83. Chetty R., Xia W., Kundu S., Bron M., Reinecke T., Schuhmann W., Muhler M. Effect of reduction temperature on the preparation and characterization of Pt-Ru nanoparticles on multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Langmuir 2009, 25:3853-3860.
84. Xia W., Jin C., Kundu S., Muhler M. A simple, highly effective gas-phase route for the functionalization of carbon nanotubes. Carbon 2009, 47:919-922.
85. Li N., Xu Q., Zhou M., Xia W., Chen X., Bron M., Schuhmann W., Muhler M. Ethylenediamine-anchored gold nanoparticles on multi-walled carbon nanotubes: synthesis and characterization. Electrochem. Commun. 2010, 12:939-943.
86. Jin C., Xia W., Nagaiah T.C., Guo J., Chen X., Li N., Bron M., Schuhmann W., Muhler M. Rh-RhSx nanoparticles grafted on functionalized carbon nanotubes as catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction. J. Mater. Chem. 2010, 20:736-742.
87. Kundu S., Xia W., Busser W., Becker M., Schmidt D.A., Havenith M., Muhler M. The formation of nitrogen-containing functional groups on carbon nanotube surfaces: a quantitative XPS and TPD study. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2010, 12:4351-4359.
88. Rajalakshmi N., Lakshmi N., Dhathathreyan K.S. Nano titanium oxide catalyst support for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2008, 33:7521.
89. Lamy C., Leger J.-M. Catalysis and electrocatalysis at nanoparticle surfaces. Electrocatalysis with Electron-Conducting Polymers Modified by Noble Metal Nanoparticles 2003, CRC Press. 10.1201/9780203912713.ch25. A. Wieckowski, E.R. Savinova, C.G. Vayenas (Eds.).
90. Bouzek K., Holzhauser P., Kodym R., Moravcova S., Paidar M. Utilization of nafion/conducting polymer composite in the PEM type fuel cells. J. Appl. Electrochem. 2007, 37:137-145.
91. Qi Z., Lefebvre C., Mark G., Pickup P. Electron and proton transport in gas diffusion electrodes containing electronically conductive proton-exchange polymers. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1998, 459:9-14.
92. Khalid M., Acuña J.J.S., Tumelero M.A., Fischer J.A., Zoldan V.C., Pasa A.A. Sulfonated porphyrin doped polyaniline nanotubes and nanofibers: synthesis and characterization. J. Mater. Chem. 2012, 22:11340-11346.
93. Zhiani M., Rezaei B., Jalili J. Methanol electro-oxidation on Pt/C modified by polyaniline nanofibers for DMFC applications. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2010, 35:9298-9305.
94. Lima A., Coutanceau C., Leger J.-M., Lamy C. Investigation of ternary catalysts for methanol electrooxidation. J. Appl. Electrochem. 2001, 31:379-386.
95. Cavaliere S., Subianto S., Savych I., Jones D.J., Roziere J. Electrospinning: designed architectures for energy conversion and storage devices. Energy Environ. Sci. 2011, 4:4761-4785.
96. Huang S.-Y., Ganesan P., Popov B.N. Titania supported platinum catalyst with high electrocatalytic activity and stability for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 2010, 102:71-77.
97. 2n-1 as corrosion-resistant PEM fuel cell catalyst support. J. Solid State Electrochem. 2012, 10.1007/s10008-012-1663-1.
98. 2 hollow spheres offering micro-and nanoporosity in fuel cell electrode structures. Adv. Energy Mater. 2011, 1:648-654.
99. Michel M., Ettingshausen F., Scheiba F., Wolz A., Roth C. Using layer-by-layer assembly of polyaniline fibers in the fast preparation of high performance fuel cell nanostructured membrane electrodes. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2008, 10:3796.
100. Fischer A., Jindra J., Wendt H. Porosity and catalyst utilization of thin layer cathodes in air operated PEM-fuel cells. J. Appl. Electrochem. 1998, 28:277.
101. Ji M., Wei Z. A review of water management in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. Energies 2009, 2:1057-1106.
102. Brandon N.P., Brett D.J. Engineering porous materials for fuel cell applications. Phil. Trans. R. A 2006, 364:147-159.
103. S. Zils, P. Bleith, F. Ettingshausen, J. Suffner, A. Wolz, M. Michel, C. Roth, Alternative support materials and the role of the support morphology for the electrode structure, ICCE 19 in Shanghai (2011) session organized by P. Bele on Novel Catalysts and Support Materials for Fuel Cells.
104. M. Krishnan, D. Dixon, C. Roth, R. Chetty, in preparation.
105. Pan M., Tang H.L., Jiang S.P., Liu Z.C. Fabrication and performance of polymer electrolyte fuel cells by self-assembly of Pt nanoparticles. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2005, 152:A1081-A1088.
106. Kostelansky C.N., Pietron J.J., Chen M.S., Dressick W.J., Swider-Lyons K.E., Ramaker D.E., Stroud R.M., Klug C.A., Zelakiewicz B.S., Schull T.L. Triarylphosphine-stabilized platinum nanoparticles in three-dimensional nanostructured films as active electrocatalysts. J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110:21487-21496.
107. Jiang S.P., Liu Z., Tian Q. Layer-by-layer self-assembly of composite polyelectrolyte-nafion membranes for direct methanol fuel cells. Adv. Mater. 2006, 18:1068-1072.
108. Farhat T.R., Hammond P.T. Designing a new generation of proton-exchange membranes using layer-by-layer deposition of polyelectrolytes. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2005, 15:945-954.
109. Farhat T.R., Hammond P.T. Engineering ionic and electronic conductivity in polymer catalytic electrodes using the layer-by-layer technique. Chem. Mater. 2006, 18:41-49.
110. Farhat T., Hammond P.T. Fabrication of a "Soft" membrane electrode assembly using layer-by-layer technology. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2006, 16:433-444.
111. Wolz A., Zils S., Ruch D., Kotov N., Roth C., Michel M. Incorporation of Indium Tin Oxide Nanoparticles in PEMFC Electrodes. Adv. Energy Mater. 2012, 2:569-574.
112. Zils S., Timpel M., Arlt T., Wolz A., Manke I., Roth C. 3D visualization of PEMFC electrode structures using FIB nanotomography. Fuel Cells 2010, 10:966-972.
113. Xia W., Chen X., Kundu S., Wang X., Grundmeier G., Wang Y., Bron M., Schuhmann W., Muhler M. Chemical vapor synthesis of secondary carbon nanotubes catalyzed by iron nanoparticles electrodeposited on primary carbon nanotubes. Surf. Coat. Technol. 2007, 201:9232-9237.
114. Li N., Chen X., Stoica L., Xia W., Qian J., Aßmann J., et al. The catalytic synthesis of three-dimensional hierarchical carbon nanotube composites with high electrical conductivity based on electrochemical iron deposition. Adv. Mater. 2007, 19:2957-2960.
115. Kundu S., Nagaiah T.C., Chen X., Xia W., Bron M., Schuhmann W., Muhler M. Synthesis of an improved hierarchical carbon-fiber composite as a catalyst support for platinum and its application in electrocatalysis. Carbon 2012, 50:4534-4542.
116. Zhang W., Chen J., Minett A.I., Swiegers G.F., Too C.O., Wallace G.G. Novel ACNT arrays based MEA structure-nano-Pt loaded ACNT/Nafion/ACNT for fuel cell applications. Chem. Commun. 2010, 46:4824-4826.
117. Yang J., Goenaga G., Call A., Liu D.-J. Polymer electrolyte fuel cell with vertically aligned carbon nanotubes as the electrocatalyst support. Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 2010, 13:B55-B57.
118. Su L., Jia W., Schempf A., Ding Y. Free-standing palladium/polyamide 6 nanofibers for electrooxidation of alcohols in alkaline medium. Y. Lei, J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113:16174-16180.
119. 2 on polyimide-based carbon nanofiber mat and formation of Pt nanoparticles. J. Mater. Chem. 2009, 19:1283-1288.
120. Tamura T., Kawakami H. Aligned electrospun nanofiber composite membranes for fuel cell electrolytes. Nanoletters 2010, 10:1324-1328.
121. 4 nanowires. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50:6278-6282.
122. Choi Jonghyun, Lee Kyung Min, Wycisk Ryszard, Pintauro Peter N., Mather Patrick T. Sulfonated polysulfone/POSS nanofiber composite membranes for PEM fuel cells. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2010, 157:B914-B919.
123. Rauber M., Alber I., Müller S., Neumann R., Picht O., Roth C., Schoekel A., Toimil-Molares M.E., Ensinger W. Highly-ordered supportless 3-D nanowire networks with tuneable complexity and interwire connectivity for device integration. Nano Lett. 2011, 11:2304-2310.
124. Vielstich Wolf, Lamm Arnold, Andreas Gasteiger Hubert Handbook of Fuel Cells: Fundamentals, Technology, and Applications, Part 1. Electrocatalyst Materials for Low Temperature fuel cells 2009, vol. 5. Wiley, VCH.