Source of prescription drugs used nonmedically in rural and urban populations

American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse

Volumn 40, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 292-303

  Wang, Karen H ^a,b   Fiellin, David A ^b   Becker, William C ^a,b  

^a VA CONNECTICUT HEALTHCARE SYSTEM   (United States)

^b YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Drug diversion; Nonmedical use; Prescription drugs; Rural health; Substance related disorder

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID PLUS OXYCODONE PLUS OXYCODONE TEREPHTHALATE; ALPRAZOLAM; AMPHETAMINE; CENTRAL STIMULANT AGENT; CLONAZEPAM; CODEINE; DEXAMPHETAMINE; DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE; DEXTROPROPOXYPHENE; DIAZEPAM; HYDROCODONE; HYDROCODONE BITARTRATE PLUS PARACETAMOL; HYDROMORPHONE; LORAZEPAM; METHADONE; METHYLPHENIDATE; MORPHINE; OPIATE; OXYCODONE; PARACETAMOL; PERCOCET; PETHIDINE; PHENTERMINE; PRESCRIPTION DRUG; SEDATIVE AGENT; TRAMADOL; TRANQUILIZER; TYLOX;

ADULT; ARTICLE; DEMOGRAPHY; DEPENDENT PERSONALITY DISORDER; DISTRESS SYNDROME; DRUG USE; FEMALE; HEALTH SURVEY; HISPANIC; HUMAN; INSURANCE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PHYSICIAN; PRESCRIPTION; PUBLIC HEALTH; RURAL POPULATION; SOCIAL CLASS; URBAN POPULATION; ADDICTION; ADOLESCENT; AGED; DRUG MISUSE; MIDDLE AGED; SOCIOECONOMICS; UNITED STATES; VERY ELDERLY; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; FEMALE; HEALTH SURVEYS; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PHYSICIANS; PRESCRIPTION DRUG MISUSE; RURAL POPULATION; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS; UNITED STATES; URBAN POPULATION; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84903468827     PISSN: 00952990     EISSN: 10979891     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/00952990.2014.907301     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Paulozzi LJ, Budnitz DS, Xi Y. Increasing deaths from opioid analgesics in the United States. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2006; 15:618-627.
2. Okie S. A flood of opioids, a rising tide of deaths. N Engl J Med 2010;363:1981-1985.
3. Paulozzi LJ, Ryan GW. Opioid analgesics and rates of fatal drug poisoning in the United States. Am J Prevent Med 2006;31: 506-511.
4. Hall AJ, Logan JE, Toblin RL, Kaplan JA, Kraner JC, Bixler D, Crosby AE, Paulozzi LJ. Patterns of abuse among unintentional pharmaceutical overdose fatalities. JAMA 2008;300:2613-2620.
5. Piercefield E, Archer P, Kemp P, Mallonee S. Increase in unintentional medication overdose deaths: Oklahoma, 1994-2006. Am J Prevent Med 2010;39:357-363.
6. Paulozzi LJ, Weisler RH, Patkar AA. A national epidemic of unintentional prescription opioid overdose deaths: How physicians can help control it. J Clin psychiatry 2011;72:589-592.
7. Havens JR, Stoops WW, Leukefeld CG, Garrity TF, Carlson RG, Falck R, Wang J, Booth BM. Prescription opiate misuse among rural stimulant users in a multistate community-based study. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2009;35:18-23.
8. Havens JR, Walker R, Leukefeld CG. Benzodiazepine use among rural prescription opioids users in a community-based study. J Addict Med 2010;4:137-139.
9. Paulozzi LJ, Annest J. Unintentional poisoning deaths-United States, 1999-2004. CDC Morbidity Mortality Weekly Rep 2007;56: 93-96.
10. Weimer MB, Korthuis PT, Behonick GS, Wunsch MJ. The source of methadone in overdose deaths in Western Virginia in 2004. J Addict Med 2011;5:188-202.
11. Manchikanti L. National drug control policy and prescription drug abuse: Facts and fallacies. Pain Physician 2007;10:399-424.
12. Gray JA, Hagemeier NE. Prescription drug abuse and DEAsanctioned drug take-back events: Characteristics and outcomes in rural Appalachia. Arch Intern Med 2012;172:1186-1187.
13. Dew B, Elifson K, Dozier M. Social and environmental factors and their influence on drug use vulnerability and resiliency in rural populations. J Rural Health 2007;23:16-21.
14. Gordon AJ, Ettaro L, Rodriguez KL, Mocik J, Clark DB. Provider, patient, and family perspectives of adolescent alcohol use and treatment in rural settings. J Rural Health 2011;27:81-90.
15. Lambert D, Gale JA, Hartley D. Substance abuse by youth and young adults in rural America. J Rural Health 2008;24:221-228.
16. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Results from the 2009 National Survey of Drug Use and Health: Vol. 1. Summary of National Findings. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2010.
17. Becker WC, Tobin DG, Fiellin DA. Nonmedical use of opioid analgesics obtained directly from physicians: Prevalence and correlates. Arch Intern Med 2011;171:1034-1036.
18. Leukefeld C, Walker R, Havens J, Leedham CA, Tolbert V. What does the community say: Key informant perceptions of rural prescription drug use. J Drug Issues 2007;37:503-524.
19. Rhew IC. Drug use and risk among youth in different rural contexts. Health Place 2011;17:775-783.
20. Sexton RL, Carlson RG, Leukefeld CG, Booth BM. Barriers to formal drug abuse treatment in the rural south: A preliminary ethnographic assessment. J Psychoact Drugs 2008;40:121-129.
21. Whitcomb ME. The challenge of providing doctors for rural America. Academic Med 2005;80:715-716.
22. Forsyth AJ. Cognitive evaluation of the questionnaire. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse; 1992.
23. Turner CF, Ku L, Rogers SM, Lindberg LD, Pleck JH, Sonenstein FL. Adolescent sexual behavior, drug use, and violence: Increased reporting with computer survey technology. Science 1998;280: 867-873.
24. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Results from the 2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Vol. II. Technical appendices and selected prevalence tables. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2010.
25. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Results from the 2010 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of national findings. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2011.
26. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Results from the 2008 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National findings. Office of Applied Studies. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2009.
27. Becker WC, Fiellin DA, Desai RA. Non-medical use, abuse and dependence on sedatives and tranquilizers among U.S. adults: Psychiatric and socio-demographic correlates. Drug Alcohol Depend 2007;90:280-287.
28. Hendryx M, Fedorko E, Halverson J. Pollution sources and mortality rates across rural-urban areas in the United States. J Rural Health 2010;26:383-391.
29. Havens JR, Young AM, Havens CE. Nonmedical prescription drug use in a nationally representative sample of adolescents: Evidence of greater use among rural adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2011;165:250-255.
30. Wang KH, Becker WC, Fiellin DA. Prevalence and correlates for nonmedical use of prescription opioids among urban and rural residents. Drug Alcohol Depend 2012;127:156-162.
31. Fortney JC, Harman JS, Xu S, Dong F. The association between rural residence and the use, type, and quality of depression care. J Rural Health 2010;26:205-213.
32. Becker WC, Sullivan LE, Tetrault JM, Desai RA, Fiellin DA. Non-medical use, abuse and dependence on prescription opioids among U.S. adults: Psychiatric, medical and substance use correlates. Drug Alcohol Depend 2008;94:38-47.
33. Simoni-Wastila L, Ritter G, Strickler G. Gender and other factors associated with the nonmedical use of abusable prescription drugs. Subst Use Misuse 2004;39:1-23.
34. American Psychiatric Association (APA). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed. text rev.). Washington, DC: APA; 2000.
35. Kessler RC, Barker PR, Colpe LJ, Epstein JF, Gfroerer JC, Hiripi E, Howes MJ, et al. Screening for serious mental illness in the general population. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003;60:184-189.
36. Cerda M, Ransome Y, Keyes KM, Koenen KC, Tracy M, Tardiff KJ, Vlahov D, Galea S. Prescription opioid mortality trends in New York City, 1990-2006: Examining the emergence of an epidemic. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013;132:53-62.
37. Shah NG, Lathrop SL, Reichard RR, Landen MG. Unintentional drug overdose death trends in New Mexico, USA, 1990-2005: Combinations of heroin, cocaine, prescription opioids and alcohol. Addiction 2008;103:126-136.
38. Lankenau SE, Teti M, Silva K, Bloom JJ, Harocopos A, Treese M. Patterns of prescription drug misuse among young injection drug users. J Urban Health 2012;89:1004-1016.
39. Davis WR, Johnson BD. Prescription opioid use, misuse, and diversion among street drug users in New York City. Drug Alcohol Depend 2008;92:267-276.
40. Garci'a CM, Gilchrist L, Vazquez G, Leite A, Raymond N. Urban and rural immigrant Latino youths' and adults' knowledge and beliefs about mental health resources. J Immigrant Minority Health 2011;13:500-509.
41. Gfroerer JC, Larson SL, Colliver JD. Drug use patterns and trends in rural communities. J Rural Health 2007;23:10-15.
42. Van Gundy K. Substance abuse in rural and small town America. The Carsey Institute, University of New Hampshire; 2006.
43. Bennett KJ, Probst JC, Bellinger JD. Receipt of cancer screening services: Surprising results for some rural minorities. J Rural Health 2012;28:63-72.
44. Garcia CM, Gilchrist L, Vazquez G, Leite A, Raymond N. Urban and rural immigrant Latino youths' and adults' knowledge and beliefs about mental health resources. J immigrant minority health/Center for Minority Public Health 2011;13:500-509.
45. Bennett KJ, Probst JC, Bellinger JD. Receipt of cancer screening services: Surprising results for some rural minorities. J Rural Health 2012;28:63-72.
46. Shah N, Lathrop SL, Landen MG. Unintentional methadone-related overdose death in New Mexico (USA) and implications for surveillance, 1998-2002. Addiction 2005;100:176-188.
47. Chun LJ, Tong MJ, Busuttil RW, Hiatt Jr. Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity and acute liver failure. J Clin Gastroenterol 2009; 43:342-349.
48. Curtis LH, Stoddard J, Radeva JI, Hutchison S, Dans PE, Wright A, Woosley RL, Schulman KA. Geographic variation in the prescription of schedule II opioid analgesics among outpatients in the United States. Health Serv Res 2006;41:837-855.
49. Young AM, Havens Jr. Transition from first illicit drug use to first injection drug use among rural Appalachian drug users: A crosssectional comparison and retrospective survival analysis. Addiction 2012;107:587-596.
50. Day MA, Thorn BE. The relationship of demographic and psychosocial variables to pain-related outcomes in a rural chronic pain population. Pain 2010;151:467-474.
51. Dhingra SS, Strine TW, Holt JB, Berry JT, Mokdad AH. Rural-urban variations in psychological distress: Findings from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2007. Int J Public Health 2009;54:16-22.
52. Lorch SA, Zhang X, Rosenbaum PR, Evan-Shoshan O, Silber JH. Equivalent lengths of stay of pediatric patients hospitalized in rural and nonrural hospitals. Pediatrics 2004;114:e400-e408.
53. Hart LG, Larson EH, Lishner DM. Rural definitions for health policy and research. Am J Public Health 2005;95:1149-1155.
54. Schoeneberger ML, Leukefeld CG, Hiller ML, Godlaski T. Substance abuse among rural and very rural drug users at treatment entry. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2006;32:87-110.
55. Young AM, Havens JR, Leukefeld CG. A comparison of rural and urban nonmedical prescription opioid users' lifetime and recent drug use. Am J Drug and Alcohol Abuse 2012;38: 220-227.
56. Borders T, Booth B. Rural, suburban, and urban variations in alcohol consumption in the United States: Findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Rural Health 2007;23:314-321.