6.05 - Environmentally Assisted Fatigue in the Gaseous Atmosphere

Comprehensive Structural Integrity

Volumn 6, Issue , 2007, Pages 211-280

  Petit, J ^a   Henaff G ^a   Sarrazin Baudoux, C ^a  

^a Ecole Nationale de Mécanique et d'Aérotechnique   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ENVIRONMENTALLY-ASSISTED FATIGUES; GASEOUS ATMOSPHERE;

EID: 84903425174     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B0-08-043749-4/06130-9     Document Type: Chapter

References (257)

1. Achter M.R. The adsorption model for environmental effects in fatigue crack propagation. Scr. Metall. 1968, 2:525-528.
2. Achter M.R., Danek G.J., Smith H.H. Effect on fatigue of gaseous environments under varying temperature and pressure. Trans. Metall. Soc. AIME 1963, 227(December):1296-1301.
3. Alain R., Violan P., Mendez J. Low cycle fatigue behavior in vacuum of a 316L type austenitic stainless steel between 20 and 600°C: Part I. Fatigue resistance and cyclic behavior. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 1997, 229(1-2):87-94.
4. Alven D.A., Stoloff N.S. The influence of composition on the environmental embrittlement of Fe3Al alloys. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 1997, 239-240(1-2):362-368.
5. B. Aubry and H. Bernardet, 1968, In: "Proceedings of 4th International Vacuum Congress," pp. 787-790.
6. Fatigue Thresholds 1982, EMAS. J. Backlund, A.F. Blom, C.J. Beevers (Eds.).
7. Bailon J.-P., ElBoujdaini M., Dickson J.I. Proceedings of Fatigue Crack Growth Threshold Concepts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1984, 63-82. Metallurgical Society of AIME. D.L. Davidson, S. Suresh (Eds.).
8. Bathias C. Proceedings of Int. Conf. on Fatigue in the Very High Cycle Regime, Vienna, Austria 2001, 97-110. Boku. S. Stanzl-Tschegg, H. Mayer (Eds.).
9. Beachem C.D. A new model for hydrogen-assisted cracking (hydrogen "embrittlement"). Metall. Trans. 1972, 3(February):437-451.
10. Beevers C.J. Proceedings of Fracture 1977, Waterloo, Canada. 1977, vol. I:239-260. University of Waterloo Press.
11. J. A. Bennett, 1963, In: "Proceedings of Fatigue: An Interdisciplinary Approach, 10th Sagamore Army Materials Research Conference, Raquette Lake, NY," pp. 209-227.
12. Bennett J.A. Changes in the influence of atmospheric humidity during fatigue of an aluminium alloy. J. Res. National Bureau Standards-C. Eng. Instrum. 1964, 68C(April-June):91-100.
13. D. Bertheau, J. Petit, N. Ranganathan and B. Journet, 1993, In: "Proceedings of Fatigue '93, Montreal, Canada," eds. J.-P. Bailon and J. I. Dickson, EMAS, vol. II, pp. 1109-1115.
14. Bignonnet A., Loison D., Namdar Irani N., Bouchet B., Kwon J.H., Petit J. Environmental and Frequency Effects on Near-thresholds Fatigue Crack Propagation in a Structural Steel 1984, 99-113. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. D.L. Davidson, S. Suresh (Eds.).
15. Bignonnet A., Petit J., Zeghloul A. Environment Assisted Fatigue, EGF7 1990, 205-222. Mechanical Engineering Publications, London. P. Scott (Ed.).
16. H. K. Birnbaum, 1983, "Atomistics of Fracture," Plenum, New York, pp. 733-765.
17. Birnbaum H.K., Sofronis P. Hydrogen-enhanced localized plasticity-a mechanism for hydrogen-related fracture. Mater. Sci. Eng. A: Struct. Mater. Mater. Eng. A: Struct. Mater. Properties Microstruct. Process 1994, 176(1-2):191-202.
18. Birnbaum H.K., Sofronis P. Proceedings of Corrosion-Deformation Interactions CDI'96, Nice, France 1996, 172-195. The Institute of Materials.
19. B. Bouchet and J. de Fouquet, 1976, In: "Proceedings of 4th Int. Conf. on the Strength of Metals and Alloys, Nancy, France," pp. 495-489.
20. Bouchet B., de Fouquet J., Aguillon M. Influence de l'environnement sur les facies de rupture par fatigue d'eprouvettes monocristallines et polycristallines d'alliage Al-Cu 4%. Acta Metall. 1975, 23(November):1325-1336.
21. Bowen P. Proceedings of Fatigue'99, Beijing, P. R. China 1999, vol. 3:1377-1384. EMAS.
22. Bowles C., Schijve J. Fatigue Mechanisms: Advances in Quantitative Measurements of Physical Damage, ASTM STP 811 1983, 400-426. American Society for Testing and Materials. J. Lankford, D. Davidson, W. Morris, R. Wei (Eds.).
23. Bradshaw F.J. The effect of gaseous environment on fatigue crack propagation. Scr. Metall. 1967, 1:41-43.
24. F. J. Bradshaw and C. Wheeler, 1966, The effect of environment on fatigue crack growth in aluminium and some aluminium alloys. Appl. Mater. Res., April, 112-120.
25. Bradshaw F.J., Wheeler C. The influence of gaseous environment and fatigue frequency on the growth of fatigue cracks in some aluminium alloys. Int. J. Fract. Mech. 1969, 5(4):255-268.
26. Brazill R., Simmons G.W., Wei R.P. Fatigue crack growth in 2-1/4Cr-1Mo steel exposed to hydrogen containing gases. Int. J. Fatigue 1983, 20(5):339-349.
27. Brazill R., Simmons G.W., Wei R.P. Fatigue crack growth in 2-1/4Cr-1Mo steel exposed to hydrogen containing gases. J. Eng. Mater. Technol., Trans. ASME 1983, 101(July):959-962.
28. Breat S.L., Mudry S.L., Pineau A. Short crack propagation and closure effects in A508 steel. Fatigue Eng. Mater. Struct. 1983, 6:349-360.
29. Brett R.L., Cotterill P.J., Bowen P. The influence of loading levels, temperature and environment on fibre failure during the fatigue of an SiC fibre reinforced Ti-MMC. Int. J. Fatigue 1996, 18(1):1-8.
30. Brisset F., Shimojo M., Bowen P. Effects of control mode in a cross-ply Ti-MMC at ambient and high temperature in air and in vacuum. Int. J. Fatigue 1998, 20(5):339-349.
31. D. Broeck, A. Hartman and A. Nederveen, 1971, "Electron Fractography of Fatigue in Vaccum," NLR report TR 71032 U, pp. 543-622.
32. Broom T., Nicholson A. Atmospheric corrosion-fatigue of age-hardened aluminium alloys. J. Inst. Metals 1960, 89:183-190.
33. R. J. Bucci, P. C. Paris, R. W. Hertzberg, R. A. Schmidt and A. F. Anderson, 1972, In: "Proceedings of Stress Analysis and Growth of Cracks, Proceedings of the 1971 National Symposium on Fracture Mechanics, ASTM STP 512," vol. I, pp. 125-140.
34. O. Buck, J. D. Frandsen and H. L. Marcus 1976, In: "Fatigue Crack Growth under Spectrum Loading, ASTM STP 595," pp. 101-112.
35. Carter R.D., Lee E.W., Starke E.A., Beevers C.J. The effect of microstructure and environment on fatigue crack closure of 7475 aluminum alloy. Metall. Trans. 1984, 15A:555-563.
36. 3Al, Cr alloy. Scr. Metall. Mater. 1992, 26:673-678.
37. Coffin L.F.J. The effect of high vacuum on the low cycle fatigue law. Metall. Trans. 1972, 3(July):1777-1788.
38. Cooke R.J., Irving P.E., Booth G.S., Beevers C.J. The slow fatigue crack growth and threshold behaviour of a medium carbon steel in air and vacuum. Eng. Fract. Mech. 1975, 7:69-77.
39. Cotterill P.J., Knott J.F. Effects of temperature and environment on fatigue crack growth mechanisms in a 9%Cr 1%Mo steel. Acta Metall. Mater. 1992, 40(10):2753-2764.
40. Dahlberg E.P. Fatigue crack propagation in high strength 4340 steel in humid air. Trans. ASM 1965, 58:46-53.
41. G. J. Daneck, H. H. Smith and M. R. Achter 1961, "ASTM STP 224," American Society for Testing and Materials, p. 1115.
42. Davidson D., Lankford J. Fatigue Mechanisms: Advances in Quantitative Measurements of Physical Damage, ASTM STP 811 1983, 371-399. American Society for Testing and Materials. J. Lankford, D. Davidson, W. Morris, R. Wei (Eds.).
43. Davidson D.L., Lankford J. The effect of water vapor on fatigue crack tip stress and strain range and the energy required for crack propagation in low-carbon steel. Int. J. Fract. 1981, 17(3):257-275.
44. Davidson D.L., Lankford J. The effect of water vapor on fatigue crack tip mechanics in 7075-T651 aluminum alloy. Fatigue Eng. Mater. Struct. 1983, 6(3):241-256.
45. Davidson D.L., Lankford J. Fatigue crack growth mechanics for Ti-6Al-4V (RA) in vacuum and humid air. Metall. Trans. 1984, 15A(October):29-39.
46. Davidson D.L., Lankford J. Fatigue crack tip mechanics of a powder metallurgy aluminum alloy in vacuum and humid air. Fatigue Eng. Mater. Struct. 1984, 7(1):29-39.
47. D. L. Davidson and S. Suresh (eds.), 1984, In: "Fatigue Crack Growth Threshold Concepts," The Metallurgical Society of AIME, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
48. Duquette D.J. Fatigue and Microstructure, ASM Materials Science Seminar, St. Louis Missouri 1978, 335-363. American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH.
49. Duquette D.J., Gell M. The effect of environment on the mechanism of stage I fatigue fracture. Metall. Trans. 1971, 2(May):1325-1331.
50. Duquette D.J., Gell M. The effects of environment on the elevated temperature fatigue behavior of nickel-base superalloy single crystals. Metall. Trans. 1972, 3(July):1899-1905.
51. Scientific Foundations of Vacuum Techniques 1962, Wiley, New York. S. Dushman, J.M. Lafferty (Eds.).
52. Elber W. Proceedings of Damage Tolerance in Aircraft Structures, ASTM STP 486, Toronto, Ontario, Canada 1971, 230-242. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA.
53. Endo K., Komai K., Ohnishi K. Faculty of Engineering 1969, Kyoto University, Japan.
54. Engelmaier W. Fatigue behavior and crack propagation in 2024-T3 aluminum alloy in ultrahigh vacuum and air. Trans. AIME 1968, 242(August):1713-1718.
55. Enochs J.S., Devereux O. Fatigue crack growth in 5052-H34 aluminum in vacuum and active gas environments. Metall. Trans. 1975, 6A:391-397.
56. Evans P.R., Owen N.B., Hopkins B.E. The effect of purity on fatigue crack growth in a high strength steel. Eng. Fract. Mech. 1971, 3:463-473.
57. Feeney J.A., McMillan J.C., Wei R.P. Environmental fatigue crack propagation aluminum alloys at low stress intensity levels. Metall. Trans. 1970, 1A:1741-1757.
58. Fine M., Davidson D. Fatigue Mechanisms: Advances in Quantitative Measurements of Physical Damage, ASTM STP 811 1983, 350-370. American Society for Testing and Materials. J. Lankford, D. Davidson, W. Morris, R. Wei (Eds.).
59. Fleck N.A., Newman J.C.J. Mechanics of Fatigue Crack Closure, ASTM STP 982 1988, 319-341. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia. J.C.J. Newman, W. Elber (Eds.).
60. Foerch R., Madsen A., Ghonem H. Environmental interactions in high temperature fatigue crack growth of Ti-1100. Metall. Trans. 1993, 24A:1321-1332.
61. Frandsen J.D., Marcus H.L. The correlation between grain size and plastic zone size for environmental assisted fatigue crack propagation. Scr. Metall. 1975, 9:1089-1094.
62. Frandsen J.D., Marcus H.L. Environmentally assisted fatigue crack propagation in steel. Metall. Trans. 1977, 8A(February):265-272.
63. Gao M., Pao P.S., Wei R.P. Chemical and metallurgical aspects of environmentally-assisted fatigue crack growth in 7075 T651 aluminium alloy. Metall. Trans. 1988, 19A:1739-1750.
64. Geary W. A review of some aspects of fatigue crack growth under variable amplitude loading. Int. J. Fatigue 1992, 14(6):377-386.
65. Gerdes G., Gysler A., Lutjering G. Fatigue Crack Growth Thresholds Concepts 1984, 465-478. The Metallurgical Society of AIME, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. D.L. Davidson, S. Suresh (Eds.).
66. Ghonem H., Foerch R. Frequency effects on fatigue crack growth behavior in a near- α titanium alloy. Mater. Sci. Eng. 1991, A138:69-81.
67. Gough H.J., Sopwith D.G. Atmospheric action as a factor in fatigue of metals. J. Inst. Metals 1932, IXL:93-122.
68. Gough H.J., Sopwith D.G. Some further experiments on atmospheric action in fatigue. J. Inst. Metals 1935, LVI:55-89.
69. Gough H.J., Sopwith D.G. Inert atmospheres as fatigue environments. J. Inst. Metals 1946, LXXII:415-421.
70. Greenwood J.N., Snowden K.U. Surface deformation differences between lead fatigued in air and in partial vacuum. Trans. Metall. Soc. AIME 1958, 212(October):626-627.
71. Grinberg N.M. The effect of vacuum on fatigue crack growth. Int. J. Fatigue 1982, 4:83-95.
72. Grinberg N.M., Alekseyev A.I., Taurikov V.A. Mechanism by which a vacuum affects the fatigue failure of copper and iron. Fiziko-Khimicheskaya Mekhanika Materialov 1973, 9(6):687-690.
73. Grosskreutz J.C. The effect of oxide films on dislocation-surface interactions in aluminum. Surf. Sci. 1967, 8:173-190.
74. Grosskreutz J.C., Bowles C.Q. Environment-sensitive Mechanical Behaviour 1966, 67-105. Gordon and Breach. A.R.C. Westwood, N.S. Stoloff (Eds.).
75. Gudladt H.J., Petit J. Stage II crack propagation of Al-Zn-Mg single crystals in dry & wet atmospheres. Scr. Metall. Mater. 1991, 25:2507-2512.
76. Haberz K., Pippan R., Stuwe H.P. Proceedings of Fatigue'93, Montreal, Canada 1993, vol. I:525-530. EMAS.
77. Haigh B.P. Experiments on the fatigue of brass. J. Int. Met. 1917, 18:55-86.
78. Ham J.L., Reisenbach G.S. Proceedings of 4th Pacific Area National Meeting, ASTM STP 345 1962, 3-13. American Society for Testing and Materials.
79. Hancock G.G., Johnson H.H. Hydrogen, oxygen, and subcritical crack growth in a high-strength steel. Trans. AIME 1966, 236(April):513-516.
80. Hartman A. On the effect of oxygen and water vapor on the propagation of fatigue cracks in 2024-T3 ALCLAD sheet. Int. J. Fract. Mech. 1965, 1:167-188.
81. Hénaff G. Influence d'un environment gazeux sur la propagation des fissures de fatigue. La Revue de Métallurgie-CIT/Science et Génie des Matériaux 2002, 5:449-466.
82. Hénaff G., Bittar B., Mabru C., Petit J., Bowen P. Fatigue crack propagation resistance of a Ti-48Al-2Mn-2Nb alloy in the as-cast condition. Mater. Sci. Eng. A: Struct. Mater. 1996, 219(1-2):212-220.
83. Hénaff G., Marchal K., Petit J. On fatigue crack propagation enhancement by a gaseous atmosphere: experimental and theoretical aspects. Acta Metall. Mater. 1995, 43(8):2931-2942.
84. Hénaff G., Petit J. Proceedings of Corrosion-Deformation Interaction, CDI'92, Fontainebleau, France, October 5-7 1992, 599-618. Les Editions de Physique. T. Magnin, J.M. Gras (Eds.).
85. Hénaff G., Petit J. Proceedings of Fatigue '96-Proceedings of the 6th International Fatigue Congress, Berlin, Germany 1996, 715-720. Pergamon. G. Lûtjering, H. Nowack (Eds.).
86. Hénaff G., Petit J., Bouchet B. Environmental influence on the near-threshold fatigue crack propagation behaviour of a high-strength steel. Int. J. Fatigue 1992, 14(4):211-218.
87. Hénaff G., Petit J., Journet B. Fatigue crack propagation behaviour under variable amplitude loading in the near-threshold region of a high-strength low-alloy steel. Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct. 1992, 15(11):1155-1170.
88. Hénaff G., Petit J., Ranganathan N., Journet B. Proceedings of Fatigue'93, Montreal, May 3-7, 1993 1993, vol. 3:1613-1618. EMAS.
89. Hénaff G., Tonneau A., Mabru C. Proceedings of Structural Intermetallics 2001, Snow King Resort, Jackson Hole, WY 2001, 571-580. The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society. K.J. Hemker, D.M. Dimiduk, H. Clemens, R. Darolia, H. Inui, J.M. Larsen, V.K. Sikka, M. Thomas, J.D. Whittenberger (Eds.).
90. R. W. Hertzberg 1967, "Fatigue Crack Propagation, ASTM STP 415," American Society for Testing and Materials, pp. 205-225.
91. Holper B., Mayer H., Vasudevan A.K., Stanzel-Tschegg S.E. Near threshold fatigue crack growth in aluminium alloys at low and ultrasonic frequency: Influence of specimen thickness, strain rate, slip behaviour and air humidity. Int. J. Fatigue 2003, 25:397-412.
92. Hordon M.J. Fatigue behaviour of aluminum in vacuum. Acta Metall. 1966, 14(October):1173-1178.
93. M. J. Hordon and M. A. Wright, 1968, "Mechanisms of the Atmospheric Interaction with the Fatigue of Metals," NASA, Washington, DC, pp. 1173-1178.
94. Hunsche A., Neumann P. Basic Questions in Fatigue, ASTM STP 924 1988, 26-38. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia. R.P. Wei, R.P. Gangloff (Eds.).
95. Irving P.E., Beevers C.J. The effect of air and vacuum environments on fatigue crack growth rates in Ti-6Al-4V. Metall. Trans. 1974, 5:391-398.
96. Irving P.E., Kurzfeld A. Measurements of intergranular failure produced during fatigue crack growth in quenched and tempered steels. Metal Sci. 1978, 12(November):495-502.
97. Ishii H., Weertman J. The effect of air pressure on the rate of fatigue crack growth. Scr. Metall. 1969, 3:229-235.
98. Jacisin J.M. Fatigue of an aluminum alloy in ultrahigh vacuum. Trans. AIME 1967, 242(June):821-823.
99. James M.N., Knott J.F. Near-threshold fatigue crack closure and growth in air and vacuum. Scr. Mater. 1985, 19:189-194.
100. James M.N., Wenfong L. Fatigue crack growth in austempered ductile and grey cast irons stress ratio effects in air and mine water. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 1999, 265(1-2):129-139.
101. Johnson H.H., Willner A.M. Moisture and stable crack growth in a high strength steel. Appl. Mater. Res. 1965, 4(January):34-40.
102. Kendall J.M., Knott J.F. Basic Questions in Fatigue: Volume II, ASTM STP 924 1988, 103-114. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia. R.P. Wei, R.P. Gangloff (Eds.).
103. King J.E. Surface damage and near-threshold fatigue crack growth in a Ni-base superalloy in vacuum. Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct. 1982, 5(2):177-188.
104. Kirby B.R., Beevers C.J. Slow fatigue crack growth and threshold behaviour in air and vacuum commercial aluminium alloys. Fatigue Eng. Mater. Struct. 1979, 1:203-215.
105. Ko H.N., Itoga H., Tokaji K., Nakajima M. Proceedings of Fatigue 2002, Stockholm, Sweden 2002, 2533-2540. EMAS. A.F. Bloom (Ed.).
106. Koterazawa R., Nosho T. Acceleration of crack growth under intermittent overstressing in different environments. Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct. 1992, 15(1):103-113.
107. C. Laird and D. J. Duquette, 1971, In: "Proceedings of Corrosion Fatigue," Storrs, vol. 68C, pp. 88-117.
108. Laird C., Krause A.R. On the temperature effect in the fatigue fracture of copper and Cu-7.9 wt pct Al alloy. Trans. AIME 1968, 242(August):2339-2342.
109. Laird C., Smith G.C. Initial stages of damage in high stress fatigue of some pure metals. Phil. Mag. 1963, 8:1945-1963.
110. Lankford J. The effect of environment on the growth of small fatigue cracks. Fatigue Eng. Mater. Struct. 1983, 6:15-31.
111. Lankford J., Davidson D.L. Fatigue crack growth micromechanisms in ingot and powder metallurgy 7XXX aluminum alloys in air and vacuum. Acta Metall. 1983, 31(8):1273-1284.
112. Le May I., Shaw W.J.D. Proceedings of International Symposium on Fatigue Thresholds, Stockholm, Sweden 1981, 603-614. EMAS. J. Backlund, A. Blom (Eds.).
113. Lesterlin S., Sarrazinbaudoux C., Petit J. Temperature and environment interactions on fatigue crack propagation of a Ti6246 alloy. Scr. Metall. Mater. 1996, 34(4):651-657.
114. Liang F.L., Laird C. The effect of environment on the mechanism of fatigue crack initiation and propagation in polycrystalline copper. Mater. Sci. Eng. 1989, A117:83-93.
115. Liaw P.K., Hudak S.J., Donald J.K. Influence of gaseous environments on rates of near-threshold fatigue crack propagation in NiCrMoV steel. Metall. Trans. 1982, 13A(September):1633-1645.
116. P. K. Liaw, S. J. Hudak, Jr. and J. K. Donald, 1983, In: "Proceedings of Fracture Mechanics, 14th Symposium: Volume II. Testing and Applications, ASTM STP 791," eds. J. C. Lewis and G. Sines, American Society for Testing and Materials, pp. II.370-II.388.
117. Liaw P.K., Leax T.R., Donald J.K. Proceedings of Fracture Mechanics: Perspectives and Directions (20th Symposium), ASTM STP 1020 1989, 581-604. American Society for Testing and Materials. R.P. Wei, R.P. Gangloff (Eds.).
118. Lindigkeit J., Gysler A., Lutjering G. The effect of microstructure on the fatigue crack propagation behavior of an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy. Metall. Trans. 1981, 12A(September):1613-1619.
119. Lindigkeit J., Terlinde G., Gysler A., Lutjering G. The effects of grain size on the fatigue crack propagation behavior of age-hardened alloys in inert and corrosive environment. Acta Metall. 1979, 27(11):1717-1726.
120. Lindley T.C. Central Electricity Research Laboratories Report 1978, Leatherhead, Surrey, UK.
121. Lindley T.C. Subcritical Crack Growth due to Fatigue, Stress Corrosion and Creep 1981, 167-213. Elsevier. L.H. Larsson (Ed.).
122. Liu C.T., Lee E.H., McKamey C.G. An environmental effect as the major cause for room-temperature embrittlement in FeAl. Scr. Metall. Mater. 1989, 23(6):875-880.
123. Llorca J. Fatigue of particle- and whisker-reinforced metal-matrix composites. Prog. Mater. Sci. 2002, 47:283-353.
124. Llorca J., Ruiz J., Healy J.C., Elices J.C., Elices M., Beevers C.J. Fatigue crack propagation in salt water, air and high vacuum in a spray-formed particulate-reinforced metal matrix composite. Mater. Sci. Eng. A: Struct. Mater. Mater. Sci. Eng. A: Struct. Mater. Properties Microstruct. Process. 1994, 185(1-2):1-15.
125. Louthan M.R. Strain localization and hydrogen embrittlement. Scr. Metall. 1983, 17:451-454.
126. Lynch S.P. Proceedings of Fatigue Mechanisms, ASTM-NBS-NSF Symposium, Kansas City, ASTM STP 675 1978, 174-213. American Society for Testing and Materials. J.T. Fong (Ed.).
127. Lynch S.P. Environmentally-assisted cracking: overview of evidence for an adsorption-induced localised-slip process. Acta Metall. 1988, 36(10):2639-2661.
128. Lynch S.P. Proceedings of Corrosion-deformation Interactions CDI'96, Nice, France 1996, 206-219. The Institute of Metals. T. Magnin (Ed.).
129. Mahulikar D., Marcus H.L. Environmentally influenced mixed mode fatigue crack propagation on titanium metal matrix composites. Metall. Trans. 1984, 15A(January):209-215.
130. D. S. Mahulikar, Y. H. Park and H. L. Marcus, 1983, In: "Fracture Mechanics, 14th Symposium: Volume II. Testing and Applications, ASTM STP 791," eds. J. C. Lewis and G. Sines, American Society for Testing and Materials, pp. II-579-II-597.
131. Majumdar D., Chung Y.-W. Defects, Fracture and Fatigue 1983, 373-384. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. G.C. Sih, J.W. Provan (Eds.).
132. Marchand N.J., Bailon J.P., Dickson J.I. Near-threshold fatigue crack growth in copper and alpha-brass: grain size and environmental effects. Metall. Trans. 1988, 19A:2575-2587.
133. Martin D.E. Plastic strain fatigue in air and vacuum. Trans. ASME 1968, D87(December):850-856.
134. Matsuoka S., Nishijima S., Masuda C., Ohtsubo S. Proceedings of Advances in Fracture Research, New Dehli, India 1984, vol. 3:1561-1570. Pergamon.
135. F. A. McClintock, 1963, In: "Proceedings of Fracture of Solids, Maple Valley, WA," pp. 65-102.
136. McEvily A.J., Gonzalez Velazquez J.L. Fatigue crack tip deformation processes as influenced by the environment. Metall. Trans. 1992, 23A(August):2211-2221.
137. McEvily A.J., Zagrany W., Gonzalez J., Matsuoka S. Basic Mechanisms of Fatigue of Metals 1988, 271-279. Elsevier. P. Lukas, J. Polak (Eds.).
138. Mei Z., Morris J.W. Influence of deformation-induced martensite on fatigue crack propagation in 304-type steels. Metall. Trans. 1992, 23A(August):2211-2221.
139. Mendez J. On the effects of temperature and environment on fatigue damage processes in Ti alloys and in stainless steel. Mater. Sci. Eng. A: Struct. Mater. 1999, 263(2):187-192.
140. Mendez J., Demulsant X. Influence of environment on low cycle fatigue damage in Ti-6Al-4V and Ti 6246 titanium alloys. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 1996, 219(1-2):202-211.
141. Mendez J., Mailly S., Villechaise P. Temperature-Fatigue Interactions, ESIS Publication 29 2002, 95-102. Elsevier and ESIS. L. Rémy, J. Petit (Eds.).
142. Mendez J., Violan P. Basic Questions in Fatigue, ASTM STP 924 1988, 196-210. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia. R.P. Wei, R.P. Gangloff (Eds.).
143. Meyn D.A. The nature of fatigue crack propagation in air and vacuum for 2024 aluminium. Trans. ASM 1968, 61(1):52-61.
144. D. A. Meyn, 1976, Effects of very low pressure on fatigue fracture surface features in Ti-6AL-4V. ASTM-STP 600, 75-87.
145. K. J. Miller and E. R. De Los Rios (eds.), 1986a, In: "The Behaviour of Short Fatigue Cracks," Mechanical Engineering Publications, London, UK.
146. K. J. Miller and E. R. De Los Rios (eds.), 1986b, In: "Short Fatigue Cracks," Mechanical Engineering Publications, London, UK.
147. K. Minakawa, J. C. Newman Jr. and A. J. McEvily, 1983, A critical study of the crack closure effect on near-threshold fatigue crack growth. Fatigue Eng. Mater. Struct., 61, 1, 52-61.
148. Murakami Y. Proceedings of Int. Conf. on Fatigue in the Very High Cycle Regime, Vienna, Austria 2001, 11-22. Boku. S. Stanzl-Tschegg, H. Mayer (Eds.).
149. Nadot Y., Mendez J., Ranganathan N., Beranger A.S. Fatigue life assessment of nodular cast iron containing casting defects. Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct. 1999, 22(4):289-300.
150. Nageswararao N., Gerold V. Fractography of stage I fatigue facets of an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy. Metal Sci. 1977, 1:31-36.
151. Nakajima M., Tokaji H., Itoga H., Ko H.-N. Proceedings of Int. Conf. on Fatigue in the Very High Cycle Regime, Vienna, Austria 2001, 181-188. Boku. S. Stanzl-Tschegg, H. Mayer (Eds.).
152. J. C. Newman, Jr., 1976, "Mechanics of Crack Growth," American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, pp. 281-301.
153. J. C. Newman, Jr. and W. Elber (eds.), 1988, In: "Mechanics of Fatigue Crack Closure, ASTM STP 982," ASTM.
154. Nishijima S., Kanazawa K. Step-wise S- N curve and fish-eye failure in gigacycle fatigue. Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct. 1999, 22:601-607.
155. Nishioka K., Knott J.F. Environment Assisted Fatigue, EGF7 1990, 241-254. Mechanical Engineering Publications, London. P. Scoot (Ed.).
156. Nix K.J., Flower H.M. The micromechanism of fatigue crack growth in a commercial Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy. Acta Metall. 1982, 30:1549-1559.
157. Ohta A., Sasaki E. Plastic zone around fatigue cracks of pure iron in vacuum and dry air. Acta Metall. 1972, 20(May):657-660.
158. Oriani R.A. On the possible role of the surface stress in environmentally induced embrittlement and pitting. Scr. Metall. 1984, 18:265-268.
159. Orowan E. The fatigue of glass under stress. Nature 1944, 154(September 9):341-342.
160. P. C. Paris, R. J. Bucci, E. T. Wessel, W. G. Clark and T. R. Mager, 1972, In: "Proceedings of Stress Analysis and Growth of Cracks, Proceedings of the 1971 National Symposium on Fracture Mechanics, ASTM STP 512," vol. I, pp. 141-176.
161. Pearson S. Initiation of fatigue cracks in commercial aluminium alloys and the subsequent propagation of very short cracks. Eng. Fract. Mech. 1975, 7:235-247.
162. Pelloux R.M.N. Crack extension by alternate shear. Eng. Fract. Mech. 1970, 1:697-704.
163. Petch N.J. The lowering of fracture stress due to surface adsorption. Phil. Mag. 1956, I(4):331-337.
164. Aluminium-Lithium 1991, DGM. M. Peters, P.J. Winckler (Eds.).
165. Petit J. Proceedings of Fatigue Crack Growth Threshold Concepts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1984, 3-24. Metallurgical Society of AIME. D.L. Davidson, S. Suresh (Eds.).
166. J. Petit, 1999, In: "International Conference on Small Fatigue Cracks," eds. K. S. Ravichandran, R. O. Ritchie and Y. Murakami, Engineering Foundation pub. to be published in Small fatigue cracks: mechanics and mechanisms, Kona, Hawaii, USA, Dec. 1998, pp. 167-178.
167. Petit J., Berata W., Bouchet B. Proceedings of Titanium '92, San Diego, USA 1993, 1819-1826. The Metals, Minerals and Materials Society. F.H. Froes, I. Caplan (Eds.).
168. Petit J., Bertheau D. Proceedings of Mechanical Properties and Applications of MMC. 1992, vol. 1:93-101. Elsevier.
169. Petit J., Hénaff G. Stage II intrinsic fatigue crack propagation. Scr. Metall. 1991, 25:2683-2687.
170. Petit J., Hénaff G. Proceedings of Fatigue'93, Montreal, Canada, May 3-7, 1993 1993, 503-512. EMAS. J.P. Baïlon, J.I. Dickson (Eds.).
171. Petit J., Hénaff G., Sarrazin-Baudoux C. Fatigue cracking and atmospheric environment. J. Phys. IV 2000, 10(P4):203-212.
172. Petit J., Hénaff G., Sarrazin-Baudoux C. Fatigue Crack Growth Threshold, Endurance Limits and Design, ASTM STP 1372 2000, 3-30. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia. J.C. Newman, R.S. Piasick (Eds.).
173. Petit J., Kosche K., Gudladt H.J. Intrinsic stage I crack propagation in Al-Zn-Mg single crystals. Scr. Metall. Mater. 1992, 26:1049-1054.
174. Petit J., Mendez J. Proceedings of Fatigue'96-Proceedings of the 6th International Fatigue Congress, Berlin, Germany 1996, 15-26. Pergamon. G. Lûtjering, H. Nowack (Eds.).
175. Petit J., Zeghloul A. Inflluence de l'environnement et de la microstructure sur la propagation des fissures de fatigue. Rev. Phys. Appl. 1989, 24:905-913.
176. J. Petit and A. Zeghloul, 1990a, Environmental and microstructural influence on fatigue propagation of small surface cracks. ASTM-STP 1049, 334-346.
177. Petit J., Zeghloul A. Environmentally Assisted Cracking: Science and Engineering, ASTM STP 1049 1990, 334-346. ASTM. W.B. Lisagor, T.W. Crooker, B.N. Leis (Eds.).
178. Piasick R.S., Gangloff R.P. Environmental fatigue of an Al-Li-Cu alloy: Part I. Intrinsic crack propagation kinetics in hydrogenous environments. Metall. Trans. 1991, 22A(October):2415-2428.
179. Piasick R.S., Gangloff R.P. Environmental fatigue of an Al-Li-Cu alloy: Part II. Microscopic hydrogen cracking processes. Metall. Trans. 1991, 22A(December):2751-2762.
180. Pippan R. Threshold and effective threshold of fatigue crack propagation in ARMCO iron: II. The influence of environment. Mater. Sci. Eng. A: Struct. Mater. 1991, A138:15-22.
181. Prowse R.L., Wayman M.L. Effect of environment on the fatigue behavior of a medium carbon steel. Corosion-NACE 1973, 30(8):280-284.
182. Ranganathan N., Adiwijayanto F., Petit J., Bailon J.P. Fatigue crack propagation mechanisms in an aluminium lithium alloy. Acta Metall. Mater. 1995, 43(3):1029-1035.
183. Ranganathan N., Li S.Q., Bailon J.P., Petit J. On micromechanisms of fatigue crack growth in the 8090 T651 aluminium-lithium alloy. Int. J. Fatigue 1996, 18(1):62.
184. Ranganathan N., Petit J., Bouchet B. A contribution to the study of fatigue crack retardation in vacuum. Eng. Fract. Mech. 1979, 11:775-789.
185. N. Ranganathan, M. Quintard, J. Petit and J. de Fouquet, 1990, In: "Proceedings of Environmentally-assisted Cracking: Science and Engineering, ASTM STP 811," eds. W. B. Lisagor, T. W. Crooker and B. N. Lais, pp. 374-390.
186. K. S. Ravichandran, R. O. Ritchie and Y. Murakami (eds.), 1999, In: "Small Fatigue Cracks; Mechanics, Mechanisms and Applications," Elsevier.
187. P. Renaud, 1982, Influence de la microstructure sur le comportement en fatigue d'un alliage d'aluminium 7075 (AZ5 GU). Ph.D., Université de Poitiers, France.
188. J. R. Rice, 1965, In: "Proceedings of International Conference on Fracture, Sendai, Japan," pp. 283-308.
189. Richards C.E., Lindley T.C. The influence of stress intensity and microstructure on fatigue crack propagation in ferritic materials. Eng. Fract. Mech. 1972, 4:951-978.
190. R. O. Ritchie, 1975, Contribution on "Slow fatigue Crack Growth and Threshold Behaviour of a Medium Carbon Steel in Air and in Vacuum" by R. J. Cooke, P. E. Irving, G. S. Booth and C. J. Beevers, Eng. Fract. Mech., 7, 187-189.
191. Ritchie R.O. Near-threshold fatigue crack growth in steels. Int. Metals Rev. 1979, 5 & 6:205-230.
192. Ritchie R.O., Davidson D.L., Boyce B.L., Campbell J.P., Roder O. High-cycle fatigue of Ti-6Al-4V. Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct. 1999, 22(7):621-631.
193. Ritchie R.O., Suresh S., Moss C.M. Near-threshold fatigue crack growth in 21/4Cr-1Mo pressure vessel steel in air and hydrogen. J. Eng. Mater. Technol. 1980, 102(July):293-299.
194. Rosenberger A.H. Effect of environment on the fatigue crack growth of gamma titanium aluminide alloys at ambient temperatures. Scr. Mater. 2001, 44(11):2653-2659.
195. Rosenberger A.H., Worth B.D., Balsone S.J. Proceedings of Fatigue'96, Berlin, Germany 1996, vol. III:1785-1790. Pergamon.
196. Rosenberger A.H., Worth B.D., Larsen J.M. Proceedings of Structural Intermetallics, Seven Springs, PA 1997, 555-561. The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society. M.V. Nathal, R. Darolia, C.T. Liu, P.L. Martin, D.B. Miracle (Eds.).
197. Ruiz J., Elices M. Effect of water vapour pressure and frequency on fatigue behaviour in 7017-T651 aluminium alloy plate. Acta Mater. 1997, 45(1):281-293.
198. Ruiz J., Elices M. The role of environmental exposure in the fatigue behaviour of an aluminium alloy. Corros. Sci. 1997, 39(12):2117-2141.
199. Sarrazin C., Lesterlin S., Petit J. Proceedings of 6th International Fatigue Congress, Berlin, Germany 1996, vol. 2:783-788. Pergamon.
200. Sarrazin C., Lesterlin S., Petit J. Proceedings of Elevated Temperature Effects on Fatigue and Fracture, ASTM STP 1297 1997, 1249-1254. American Society for Testing and Materials. R.S. Piasick, A. Saxena, R.P. Gangloff (Eds.).
201. Sarrazin C., Lesterlin S., Petit J. Proceedings of Corrosion-deformation Interactions CDI'96 1997, 361-370. The Institute of Materials, London, UK. T. Magnin (Ed.).
202. Sarrazin-Baudoux C., Chabanne Y., Petit J. Influence of environment and of mean stress on fatigue crack growth at near threshold stress intensities on a Ti6246 alloy at room temperature and 500 degrees C. Scr. Mater. 1999, 40(4):451-457.
203. Sarrazin-Baudoux C., Lesterlin S., Petit J. Atmospheric influence on fatigue crack propagation in titanium alloys at elevated temperature. ASTM-STP 1297 1997, 117-139.
204. Saxena A., Antolovich S.D. Low cycle fatigue, fatigue crack propagation and substructures in a series of polycrystalline Cu-Al alloys. Metall. Trans. 1975, 6A:1809-1828.
205. Schives T.R., Bennett J.A. The effect of environment on the fatigue properties of selected engineering alloys. J. Mater., JMLSA 1968, 3(3):695-715.
206. Schulte K., Nowack H., Lutjering G. Environmentally-assisted Cracking: Science and Engineering, ASTM STP 811 1990, 347-373. American Society for Testing and Materials. W.B. Lisagor, T.W. Crooker, B.N. Lais (Eds.).
207. Shen H., Podlaseck S.E., Kramer I.R. Effect of vacuum on the fatigue life of aluminum. Acta Metall. 1966, 14(March):341-346.
208. Shih T.H., Wei R.P. The effects of the load ratio on environmentally-assisted fatigue crack growth. Eng. Fract. Mech. 1983, 18(4):827-837.
209. Shimojo M., Bowen P. Effects of temperature, cyclic frequency and environment on fibre degradation and fatigue crack growth resistance in a fibre-reinforced titanium metal-matrix composite under displacement-range loading. Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct. 1998, 21(2):171-182.
210. Skelton R.P., Haigh J.R. Fatigue crack growth rates and thresholds in steels under oxidising conditions. Mater. Sci. Eng. 1978, 36:17.
211. Smith H.H., Shahinian P. Environmental effects on fatigue crack growth rates in silver. J. Inst. Metals 1971, 99:243-247.
212. Smith P. The effects of moisture on the fatigue crack growth behaviour of a low alloy steel near threshold. Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct. 1987, 10(4):291-304.
213. Smith S.W., Piasick R.S. Proceedings of Fatigue Behavior of Titanium Alloys, TMS Fall Meeting, Chicago, IL 1998, 357-364. The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society. R.R. Boyer, D. Eylon, G. Lutjering (Eds.).
214. Snowden K.U. The effect of atmosphere on the fatigue of lead. Acta Metall. 1964, 12:295-303.
215. Spitzig W.A., Talda P.M., Wei R.P. Fatigue crack propagation and fractographic analysis of 18Ni(250) maraging steel tested in argon and hydrogen environments. Eng. Fract. Mech. 1968, 1:155-166.
216. Sriram T.S., Fine M.E., Chung Y.M. The application of surface science to fatigue: The role of surface chemistry and surface modification in fatigue crack initiation in silver single crystals. Acta Metall. 1992, 40(10):2769-2780.
217. Starke E.A., Lin F.S., Chen R.T., Heikkenen H.C. Proceedings of Fatigue Crack Growth Threshold Concepts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1984, 43-62. Metallurgical Society of AIME. D.L. Davidson, S. Suresh (Eds.).
218. Stegman R.L., Shahinian P. Environmental acceleration of fatigue crack growth in a high-strength steel. Metal Sci. J. 1972, 6:123-127.
219. Stewart A.T. The influence of environment and stress ratio on fatigue crack growth at near threshold stress intensities in low-alloy steels. Eng. Fract. Mech. 1980, 13:463-478.
220. Stoloff N.S. Fatigue of aluminides and silicides. Isij Int. 1997, 37(12):1197-1209.
221. Stoloff N.S., Liu C.T. Environmental embrittlement of iron aluminides. Intermetallics 1994, 2(2):75-87.
222. Sumsion H.T. Vacuum effects on fatigue properties of magnesium and two magnesium alloys. J. Spacecraft and Rockets 1968, 5(6):700-704.
223. Suresh S. Micromechanisms of fatigue crack growth retardation following overloads. Eng. Fract. Mech. 1983, 18(3):577-593.
224. Suresh S. Fatigue crack deflection and fracture surface contact: micromechanical models. Metall. Trans. 1985, 16A:249-260.
225. Suresh S., Parks D.M., Ritchie R.O. Proceedings of Fatigue Thresholds 1982, 391-408. EMAS. J. Backlund, A. Blom, C.J. Beevers (Eds.).
226. Suresh S., Ritchie R.O. On the influence of environment on the load ratio dependence of fatigue thresholds in pressure vessel steel. Eng. Fract. Mech. 1983, 18(4):785-800.
227. Suresh S., Ritchie R.O. Fatigue Crack Growth Thresholds Concepts 1984, 227-261. The Metallurgical Society of AIME, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. D.L. Davidson, S. Suresh (Eds.).
228. Suresh S., Vasudevan A.K., Betz P.E. Mechanisms of slow fatigue crack growth in high strength aluminum alloys: role of microstructure and environment. Metall. Trans. 1984, 15A:379-396.
229. Suresh S., Zamiski Z.A., Ritchie R.O. Oxide-induced closure closure: an explanation for near-threshold fatigue crack growth behavior. Metall. Trans. 1981, 12A:1435-1443.
230. Suyitno B.M., Chalant G., Petit J. Proceedings of Fatigue'90, Honolulu, Hawai 1990, 1381-1386. MCEP. H. Kitagawa, K. Tanaka (Eds.).
231. Swanson J.W., Marcus H.L. Oxygen transport during fatigue crack growth. Metall. Trans. 1978, 9A:291-294.
232. Tabata T., Birnbaum H.K. Direct observations of hydrogen-enhanced crack propagation in iron. Scr. Metall. 1984, 18:231-236.
233. Tabata T., Birnbaum H.K. Direct observations of the effect of hydrogen on the behavior of dislocations in iron. Scr. Metall. 1984, 17:947-950.
234. Thompson N., Wadsworth N.J., Louat N. The origin of fatigue fracture in copper. Phil. Mag. 1956, 1:113-126.
235. Tonneau A., Gerland M., Hénaff G. Environment-sensitive fracture of iron aluminides during cyclic loading. Metall. Mater. Trans. 2001, 32A(September):2345-2356.
236. Verkin B.I., Grinberg N.M. The effect of vacuum on the fatigue behaviour of metals. Mater. Sci. Eng. 1979, 41:149-181.
237. Wadsworth N.J. Proceedings of Symposium on Internal Stresses and Fatigue of Metals, Detroit 1959, 382-396. Warrendale. G.M. Rassweiler (Ed.).
238. Wadsworth N.J. The influence of atmospheric corrosion on the fatigue limit of iron-0.5% carbon. Phil. Mag. 1961, 6:397-401.
239. Wadsworth N.J., Hutchings J. The effect of atmospheric corrosion on metal fatigue. Phil. Mag. 1958, 3:397-401.
240. Wang R., Mughrabi H., McGovern S., Rapp M. Fatigue of copper single crystals in vacuum and in air: I. Persistent slip band and dislocation microstructures. Mater. Sci. Eng. A: Struct. Mater.: Properties, Microstruct. Process. 1984, 65:219-233.
241. Wanhill R.J.H. Fractography of fatigue crack propagation in 2024-T3 and 7075-T6 aluminum alloys in air and vacuum. Metall. Trans. 1975, 6A:1587-1596.
242. Weertman J. Rate of growth of fatigue cracks calculated from the theory of infinitesimal dislocations distributed on a plane. Int. J. Fract. Mech. 1966, 2:460-467.
243. Weertman J. Proceedings of Fatigue and Microstructures, ASM Materials Science Seminar, St. Louis, Missouri 1978, 279-306. American Society for Materials, Metals Park, OH.
244. Wei R.P. Some aspects of environment-enhanced fatigue crack growth. Eng. Fract. Mech. 1968, 1:633-651.
245. Wei R.P., Gao M. Reconsideration of the superposition model for environmentally-assisted fatigue crack growth. Scr. Metall. 1983, 17:959-962.
246. Wei R.P., Gunshoo S. Corrosion Fatigue, ASTM STP 801 1983, 5-25. American Society for Testing and Materials. T.W. Crooker, B.N. Leis (Eds.).
247. Wei R.P., Gunshoo S., Tanaka K. Proceedings of International Symposium on 'Embrittlement by the Localized Crack Environment' 1983, 243-263. The Metallurgical Society of AIME.
248. Wei R.P., Ritter D.L. The influence of temperature on fatigue crack growth in a mill annealed Ti-6Al-4V alloy. JMLSA 1972, 7(2):240-250.
249. Wei R.P., Shih T.H. Delay in fatigue crack growth. Int. J. Fract. 1974, 10(1):77-85.
250. Wei R.P., Simmons G.W. Recent progress in understanding environment-assisted fatigue crack growth. Int. J. Fract. 1981, 17(2):235-247.
251. R. P. Wei, P. M. Talda and C. Y. Li, 1967, In: "Proceedings of Fatigue Crack Propagation, ASTM STP 415," pp. 460-485.
252. Weir T.W., Simmons G.W., Hart R.G., Wei R.P. A model for surface reaction and transport controlled fatigue crack growth. Scr. Metall. 1980, 14:357-364.
253. Yoder G.R., Cooley L.A., Crooker T.W. On microstructure control of near-threshold fatigue crack growth in 7000 series aluminum alloys. Scr. Metall. 1982, 16:1021-1025.
254. Yuen J.L., Schmidt C.G., Roy P. Effects of air and inert environments on the near-threshold fatigue crack growth behavior of alloy 718. Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct. 1985, 8(1):65-76.
255. Zeghloul A., Petit J. Environmental sensitivity of small crack growth in 7075 aluminium alloy. Fatigue Fract Eng. Mater. Struct. 1985, 8(4):341-348.
256. Zeghloul A., Petit J. Influence de l'environnement et de la microstructure sur la propagation en fatigue des fissures courtes tridimensionnelles. Rev. Phys. Appl. 1989, 24:905-913.
257. Zhu W., Minakawa K., McEvily A.J. On the influence of the ambient environment on the fatigue crack growth process in steels. Eng. Fract. Mech. 1986, 25(3):361-375.