A review of atmospheric mercury emissions, pollution and control in China

Frontiers of Environmental Science and Engineering

Volumn 8, Issue 5, 2014, Pages 631-649

  Wang, Shuxiao ^a,b   Zhang, Lei ^a   Wang, Long ^a   Wu, Qingru ^a   Wang, Fengyang ^a   Hao, Jiming ^a,b  

^a TSINGHUA UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b STATE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION KEY LABORATORY OF SOURCES AND CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION COMPLEX   (China)

Author keywords

atmospheric mercury; China; control; emissions; pollution

Indexed keywords

EID: 84903126039     PISSN: 20952201     EISSN: 2095221X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11783-014-0673-x     Document Type: Article

References (151)

1. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Global Mercury Assessment 2013: Sources, Emissions, Releases and Environmental Transport. Geneva, Switzerland: UNEP Chemicals Branch, 2013.
2. Pirrone N, Mason R P. Hg Fate and Transport in the Global Atmosphere: Emissions, Measurements and Models. Geneva. Switzerland: Springer, 2009.
3. Sprovieri F, Pirrone N, Ebinghaus R, Kock H, Dommergue A. A review of worldwide atmospheric mercury measurements. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2010, 10(17): 8245-8265.
4. Schroeder W H, Munthe J. Atmospheric mercury-An overview. Atmospheric Environment, 1998, 32(5): 809-822.
5. Ci Z J, Zhang X S, Wang Z W. Enhancing atmospheric mercury research in China to improve the current understanding of the global mercury cycle: the need for urgent and closely coordinated efforts. Environmental Science and Technology, 2012, 46(11): 5636-5642.
6. Fu X W, Feng X B, Sommar J, Wang S F. A review of studies on atmospheric mercury in China. Science of the Total Environment, 2012, 421-422: 73-81.
7. Lindberg S E, Bullock R, Ebinghaus R, Engstrom D, Feng X B, Fitzgerald W, Pirrone N, Prestbo E, Seigneur C. A synthesis of progress and uncertainties in attributing the sources of mercury in deposition. Ambio, 2007, 36(1): 19-32.
8. Lynam M M, Keeler G J. Automated speciated mercury measurements in Michigan. Environmental Science and Technology, 2005, 39(23): 9253-9262.
9. Obrist D, Tas E, Peleg M, Matveev V, Faïn X, Asaf D, Luria M. Bromine-induced oxidation of mercury in the mid-latitude atmosphere. Nature Geoscience, 2011, 22(1): 22-26.
10. Wu Y, Wang S X, Streets D G, Hao JM, Chan M, Jiang J K. Trends in anthropogenic mercury emissions in China from 1995 to 2003. Environmental Science and Technology, 2006, 40(17): 5312-5318.
11. Streets D G, Hao JM, Wu Y, Jiang J K, Chan M, Tian H Z, Feng X B. Anthropogenic mercury emissions in China. Atmospheric Environment, 2005, 39(40): 7789-7806.
12. Pacyna E G, Pacyna J M, Steenhuisen F, Wilson S. Global anthropogenic mercury emission inventory for 2000. Atmospheric Environment, 2006, 22(40): 4048-4063.
13. Pacyna E G, Pacyna J M, Sundseth K, Munthe J, Kindbom K, Wilson S, Steenhuisen F, Maxson P. Global emission of mercury to the atmosphere from anthropogenic sources in 2005 and projections to 2020. Atmospheric Environment, 2010, 44(20): 2487-2499.
14. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) and United Nations Environment Programme. (UNEP). Technical Background Report to the Global Atmospheric Mercury Assessment. Geneva, Switzerland: UNEP, 2008.
15. Pirrone N, Chinirella S, Feng X B, Finkelman R B, Friedli H R, Leaner J, Mason R, Mukherjee A B, Stracher G B, Streets D G, Telmer K. Global mercury emissions to the atmosphere from anthropogenic and natural sources. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2010, 10(13): 5951-5964.
16. Feng X B, Hong Y T. Estimation of mercury released to the air from coal combustion in China. Coal Mine Environment Protection, 1996, 10(3): 10-13.
17. Wang Q C, Shen W G, Ma S W. The estimation of mercury emission fromcoal combustion in China. China Environmental Science, 1999, 19(4): 318-321.
18. Jiang J K, Hao J M, Wu Y, Streets D G, Duan L, Tian H Z. Development of mercury emission inventory from coal combustion in China. Environmental Sciences, 2005, 26(2): 34-39.
19. Tian H Z, Wang Y, Xue Z G, Cheng K, Qu Y P, Chai F H, Hao JM. Trend and characteristics of atmospheric emissions of Hg, As, and Se from coal combustion in China, 1980-2007. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2010, 10(23): 11905-11919.
20. Zhang L. Emission characteristics and synergistic control strategies of atmospheric mercury from coal combustion in China. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Beijing: Tsinghua University, 2012.
21. Wang S X, Liu M, Jiang J K, Hao JM, Wu Y, Streets D G. Estimate the mercury emissions from non-coal sources in China. Environmental Sciences, 2006, 27(12): 2401-2406.
22. Hylander L D, Herbert R B. Global emission and production of mercury during the pyrometallurgical extraction of nonferrous sulfide ores. Environmental Science and Technology, 2008, 42(16): 5971-5977.
23. Li G H, Feng X B, Li Z G, Qiu G L, Shang L H, Liang P, Wang D Y, Yang Y K. Mercury emission to atmosphere from primary Zn production in China. Science of the Total Environment, 2010, 408(20): 4607-4612.
24. Yin R S, Feng X B, Li Z G, Zhang Q, Bi XW, Li G H, Liu J L, Zhu J J, Wang J X. Metallogeny and environmental impact of Hg in Zn deposits in China. Applied Geochemistry, 2012, 27(1): 151-160.
25. Wu Q R, Wang S X, Zhang L, Song J X, Yang H, Meng Y. Update of mercury emissions from China's primary zinc, lead and copper smelters, 2000-2010. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2012, 12(22): 11153-11163.
26. Guan D B, Liu Z, Geng Y, Lindner S, Hubacek K. The gigatonne gap in China's carbon dioxide inventories. Nature Climate Change, 2012, 2: 672-675.
27. Wang Q, Shen W, Ma Z. Estimation of mercury emission from coal combustion in China. Environmental Science and Technology, 2000, 34(13): 2711-2713.
28. Zhang MQ, Zhu Y C, Deng RW. Evaluation of mercury emissions to the atmosphere from coal combustion, China. Ambio, 2002, 31(6): 482-484.
29. Huang W, Yang Y. Mercury in coal in China. Coal Geology of China, 2002, 14(5): 37-40.
30. Zhang J, Ren D, Xu D, Zhao F. Mercury in coal and its effect on environment. Advances in Environmental Science, 1999, 7(3): 100-104.
31. United States Geological Survey (USGS). Mercury Content in Coal Mines in China. 2004.
32. Ren D, Zhao F, Dai S, Zhang J, Luo K. Geochemistry of Trace Elements in Coal. Beijing: Science Press, 2006.
33. Zheng L, Liu G, Chou C L. The distribution, occurrence and environmental effect of mercury in Chinese coals. Science of the Total Environment, 2007, 384(1-3): 374-383.
34. Tian H Z, Wang Y, Xue Z G, Qu Y P, Chai F H, Hao J M. Atmospheric emissions estimation of Hg, As, and Se from coal-fired power plants in China, 2007. Science of the Total Environment, 2011, 409(16): 3078-3081.
35. Tian H Z, Wang Y, Cheng K, Qu Y P, Hao JM, Xue Z G, Chai F H. Control strategies of atmospheric mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants in China. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 2012, 62(5): 576-586.
36. Tian H Z, Lu L, Hao JM, Gao J J, Cheng K, Liu K Y, Qiu P P, Zhu C Y. A review of key hazardous trace elements in Chinese coals: Abundance, occurrence, behavior during coal combustion and their environmental impacts. Energy and Fuels, 2013, 27(2): 601-614.
37. Zhang L, Wang S X, Meng Y, Hao J M. Influence of mercury and chlorine content of coal on mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants in China. Environmental Science and Technology, 2012, 46(11): 6385-6392.
38. Chen L, Duan Y, Zhuo Y, Yang L, Zhang L, Yang X, Yao Q, Jiang Y, Xu X. Mercury transformation across particulate control devices in six power plants of China: The co-effect of chlorine and ash composition. Fuel, 2007, 86(4): 603-610.
39. Zhou J. Emissions and Control of Mercury from Coal-Fired Utility Boilers in China. China Workshop on Mercury Control from Coal Combustion, Beijing, 2005.
40. Zhou J, Wang G, Luo Z, Cen K. An experimental study of mercury emissions from a 600 MW pulverized coal-fired boiler. Journal of Engineering for Thermal Energy and Power, 2006, 21(6): 569-572.
41. Zhou J, Zhang L, Luo Z, Hu C. Study on mercury emission and its control for boiler of 300 MW unit. Thermal Power Generation, 2008, 37(4): 22-27.
42. Wang Y, Duan Y, Yang L, Jiang Y. An analysis of the factors exercising an influence on the morphological transformation of mercury in the flue gas of a 600 MW coal-fired power plant. Journal of Engineering for Thermal Energy and Power, 2008, 23(4): 399-403.
43. Yang X, Duan Y, Jiang Y, Yang L. Research on mercury form distribution in flue gas and fly ash of coal-fired boiler. Coal Science and Technology, 2007, 35(12): 55-58.
44. Duan Y, Cao Y, Kellie S, Liu K, Riley J T, Pan W. In-situ measurement and distribution of flue gas mercury for a utility PC boiler system. Journal of Southeast University, 2005, 21(1): 53-57.
45. Wang Y, Duan Y, Yang L, Zhao C, Shen X, Zhang M, Zhuo Y, Chen C. Experimental study on mercury transformation and removal in coal-fired boiler flue gases. Fuel Processing Technology, 2009, 90(5): 643-651.
46. Wu C, Duan Y, Wang Y, Jiang Y, Wang Q, Yang L. Characteristics of mercury emission and demercurization property of NID system of a 410 t/h pulverized coal fired boiler. Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, 2008, 36(5): 540-544.
47. Chen Y, Chai F, Xue Z, Liu T, Chen Y, Tian C. Study on mercury emission factors for coal-fired power plants. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2006, 19(2): 49-52.
48. Guo X, Zheng C, Jia X, Lin Z, Liu Y. Study on mercury speciation in pulverized coal-fired flue gas. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2004, 24(6): 185-188.
49. Tang S. The mercury species and emissions from coal combustion flue gas and landfill gas in Guiyang. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Guiyang: Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2004.
50. Goodarzi F. Speciation and mass-balance of mercury from pulverized coal fired power plants burning western Canadian subbituminous coals. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 2004, 6(10): 792-798.
51. He B, Cao Y, Romero C E, Bilirgen H, Sarunac N, Agarwal H, Pan W. Comparison and validation of OHM and SCEM measurements for a full-scale coal-fired power plant. Chemical Engineering Communications, 2007, 194(10-12): 1596-1607.
52. Kellie S, Duan Y, Cao Y, Chu P, Mehta A, Carty R, Liu K, Pan W, Riley J T. Mercury emissions from a 100-MW wall-fired boiler as measured by semicontinuous mercury monitor and Ontario Hydro Method. Fuel Processing Technology, 2004, 85(6-7): 487-499.
53. Lee S J, Seo Y C, Jang H N, Park K S, Baek J I, An H S, Song K C. Speciation and mass distribution of mercury in a bituminous coal-fired power plant. Atmospheric Environment, 2006, 40(12): 2215-2224.
54. Jun Lee S, Seo Y C, Jurng J, Hong J H, Park J W, Hyun J E, Gyu Lee T. Mercury emissions from selected stationary combustion sources in Korea. Science of the Total Environment, 2004, 325(1-3): 155-161.
55. Otero-Rey J R, López-Vilariño J M, Moreda-Piñeiro J, Alonso-Rodríguez E, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, López-Mahía P, Prada-Rodríguez D. As, Hg, and Se flue gas sampling in a coal-fired power plant and their fate during coal combustion. Environmental Science and Technology, 2003, 37(22): 5262-5267.
56. Shah P, Strezov V, Nelson P. Speciation of mercury in coal-fired power station flue gas. Energy and Fuels, 2010, 24(1): 205-212.
57. Ito S, Yokoyama T, Asakura K. Emissions of mercury and other trace elements from coal-fired power plants in Japan. Science of the Total Environment, 2006, 368(1): 397-402.
58. Meij R, te Winkel H. Mercury emissions from coal-fired power stations: The current state of the art in the Netherlands. Science of the Total Environment, 2006, 368(1): 393-396.
59. Shah P, Strezov V, Prince K, Nelson P F. Speciation of As, Cr, Se and Hg under coal fired power station conditions. Fuel, 2008, 87(10-11): 1859-1869.
60. Yokoyama T, Asakura K, Matsuda H, Ito S, Noda N. Mercury emissions from a coal-fired power plant in Japan. Science of the Total Environment, 2000, 259(1-3): 97-103.
61. Kim J H, Pudasainee D, Yoon Y S, Son S U, Seo Y C. Studies on speciation changes and mass distribution of mercury in a bituminous coal-fired power plant by combining field data and chemical equilibrium calculation. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 2010, 49(11): 5197-5203.
62. Cheng C M, Hack P, Chu P, Chang Y N, Lin T Y, Ko C S, Chiang P H, He C C, Lai Y M, Pan W P. Partitioning of mercury, arsenic, selenium, boron, and chloride in a full-scale coal combustion process equipped with selective catalytic reduction, electrostatic precipitation, and flue gas desulfurization systems. Energy and Fuels, 2009, 23(10): 4805-4816.
63. Information Collection Request (ICR). Results from onsite measurements in USA. Washington, D C: 2010.
64. Wang S X, Zhang L, Li G H, Wu Y, Hao J M, Pirrone N, Sprovieri F, Ancora M P. Mercury emission and speciation of coal-fired power plants in China. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2010, 10(3): 1183-1192.
65. Song J X, Wang S X, Li G H. Spatial distribution of mercury content of zinc concentrates in China. Science Paper Online, 2010, 5(6): 472-475.
66. Wang S X, Song J X, Li G H, Wu Y, Zhang L, Wan Q, Streets D G, Chin C K, Hao J M. Estimating mercury emissions from a zinc smelter in relation to China's mercury control policies. Environmental Pollution, 2010, 158(10): 3347-3353.
67. Zhang L, Wang S X, Wu Q R, Meng Y, Yang H, Wang F Y, Hao J M. Were mercury emission factors for Chinese non-ferrous metal smelters overestimated? Evidence from onsite measurements in six smelters. Environmental Pollution, 2012, 171: 109-117.
68. Gunson A J, Veiga M M. Mercury and artisanal mining in China. Environmental Practice, 2004, 6(2): 109-120.
69. Sikkema J K, Alleman J E, Ong S K, Wheelock T D. Mercury regulation, fate, transport, transformation, and abatement within cement manufacturing facilities: review. Science of the Total Environment, 2011, 409(20): 4167-4178.
70. Won J H, Lee T G. Estimation of total annual mercury emissions from cement manufacturing facilities in Korea. Atmospheric Environment, 2012, 62: 265-271.
71. Mlakar T L, Horvat M, Vuk T, Stergaršek A, Kotnik J, Tratnik J, Fajon V. Mercury species, mass flows and processes in a cement plant. Fuel, 2010, 89(8): 1936-1945.
72. Li W J. Characterization of atmospheric mercury emissions from coal-fired power plant and cement plant. Dissertation for the Master Degree. Chongqing: Southwest University, 2011.
73. Zhang L. Research on mercury emission measurement and estimate from combustion resources. Dissertation for the Master Degree. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University, 2007.
74. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Toolkit for Identification and Quantification of Mercury Releases. 2005.
75. Fukuda N, Takaoka M, Doumoto S, Oshita K, Morisawa S, Mizuno T. Mercury emission and behavior in primary ferrous metal production. Atmospheric Environment, 2011, 45(22): 3685-3691.
76. Tian H Z, Gao J J, Lu L, Zhao D, Cheng K, Qiu P P. Temporal trends and spatial variation characteristics of hazardous air pollutant emission inventory from municipal solid waste incineration in China. Environmental Science and Technology, 2012, 46(18): 10364-10371.
77. Mason R P, Fitzgerald W F, Morel F M M. The biogeochemical cycling of elemental mercury: Anthropogenic influences. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1994, 58(15): 3191-3198.
78. Feng X B, Yan H Y, Wang S F, Qiu G L, Tang S L, Shang L H, Dai Q J, Hou Y M. Seasonal variation of gaseous mercury exchange rate between air and water surface over Baihua reservoir, Guizhou, China. Atmospheric Environment, 2004, 38(28): 4721-4732.
79. Feng X B, Wang S F, Qiu G G, He T R, Li G H, Li Z G, Shang L H. Total gaseous mercury exchange between water and air during cloudy weather conditions over Hongfeng Reservoir, Guizhou, China. J Geophys Res-Atmos, 2008, 113(D15): D15309.
80. Feng X B, Wang S F, Qiu G A, Hou Y M, Tang S L. Total gaseous mercury emissions from soil in Guiyang, Guizhou, China. J Geophys Res-Atmos, 2005, 110(D14): D14306.
81. Shetty S K, Lin C J, Streets D G, Jang C. Model estimate of mercury emission from natural sources in East Asia. Atmospheric Environment, 2008, 42(37): 8674-8685.
82. Wu Y, Wang S X, Streets D G, Hao JM, Chan M, Jiang J K. Trends in anthropogenic mercury emissions in China from 1995 to 2003. Environmental Science and Technology, 2006, 40(17): 5312-5318.
83. Pan L, Chai T F, Carmichael G R, Tang Y H, Streets D, Woo J H, Friedli H R, Radke L F. Top-down estimate of mercury emissions in China using four-dimensional variational data assimilation. Atmospheric Environment, 2007, 41(13): 2804-2819.
84. Strode S A, Jaegle L, Jaffe D A, Swartzendruber P C, Selin N E, Holmes C, Yantosca R M. Trans-Pacific transport of mercury. J Geophys Res-Atmos, 2008, 113(D15): D15305.
85. Gbor P K, Wen D Y, Meng F, Yang F Q, Zhang B N, Sloan J J. Improved model for mercury emission, transport and deposition. Atmospheric Environment, 2006, 40(5): 973-983.
86. Feng X B, Shang L H, Wang S F, Tang S L, Zheng W. Temporal variation of total gaseous mercury in the air of Guiyang, China. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2004, 109(D3): 3303.
87. Fu X W, Feng X B, Qiu G L, Shang L H, Zhang H. Speicated atmospheric mercury and its potential source in Guiyang, China. Atmospheric Environment, 2011, 45(25): 4205-4212.
88. Fang F M, Wang Q C, Li J F. Urban environmental mercury in Changchun, a metropolitan city in Northeastern China: source, cycle, and fate. Science of the Total Environment, 2004, 330(1-3): 159-170.
89. Wang Z W, Chen Z S, Duan N, Zhang X S. Gaseous elemental mercury concentration in atmosphere at urban and remote sites in China. Journal of Environmental Sciences (China), 2007, 19(2): 176-180.
90. Yang Y K, Chen H, Wang D Y. Spatial and temporal distribution of gaseous elemental mercury in Chongqing, China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2009, 156(1-4): 479-489.
91. Friedli H R, Arellano A F Jr, Geng F, Cai C, Pan L. Measurements of atmospheric mercury in Shanghai during September 2009. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2011, 11(8): 3781-3788.
92. Nguyen D L, Kim J Y, Shim S G, Zhang X S. Ground and shipboard measurements of atmospheric gaseous elemental mercury over the Yellow Sea region during 2007-2008. Atmospheric Environment, 2011, 45(1): 253-260.
93. Zhu J, Wang T, Talbot R, Mao H, Hall C B, Yang X, Fu C, Zhuang B, Li S, Han Y, Huang X. Characteristics of atmospheric Total Gaseous Mercury (TGM) observed in urban Nanjing, China. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2012, 12(24): 12103-12118.
94. Fu X W, Feng X B, Zhu W Z, Wang S F, Lu J L. Total gaseous mercury concentrations in ambient air in the eastern slope of Mt. Gongga, South-Eastern fringe of the Tibetan plateau, China. Atmospheric Environment, 2008, 42(5): 970-979.
95. Fu X W, Feng X B, Zhu W Z, Zheng W, Wang S F, Lu J Y. Total particulate and reactive gaseous mercury in ambient air on the eastern slope of the Mt. Gongga area, China. Applied Geochemistry, 2008, 23(3): 408-418.
96. Wan Q, Feng X B, Lu J, Zheng W, Song X J, Han S J, Xu H. Atmospheric mercury in Changbai Mountain area, northeastern China I. The seasonal distribution pattern of total gaseous mercury and its potential sources. Environmental Research, 2009, 109(3): 201-206.
97. Wan Q, Feng X B, Lu J, Zheng W, Song X J, Li P, Han S J, Xu H. Atmospheric mercury in Changbai Mountain area, northeastern China II. The distribution of reactive gaseous mercury and particulate mercury and mercury deposition fluxes. Environmental Research, 2009, 109(6): 721-727.
98. Fu X W, Feng X B, Shang L H, Wang S F, Zhang H. Two years of measurements of atmospheric total gaseous mercury (TGM) at a remote site in Mt. Changbai area, Northeastern China. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2012, 12(9): 4215-4226.
99. Fu X W, Feng X B, Dong Z Q, Yin R S, Wang J X, Yang Z R, Zhang H. Atmospheric gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) concentrations and mercury depositions at a high-altitude mountain peak in south China. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2010, 10(5): 2425-2437.
100. Fu XW, Feng X B, Zhang G, Xu WH, Li X D, Yao H, Liang P, Li J, Sommar J, Yin R S, Liu N. Mercury in the marine boundary layer and seawater of the South China Sea: Concentrations, sea/air flux, and implication for land outflow. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2010, 115(D6): 6303.
101. Fu XW, Feng X B, Liang P, Deliger, Zhang H, Ji J, Liu P. Deliger, Zhang H, Ji J, Liu P. Temporal trend and sources of speciated atmospheric mercury at Waliguan GAW station, Northwestern China. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2012, 12(4): 1951-1964.
102. Ci Z J, Zhang X S, Wang Z W, Niu Z C. Atmospheric gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) over a coastal/rural site downwind of East China: Temporal variation and long-range transport. Atmospheric Environment, 2011, 45(15): 2480-2487.
103. Ci Z J, Zhang X S, Wang Z W, Niu Z C, Diao X Y, Wang S W. Distribution and air-sea exchange of mercury (Hg) in the Yellow Sea. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2011, 11(6): 2881-2892.
104. Li Z, Xia C H, Wang X M, Xia Y R, Xie Z Q. Total gaseous mercury in Pearl River Delta region, China during 2008 winter period. Atmospheric Environment, 2011, 45(4): 834-838.
105. Zhang H. Concentrations of speciated atmospheric mercury a highaltitude background station in the Shangri-La area of Tibetan Plateau, China. In: Proceedings of 10th International Conference on Mercury as a Global Pollutant, Halifax, Canada, 2011.
106. Zhang L, Wang S X, Wang L, Hao J M. Atmospheric mercury concentration and chemical speciation at a rural site in Beijing, China: implication of mercury emission sources. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2013, 13: 10505-10516.
107. Dou H Y. Characteristics of speciated atmospheric mercury concentrations at a rural site of Yangtze Delta, China. Dissertation for the Master Degree. Beijing: Tsinghua University, 2012.
108. Wang ZW, Zhang X S, Xiao J S, Zhijia C, Yu P Z. Mercury fluxes and pools in three subtropical forested catchments, southwest China. Environmental Pollution, 2009, 157(3): 801-808.
109. Fu X W, Feng X B, Zhu W Z, Rothenberg S, Yao H, Zhang H. Elevated atmospheric deposition and dynamics of mercury in a remote upland forest of southwestern China. Environmental Pollution, 2010, 158(6): 2324-2333.
110. Huang J, Kang S C, Zhang Q G, Yan H Y, Guo J M, Jenkins M G, Zhang G S, Wang K. Wet deposition of mercury at a remote site in the Tibetan Plateau: Concentrations, speciation, and fluxes. Atmospheric Environment, 2012, 62: 540-550.
111. Dai Z H, Feng X B, Sommar J, Li P, Fu XW. Spatial distribution of mercury deposition fluxes in Wanshan Hg mining area, Guizhou Province, China. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2012, 12(14): 6207-6218.
112. Guo Y N, Feng X B, Li Z G, He T R, Yan H Y, Meng B, Zhang J F, Qiu G L. Distribution and wet deposition fluxes of total and methyl mercury in Wujiang River Basin, Guizhou, China. Atmospheric Environment, 2008, 42(30): 7096-7103.
113. Wangberg I, Munthe J, Berg T, Ebinghaus R, Kock H H, Temme C, Bieber E, Spain T G, Stolk A. Trends in air concentration and deposition of mercury in the coastal environment of the North Sea Area. Atmospheric Environment, 2007, 41(12): 2612-2619.
114. Graydon J A, St Louis V L, Hintelmann H, Lindberg S E, Sandilands K A, Rudd J W M, Kelly C A, Hall B D, Mowat L D. Long-term wet and dry deposition of total and methyl mercury in the remote boreal ecoregion of Canada. Environmental Science and Technology, 2008, 42(22): 8345-8351.
115. Prestbo E M, Gay D A. Wet deposition of mercury in the US and Canada, 1996-2005: Results and analysis of the NADP mercury deposition network (MDN). Atmospheric Environment, 2009, 43(27): 4223-4233.
116. Caldwell C A, Swartzendruber P, Prestbo E. Concentration and dry deposition of mercury species in arid south central New Mexico (2001-2002). Environmental Science and Technology, 2006, 40(24): 7535-7540.
117. Marsik F J, Keeler G J, Landis M S. The dry-deposition of speciated mercury to the Florida Everglades: Measurements and modeling. Atmospheric Environment, 2007, 41(1): 136-149.
118. Feng X B, Li G H, Qiu G L. A preliminary study on mercury contamination to the environment from artisanal zinc smelting using indigenous methods in Hezhang county, Guizhou, China-Part 1: Mercury emission from zinc smelting and its influences on the surface waters. Atmospheric Environment, 2004, 38(36): 6223-6230.
119. Zhang Z, Wang Q, Zheng D, Zheng N, Lu X. Mercury distribution and bioaccumulation up the soil-plant-grasshopper-spider food chain in Huludao City, China. Journal of Environmental Sciences (China), 2010, 22(8): 1179-1183.
120. Li Z, Feng X, Li G, Bi X, Sun G, Zhu J, Qin H, Wang J. Mercury and other metal and metalloid soil contamination near a Pb/Zn smelter in east Hunan Province, China. Applied Geochemistry, 2011, 26(2): 160-166.
121. Zheng N, Liu J, Wang Q, Liang Z. Mercury contamination due to zinc smelting and chlor-alkali production in NE China. Applied Geochemistry, 2011, 26(2): 188-193.
122. Yin X, Yao C, Song J, Li Z, Zhang C, Qian W, Bi D, Li C, Teng Y, Wu L, Wan H, Luo Y. Mercury contamination in vicinity of secondary copper smelters in Fuyang, Zhejiang Province, China: levels and contamination in topsoils. Environmental Pollution, 2009, 157(6): 1787-1793.
123. Jaffe D, Strode S. Sources, fate and transport of atmospheric mercury from Asia. Environmental Chemistry, 2008, 5(2): 121-126.
124. Selin N E, Jacob D J, Yantosca R M, Strode S, Jaegle L, Sunderland E M. Global 3-D land-ocean-atmosphere model for mercury: Present-day versus preindustrial cycles and anthropogenic enrichment factors for deposition. Global Biogeochemical Cycle, 2008, 22: GB2011.
125. Lin C J, Pan L, Streets D G, Shetty S K, Jang C, Feng X, Chu HW, Ho T C. Estimating mercury emission outflow from East Asia using CMAQ-Hg. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2010, 10(4): 1853-1864.
126. Pan L, Lin C J, Carmichael G R, Streets D G, Tang Y H, Woo J H, Shetty S K, Chu H W, Ho T C, Friedli H R, Feng X B. Study of atmospheric mercury budget in East Asia using STEM-Hg modeling system. Science of the Total Environment, 2010, 408(16): 3277-3291.
127. Seigneur C, Vijayaraghavan K, Lohman K, Karamchandani P, Scott C. Global source attribution for mercury deposition in the United States. Environmental Science & Technology, 2004, 38(2): 555-569.
128. Durnford D, Dastoor A, Figueras-Nieto D, Ryjkov A. Long range transport of mercury to the Arctic and across Canada. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2010, 10(13): 6063-6086.
129. Ministry of Environmental Protection of China (MEP). Emission standard of air pollutants for thermal power plants (GB 13223-2011). Beijing, 2011.
130. United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Database of information collected in the electric utility steam generating unit mercury emissions information collection effort. Research Triangle Park, NC, USA: US EPA, 2001.
131. Brown T D, Smith D N, Hargis R A, O'Dowd JWJ, O'Dowd WJ. Mercury measurement and its control: what we know, have learned, and need to further investigate. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 1999, 49(12): 1469-1473.
132. Black & Veatch. Effective mercury reduction strategy for western coal/K-Fuel technology, 2003.
133. KFx. Final Report of K-Fuel™ Test Burn Validates Initial Emissions Data. 2006.
134. Miller C, Feeley T, Aljoe W, Lani B, Schroeder K, Kairies C, McNemar A, Jones A, Murphy J. Mercury capture and fate using wet FGD at coal-fired power plants. Pittsburgh, PA, USA: 2006.
135. Bustard J, Sjostrom S, Starns T, Durham M. Full scale evaluation of mercury control technologies with PRB coals. Clean Air Technologies and Strategies Conference, Baltimore, MD, USA, 2005.
136. Vosteen B W, Lindau L. Bromine based mercury abatementpromising results from further full scale testing. MEC3 Conference, Katowice, Poland, 2006.
137. Sloss L. Implications of emission legislation for existing coal-fired plants. 2009.
138. Chu P. Effects of SCRs on mercury. Mercury Experts Conference, Glasgow, Scotland, 2004.
139. Winberg S, Winthum J, Tseng S, Locke J. Evaluation of mercury emissions from coal-fired facilities with SCR-FGD systems. DOE/NETL Mercury Control Technology R&D Program Review, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 2004.
140. GAO. Preliminary observations on the effectiveness and costs of mercury control technologies at coal-fired power plants. Washington, DC, USA: 2009.
141. Srivastava R K, Jozewicz W. Flue gas desulfurization: the state of the art. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 2001, 51(12): 1676-1688.
142. Modern Power Systems. Can Enviroscrub clean up in the multipollutant control business. 2002.
143. McLarnon C R, Jones M D. Pilot testing and scale-up of a multipollutant control technology at FirstEnergy. PowerGen International Conference, Orlando, FL, USA, 2000.
144. X emissions: a cooler alternative. 2000.
145. Altman R, Buckley W, Ray I. Multi-pollutant control with dry-wet hybrid ESP technology. Combined Utility Air Pollutant Control Symposium, Washington, DC, USA, 2003.
146. Zhao Y. Study on air pollutant emission of coal-fired power plants in China and its environmental impacts. Dissertation for the Doctor Degree. Beijing: Tsinghua University, 2008.
147. China Electricity Council (CEC). Annual Development Report of China's Power Industry 2011. Beijing: China Market Press, 2011.
148. China Electric Power Yearbook Editorial Committee. China Electric Power Yearbook. Beijing: China Electric Power Press, 2011.
149. 2 emissions from cement production in China, 1990-2020. Atmospheric Environment, 2011, 45(1): 147-154.
150. Wang S X, Zhang L, Wu Y, Ancora M P, Zhao Y, Hao J M. Synergistic mercury removal by conventional pollutant control strategies for coal-fired power plants in China. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2010, 60(6): 722-730.
151. Wang S X, Zhang L, Zhao B, Meng Y, Hao J M. Mitigation potential of mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants in China. Energy and Fuels, 2012, 26(8): 4635-4642.