Ents, Elves, and Eriador: The environmental vision of J. R. R. Tolkien

Ents, Elves, and Eriador: The Environmental Vision of J. R. R. Tolkien

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 1-316

  Dickerson, Matthew ^a   Evans, Jonathan ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84903076432     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
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References (180)

1. John Elder, The Frog Run: Words & Wildness in the Vermont Woods (Minneapolis: Milkweed Editions, 2001), 32-34.
2. In letters written in 1954, Tolkien refers to the Middle-earth corpus as a "legendarium" (Letters, 189, 197)
3. a term highlighted by Verlyn Flieger and Carl F. Hostetter in Tolkien's Legendarium": Essays on "The History of Middle-earth" (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2000).
4. Paul H. Kocher, Master of Middle Earth: The Fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972), 26.
5. Matthew Dickerson, Following Gandalf: Epic Battles and Moral Victory in The Lord of the Rings (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Brazos Press, 2003).
6. Philip N. Joranson and Ken Butigan, eds., Cry of the Environment: Rebuilding the Christian Creation Tradition (Santa Fe, N. M.: Bear and Company, 1984), 211.
7. Norman Wirzba, "Introduction: The Challenge of Berrys Agrarian Vision", in The Art of the Commonplace: The Agrarian Essays of Wendell Berry, ed. Norman Wirzba (Washington, D. C.: Counterpoint, 2002).
8. Clyde S. Kilby, Tolkien & the Silmarillion (Wheaton, Ill.: Harold Shaw, 1976), 45.
9. (Silm, 317, 325).
10. Jonathan Evans, "The Anthropology of Arda: Creation, Theology, and the Race of Men", in Tolkien the Medievalist, ed. Jane Chance (London: Routledge, 2003), 194.
11. Humphrey Carpenter, J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biography (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1977), 172ff;
12. Tom Shippey, J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000), 1-5, 46-47.
13. (Silm, 48)
14. Colin Gunton, The One, the Three, and the Many: God, Creation, and the Culture of Modernity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 76.
15. E. F. Schumacher, Small Is Beautiful: A Study of Economics as if People Mattered (1973; reprint, New York: Harper Perennial, 1989), 48.
16. Guide for the Perplexed (New York: Harper and Row, 1978)
17. and Good Work (New York: Harper and Row, 1979)
18. Voluntary Simplicity by Duane Elgin (New York: Harper and Row, 1982; revised 1998);
19. Less Is More by Goldien VandenBroeck (Rochester, Vt.: Inner Traditions, 1996);
20. and Radical Simplicity by Jim Merkel (Gabriola Island, B. C.: New Society, 2003).
21. Joseph Pearce, Small Is Still Beautiful (London: HarperCollins, 2001; new ed., 2002).
22. Joseph Pearce, Tolkien: Man and Myth (San Francisco: Ignatius, 1998), 159-60.
23. Richard Foster, Celebration of Discipline (San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1978), 70.
24. (Letters, 196).
25. Shippey, Author of the Century 6, 23.
26. Foster, Celebration of Discipline, 79-81.
27. Jonathan Evans in "As Rare as They Are Dire: Old Norse Dragons, Beowulf, and the Deutsche Mythologie", in The Shadow-Walkers, ed. Tom Shippey (Tempe, Ariz.: MRTS, 2005), 207-69.
28. Jonathan Evans, "The Dragon-lore of Middle-earth: Tolkien and Old English and Old Norse Tradition", in J. R. R. Tolkien and His Literary Resonances: Views of Middle-earth, ed. George Clark and Daniel Timmons (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2000), 21-38.
29. Wendell Berry, "Conservation and Local Economy", in Sex, Economy, Freedom and Community: Eight Essays (New York: Pantheon Books, 1992), 4.
30. Wendell Berry, "Farming and the Global Economy", in Another Turn of the Crank: Essays by Wendell Berry (Washington, D. C.: Counterpoint, 1995), 3.
31. Shippey, Author of the Century, 9-11.
32. Foster, Celebration of Discipline, 82.
33. Foster, Celebration of Discipline, 69.
34. Berry, "Conservation and Local Economy", 3.
35. Patrick Curry, Defending Middle-earth: Tolkien, Myth and Modernity (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2004), esp. ch. 4
36. Joseph Pearce, ed., Tolkien: A Celebration (London: HarperCollins, 1999);
37. Pearce, Tolkien: Man and Myth, esp. ch. 6
38. Bradley Birzer, J. R. R. Tolkien's Sanctifying Myth: Understanding Middle-earth (Wilmington, Del.: ISI Books, 2002);
39. and Matthew Dickerson, Following Gandalf: Epic Battles and Moral Victory in The Lord of the Rings (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Brazos Press, 2003), esp. chs. 8-10.
40. ("Evil and the Evil One in Tolkien's Theology", trans. Agnieszka Sylwanowicz, in Proceedings of the J. R. R. Tolkien Centenary Conference, ed. Patricia Reynolds and Glen GoodKnight [Altadena, Calif., and Milton Keynes, England: Tolkien Society and Mythopoeic Press, 1995], 298-301).
41. Steven Bouma-Prediger, "Creation Care and Character: The Nature and Necessity of the Ecological Virtues", Perspectives on Science and Faith: Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation 50, no. 1(1998):6-21.
42. Wendell Berry, "God and Country", in What Are People For? (New York: North Point, 1990), 98, 100.
43. Wendell Berry, "Private Property and the Common Wealth", in Another Turn of the Crank: Essays by Wendell Berry (Washington, D. C.: Counterpoint, 1995), 51-57.
44. In many respects echoing Wendell Berry's "God and Country" in What Are People For? (New York: North Point, 1990)
45. in "What Knowledge Is Required for Responsible Stewardship of Creation", Christian Scholar's Review 32(2003):365-80
46. Jim Ball, "The Use of Ecology in the Evangelical Protestant Response to the Ecological Crisis", Perspectives on Science and Faith: Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation 50, no. 1(1998):32-38.
47. ("A Christians Ecological Responsibility: A Theological Introduction and Challenge", Perspectives on Science and Faith: Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation 45, no. 1 [March 1993]: 2-7).
48. (Letters, 196).
49. Steven Bouma-Prediger, "Creation Care and Character: The Nature and Necessity of the Ecological Virtues", Perspectives on Science and Faith: Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation 50, no. 1(1998):6-21.
50. Lynn White Jr., "The Historical Roots of Our Ecological Crisis", Science 155(March 1967):1205.
51. William Deutsch and Bryan Duncan, "Everyone Lives Downstream", in Creation-Care in Ministry: Down-to-Earth Christianity, ed. W. D. Roberts and P. E. Pretiz (Wynnewood, Pa.: Aerdo, 2000).
52. Richard Foster, Celebration of Discipline (San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1978), 80-82.
53. White, "Historical Roots", 1206.
54. Calvin De Witt, "Seeking to Image the Order and Beauty of God's 'House': A Scriptural Foundation for Creation-care", in Roberts and Pretiz, Creation-Care in Ministry, 9-24.
55. W. Dayton Roberts, "Icons at the Gates of History", in Roberts and Pretiz, Creation-Care in Ministry, 1-3.
56. White, "Historical Roots", 1206.
57. Humphrey Carpenter, The Inklings (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1979), 43-44
58. quoted from Alfred Siewers, "Tolkien's Christian Ecology: The Medieval Underpinnings", in Tolkien's Modern Middle Ages, ed. Jane Chance (forthcoming).
59. White, "Historical Roots", 1203.
60. (MR, 303, 329).
61. (Letters, 286).
62. Fred Van Dyke, "Ecology and the Christian Mind: Christians and the Environment in a New Decade", Perspectives on Science and Faith: Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation 43, no. 3(1991):174-84.
63. Norman Wirzba, "Introduction: Why Agrarianism Matters-Even to Urbanites", in The Essential Agrarian Reader: The Future of Culture, Community, and the Land, ed. Norman Wirzba (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1993), 8-9.
64. Brian Donahue, "The Resettling of America", in Wirzba, The Essential Agrarian Reader, 35.
65. Humphrey Carpenter, Tolkien: A Biography (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1977), 32-33.
66. David W. Orr, "The Uses of Prophecy", in Wirzba, The Essential Agrarian Reader, 172
67. Jacquetta Hawkes, A Land (Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1950), 202.
68. Carpenter, Tolkien, 50, 106.
69. Maurice Telleen, "The Mind-set of Agrarianism⋯ New and Old", in Wirzba, The Essential Agrarian Reader, 56.
70. The Farm and the Village (London: Faber, 1969);
71. Ask the Fellows Who Cut the Hay (London: Faber, 1972);
72. and The Days That We Have Seen (London: Faber, 1974).
73. Carpenter, Tolkien, 20.
74. BBC Radio interview, 1971.
75. Carpenter, Tolkien, 24.
76. J. W. Willis-Bund, The Victorian History of the County of Worcester, vol. 3 (London: Constable, 1913; reprint, Folkstone, Kent: Dawsons, 1971), 238.
77. David Lloyd, A History of Worcestershire (Chichester: Phillimore, 1993), 107.
78. In Defending Middle-earth: Tolkien, Myth and Modernity (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2004)
79. Wendell Berry, The Gift of Good Land: Further Essays Cultural and Agricultural by Wendell Berry (New York: North Point, 1981), ix.
80. John T. Schlebecker, The Many Names of Country People: A Historical Dictionary from the Twelfth Century Onward (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1989).
81. Judith M. Bennett, Ale, Beer, and Brewsters in England: Womens Work in a Changing World, 1300-1600 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).
82. ("The Grand Miracle", Guardian, April, 27, 1945, 161, 165;
83. reprinted in Walter Hooper, ed., God in the Dock [Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1970], 80-88).
84. Matthew Dickerson's Following Gandalf: Epic Battles and Moral Victory in The Lord of the Rings (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Brazos Press, 2003)
85. Carpenter, Tolkien, 230.
86. Wendell Berry, "The Agricultural Crisis as a Crisis of Culture", in The Unsettling of America, 2nd ed. (San Francisco: Sierra Club, 1977), 39-48.
87. (Letters, 151-52).
88. (Letters, 151).
89. Robert Siegel, personal interview, August 28, 2004
90. quoting from The Lord of the Rings (Il/vi).
91. Steven Bouma-Prediger, "Creation Care and Character: The Nature and Necessity of the Ecological Virtues", Perspectives on Science and Faith: Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation 50, no. 1(1998):6-21.
92. Bradley Birzer, J. R. R. Tolkien's Sanctifying Myth: Understanding Middleearth (Wilmington, Del.: ISI Books, 2002), 129.
93. Patrick Curry's Defending Middle-earth: Tolkien, Myth and Modernity (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2004), 413.
94. John Elder, Reading the Mountains of Home (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998), 18.
95. "Ents" in The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment (Routledge, forthcoming).
96. T. A. Shippey, "Creation from Philology in The Lord of the Rings", in J. R. R. Tolkien: Scholar and Storyteller, ed. Mary Salu and Robert T. Farrell (Ithaca, N. Y.: Cornell University Press, 1979), 286-316;
97. Shippey's "Philological Inquiries", in The Road to Middle-earth (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1982)
98. and his J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000).
99. Robert Siegel, personal correspondence, August 28, 2004.
100. (Letters, 50).
101. (Letters, 426).
102. Hugh T. Keenan, "The Appeal of The Lord of the Rings: A Struggle for Life", in Modern Critical Interpretations: The Lord of the Rings, ed. Harold Bloom (Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2000), 3-15.
103. John Elder, Reading the Mountains of Home (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998), 21.
104. Wendell Berry, "Margins", in The Unsettling of America, 2nd ed. (San Francisco: Sierra Club, 1977), 174, 178-79.
105. Arnold van Gennep, Les Rites de Passage (1909)
106. trans. Monika B. Vizedom and Gabrielle I. Caffee as The Rites of Passage (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960).
107. Victor Turner, Blazing the Trail: Way Marks in the Exploration of Symbols, new ed. (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1992), 132; emphasis added.
108. Thomas Pison, "Liminality in The Canterbury Tales", Genre 10(1977):157-71;
109. Sara Higley, "Aldor on Ofre; or, the Reluctant Hart: A Study of Liminality in 'Beowulf, '" Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 87(1986):342-53.
110. Nicole La Rose, "Reading the Information on Martin Amiss London", Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction 46(2005):160-76;
111. Jesse Oak Taylor-Ide, "Ritual and the Liminality of Sherlock Holmes in The Sign of Four and The Hound of the Baskervilles", English Literature in Transition (1880-1920) 48(2005):55-70;
112. Katherine Hyunmi Lee, "The Poetics of Liminality and Misidentification: Winnifred Eaton's Me and Maxine Hong Kingston's The Woman Warrior", Studies in the Literary Imagination 37(2004):17-33;
113. Christine Hoff Kraemer, "Between the Worlds: Liminality and Self-Sacrifice in Princess Mononoke", Journal of Religion and Film (April 8, 2004).
114. Lynne A. Searfoss, "Coordinates of Liminality: Emerson, Fuller, and the Landscape of Empire" (Ph. D. diss., Purdue University, 2002);
115. Michelle M. Wilson, "Liminality and Exile Literature of Latin America's Southern Cone" (Ph. D. diss., Michigan State University, 2003);
116. Kurt Russell Cline, "Legerdemain of God: Shamanic Praxis, Gnostic Speculation and the Poetics of Liminality" (Ph. D. diss., SUNY Binghamton, 2004).
117. Manuel C. Molles Jr., Ecology: Concepts and Applications, 2nd ed. (Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2002), 7.
118. J. Baird Callicott and Michael P. Nelson, eds., The Great New Wilderness Debate (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1998), 121.
119. Mark Woods, "Federal Wilderness Preservation in the United States (1998): The Preservation of Wilderness?" in ibid., 131-53.
120. Oliver Rackham, "Hedgerow Trees: Their History, Conservation, and Renewal", Arboriculture Journal 3(1977):169-77
121. and Hedges and Hedgerow Trees in Britain: A Thousand Years of Agroforestry (London: ODI Agricultural Administration Unit, 1989);
122. M. H. R Ward, "Hedgerow and Farm Timber", Quarterly Journal of Forestry 48(1954):145-46.
123. Christina Ljungberg Stücklin, "Re-enchanting Nature: Some Magic Links between Atwood and Tolkien", in Root and Branch-Approaches Towards Understanding Tolkien, ed. Thomas Honegger (Zurich: Walking Tree, 1999), 151-62.
124. (Wendell Berry, "A Country of Edges", in Recollected Essays 1965-1980 [San Francisco: North Point, 1981], 225).
125. Tom Shippey, J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000), 289-92.
126. Humphrey Carpenter, Tolkien: A Biography (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1977), 73-76;
127. Shippey, Author of the Century, 289.
128. The Art of the Commonplace: The Agrarian Essays of Wendell Berry, ed. Norman Wirzba (Washington, D. C.: Counterpoint, 2002)
129. and The Gift of Good Land: Further Essays Cultural and Agricultural by Wendell Berry (New York North Point, 1981).
130. Foreword to The Gift of Good Land, xi-xii.
131. Carpenter, Tolkien, 195-96.
132. Shippey, Author of the Century, ch. 6.
133. Shippey (Author of the Century, 275-77)
134. Tales from the Perilous Realm (London: HarperCollins, 1998)
135. Shippey, Author of the Century, 8, 275-76.
136. (TL, 84).
137. Shippey, Author of the Century, 116-19.
138. Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987).
139. John Garths account in Tolkien and the Great War (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003).
140. Wendell Berry, "Conservation and Local Economy", in The Art of the Commonplace: The Agrarian Essays of Wendell Berry, ed. Norman Wirzba (Washington, D. C.: Counterpoint, 2002), 195-96.
141. Charles Dickens, Hard Times, ed. Jeff Nunokawa and Gage C. McWeeny (New York: Longman, 2004), 23.
142. Tom Shippey, J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000), 169-70.
143. Norman Wirzba, "Introduction: Why Agrarianism Matters-Even to Urbanites", in The Essential Agrarian Reader: The Future of Culture, Community, and the Land, ed. Norman Wirzba (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1993), 2.
144. David W. Orr, "The Uses of Prophecy", in Wirzba, The Essential Agrarian Reader, 177.
145. Shippey, Author of the Century, 75-76.
146. Wendell Berry, The Gift of Good Land: Further Essays Cultural and Agricultural by Wendell Berry (New York: North Point, 1981), xiv.
147. Kathryn W. Crabbe, "The Quest as Legend: The Lord of the Rings", in Modern Critical Interpretations: The Lord of the Rings, ed. Harold Bloom (Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2000), 156.
148. Shippey, Author of the Century, 6-7.
149. Scott Sanders, introduction to Aldo Leopold, For the Health of the Land: Previously Unpublished Essays and Other Writings, ed. J. Baird Callicott and Eric T. Freyfogle (Washington, D. C.: Island Press, 1999), xvi.
150. Orr, "The Uses of Prophecy", 179.
151. Sanders, introduction, xv.
152. Aldo Leopold, "Do We Want a Woodless Countryside?" in For the Health of the Land, 95.
153. Norman Wirzba, "Introduction: Why Agrarianism Matters-Even to Urbanites", in The Essential Agrarian Reader: The Future of Culture, Community, and the Land, ed. Norman Wirzba (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1993), 8.
154. Matthew Dickerson, Following Gandalf: Epic Battles and Moral Victory in The Lord of the Rings (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Brazos Press, 2003).
155. Maurice Telleen, "The Mind-set of Agrarianism⋯ New and Old", in Wirzba, The Essential Agrarian Reader, 53.
156. Aldo Leopold, For the Health of the Land: Previously Unpublished Essays and Other Writings, ed. J. Baird Callicott and Eric T. Freyfogle (Washington, D. C.: Island Press, 1999), 166.
157. Wirzba, "Introduction: Why Agrarianism Matters", 8.
158. Paul E. Lutz, "Interrelatedness: Ecological Pattern of the Creation", in Cry of the Environment: Rebuilding the Christian Creation Tradition, ed. Philip N. Joranson and Ken Butigan (Santa Fe, N. M.: Bear and Company, 1984), 254.
159. Tom Shippey, J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000), 68.
160. Judith Kollmann, "Elisions and Ellipses: Council and Counsel in Tolkien's and Jackson's The Lord of the Rings", presented at Mythcon 35, Ann Arbor, Mich., July 30-August 2, 2004.
161. Maurice Telleen, "The Mind-set of Agrarianism⋯ New and Old", in The Essential Agrarian Reader: The Future of Culture, Community, and the Land, ed. Norman Wirzba (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1993), 55.
162. Scott Sanders, introduction to Aldo Leopold, For the Health of the Land: Previously Unpublished Essays and Other Writings, ed. J. Baird Callicott and Eric T. Freyfogle (Washington, D. C.: Island Press, 1999), xviii.
163. What Are People For? (New York: North Point, 1990), 7-13
164. The Long-Legged House (New York: Harcourt, 1969; reprint, Washington, D. C.: Shoemaker and Hoard, 2004), 108-69.
165. Steven R. Covey, The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People (New York: Free Press, 1990);
166. Steven Bouma-Prediger, "Creation Care and Character: The Nature and Necessity of the Ecological Virtues", Perspectives on Science and Faith: Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation 50, no. 1(March 1998):7.
167. Aldo Leopold, "The Farmer as Conservationist", in For the Health of the Land, 164.
168. (Letters, 445)
169. Philip Sherrard, The Rape of Man and Nature (Ipswich, England: Golgonooza Press, 1987), 90.
170. (The Rape of Man and Nature, 90).
171. Wirzba, Essential Agrarian Reader, 8.
172. Sanders, introduction, xix.
173. ("Earth in Mind", http://www.stolaf.edu/academics/pbk/speeches/ james-farrell.html).
174. Laurie Goodstein, "Evangelical Leaders Join Global Warming Initiative", New York Times, February 8, 2006.
175. Wendell Berry, "God and Country", in What Are People For? (New York: North Point, 1990), 95-102.
176. Wendell Berry, "The Pleasure of Eating", in ibid., 145.
177. Barbara Kingsolver, Small Wonder: Essays (New York: HarperCollins, 2002), 114.
178. introduction to The More-with-Less Cookbook by Doris Janzen Longacre (Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press, 1976)
179. Berry, "The Pleasures of Eating", 152.
180. Dan Stahler, personal interview, Yellowstone National Park, August 3, 2005.