Terror by quota: State security from Lenin to Stalin (an archival study)

Terror by Quota: State Security from Lenin to Stalin (an Archival Study)

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 1-346

  Gregory, Paul R ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON   (United States)

^b STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84903049993     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

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160. Kokurin and Petrov, Lubianka, p. 571.
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162. R. W. Davies and Stephen Wheatcroft, The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture, 1931-1933 (Houndmills: Palgrave, 2004), p. 176.
163. Wheatcroft, "Agency and Terror, " p. 31.
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177. Vatlin, Terror raionnogo masshtaba, pp. 84-98.
178. V. N. Khaustov, V. P. Naumov, and N. S. Plotnikova, eds., Lubianka: Stalin i NKVD-NKGB-GUKR "Smersh, " 1939-mart 1946 (Moscow: Fond Demokratiia, 2006), p. 114.
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181. George Leggett, The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police (Oxford: Clarendon, 1981), p. 201.
182. Shreider, NKVD iznutri, p. 63.
183. Oleg Mozokhin, Pravo na repressii: Vnesudebnye polnomochiia organov gosudarstvennoi bezopasnosti (1918-1953) (Moscow: Kuchkovo pole, 2006), p. 469.
184. Gregory, The Political Economy of Stalinism, chap. 3.
185. Wheatcroft, "Agency and Terror, " p. 37.
186. Zhukovskii, Lubianskaia imperiia NKVD, p. 43.
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191. Khaustov, Naumov, and Plotnikova, Lubianka: Stalin i NKVD-NKGBGUKR "Smersh, " p. 13.
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195. Shreider, NKVD iznutri, p. 82.
196. Petrov, Karatel'naia sistema, p. 256.
197. Lars Lih, Oleg Naumov, and Oleg Khlevniuk, eds., Stalin's Letters to Molotov, 1925-1936 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995), p. 50.
198. Paul Gregory, The Political Economy of Stalinism (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004), chap. 4.
199. Moshe Lewin, The Soviet Century (London: Verso, 2005), pp. 3538.
200. Iu N. Bogdanov, Strogo sekretno: 30 let v OGPU-NKVD-MVD (Moscow: Veche, 2002), p. 83.
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393. David Shearer, "Elements Near and Alien: Passportization, Policing, and Identity in the Stalinist State, 1932-1952, " Journal of Modern History, 76 (December 2004), p. 846.
394. Khaustov, Naumov, and Plotnikova, Lubianka: Stalin i NKVD-NKGBGUKR "Smersh, " p. 312 (emphasis added).
395. Jörg Baberowski, Der Rote Terror: Die Geschichte des Stalinismus (Munich: DVA, 2003), pp. 174-175.
396. Simon Sebag Montefiore, Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar (London: Phoenix, 2004), p. 194.
397. Ivnitskii, Tragediia sovetskoi derevni, 2:223.
398. Vert and Mironenko, Massovye repressii v SSSR, p. 327.
399. Viola, "The Role of the OGPU in Dekulakization, Mass Deportations, and Special Resettlement in 1930, " p. 34.
400. Gregory, The Political Economy of Stalinism, pp. 93-106.
401. Iunge and Binner, Kak terror stal "bol'shim, " pp. 156-163.
402. Golfo Alexopoulos, Stalin's Outcasts: Aliens, Citizens, and the Soviet State, 1926-1936 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003), p. 166.
403. Leibovich, "Vkliuchen v operatsiiu", p. 7.
404. Khaustov, Naumov, and Plotnikova, eds., Lubianka: Stalin i glavnoe upravlenie gosbezopasnosti NKVD 1937-1938, p. 207.
405. Baberowski, Der Rote Terror: Die Geschichte des Stalinismus, pp. 175-177.
406. O. V. Khlevniuk, Politbiuro: Mekhanizmy politicheskoi vlasti v 1930-e gody (Moscow: Rosspen, 1996), p. 232.
407. Iu. A Poliakov (general editor), Naselenie Rossii v XX veke: Istoricheskie ocherki, vol. 2: 1940-1959 (Moscow: Rosspen: 2001), table 14.
408. Mark Harrison, ed., Guns and Rubles: The Defense Industry in the Stalinist State (New Haven: Yale University Press, forthcoming), chap. 1.
409. V. S. Khristoforov et al., eds., "Sovershenno sekretno": Lubianka-Stalinu o polozhenii v strane (1922-1934), vol. 5 (Moscow: Institut Rossiiskoi istorii RAN, 2003), p. 413.
410. Iury Brodskii, Solovki: Dvadtsat' let osobogo naznacheniia (Moscow: Rosspen, 2002), p. 472.
411. Khlevniuk, Master of the House, chap. 4.
412. Robert Service, Stalin: A Biography (London: Macmillan, 2005), pp. 414-415.
413. O. L. Leibovich, ed., "Vkliuchen v operatsiiu": Massovyi terror v Prikam'e 1937-38 gg. (Perm: Permskii Gosudarstvennyi Tekhnicheskii Universitet, 2006), p. 255.
414. N. Vert and S. V. Mironenko, eds., Massovye repressii v SSSR, Istoriia Stalinskogo Gulaga, ed. V. P. Kozlov, vol. 1 (Moscow: Rosspen, 2004), pp. 147-148.
415. A. I. Kokurin and N. V. Petrov, eds., Lubianka: Organy VChK-OGPU-NKGB-MGB-MVD-KGB, 1917-1991: Spravochnik (Moscow: Fond Demokratiia, 2003), pp. 413-414.
416. N. V. Khaustov, V. P. Naumov, and N. S. Plotnikova, eds., Lubianka: Stalin i VChK-GPU-OGPU-NKVD, ianvar' 1922-dekabr' 1936 (Moscow: Fond Demokratiia, 2003), p. 8.
417. O. I. Cherdakov, Formirovanie pravookhranitel'noi sistemy sovetskogo go-sudarstva v 1917-1936 gg. (Saratov: Izdatel'stvo Saratovskogo Universiteta, 2001), pp. 39-41.
418. O. B. Mozokhin, "Polnomochie na repressii (1918-1953), " www.fsb.ru, February 22, 2005.
419. N. A. Ivnitskii, Sud'ba raskulachennykh v SSSR (Moscow: Sobranie, 2004), p. 18.
420. David Shearer, "Social Disorder, Mass Repression, and the NKVD During the 1930's, " Cahiers du Monde Russe, 42, nos. 2-4 (April-December 2001), pp. 519-521.
421. Paul Gregory, Lenin's Brain and Other Tales from the Secret Soviet Archives (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 2007), pp. 73-76.
422. David Shearer, Policing Stalin's Socialism: Social Order and Mass Repression in the Soviet Union, 1928-1953 (forthcoming), chap. 11.
423. Oleg Khlevniuk, Politbiuro: Mekhanizmy politicheskoi vlasti (Moscow: Rosspen, 1996), p. 142.
424. Peter Solomon, Soviet Criminologists and Criminal Policy (New York: Columbia, 1978), p. 396.
425. Anne Applebaum, Gulag: A History (New York: Doubleday, 2003), p. 140.
426. Robert Conquest, The Great Terror: A Reassessment (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1968), pp. 130-131.
427. Lynne Viola, "The Role of the OGPU in Dekulakization, Mass Deportations, and Special Resettlement in 1930, " Carl Beck Papers, no. 1406 (January 2000), p. 63.
428. Vladimir Nekrasov, Trinadtsat' "zheleznykh" narkomov: Istoriia NKVDMVD ot A. I. Rykova do N. A. Shchelkova, 1917-1982 (Moscow: Versty, 1995), p. 122.
429. A. Iu. Vatlin, Terror raionnogo masshtaba (Moscow: Rosspen, 2004), p. 31.
430. Leibovich, "Vkliuchen v operatsiiu, " pp. 44-45.
431. Boris Bazhanov, Bazhanov and the Damnation of Stalin, trans. David Doyle (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1990), p. 76.
432. Khlevniuk, Politbiuro, pp. 206-208.
433. Jörg Baberowski, Der Rote Terror: Die Geschichte des Stalinismus (Munich: DVA, 2003), p. 91.
434. Valerii Vasiliev, "The Great Terror in the Ukraine, 1936-1938, " in Stalin's Terror Revisited, ed. Melanie Ilic (Houndmills: Palgrave, 2006), pp. 140-162.
435. Khlevniuk, Politbiuro, p. 209.
436. Vert and Mironenko, Massovye repressii v SSSR, p. 269.
437. Kokurin and Petrov, Lubianka, p. 566.
438. Marc Jansen and Nikita Petrov, Stalin's Loyal Executioner: People's Commissar Nikolai Yezhov, 1895-1940 (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 2002), p. 144.
439. Vert and Mironenko, Massovye repressii v SSSR, pp. 305-308.
440. Kokurin and Petrov, Lubianka, p. 646.
441. Vert and Mironenko, Massovye repressii v SSSR, p. 629.
442. Khlevniuk, Politbiuro, p. 214.
443. Vert and Mironenko, Massovye repressii v SSSR, pp. 312-313.
444. A. V. Bol'shakova (general editor), 1936-1937 gg., Konveier NKVD: Iz khronika "bol'shogo terrora" na tomskom zemle: Sbornik dokumentov i materialov (Tomsk: Volodei, 2004), p. 359.
445. Jansen and Petrov, Stalin's Loyal Executioner, p. 109.
446. Vert and Mironenko, Massovye repressii v SSSR, p. 75.
447. V. S. Zhukovskii, Lubianskaia imperiia NKVD 1937-1938 (Moscow: Veche, 2001), p. 65.
448. Shearer, Policing Stalin's Socialism, chap. 11.
449. Mark Iunge and Rol'f Binner, Kak terror stal "bol'shim" (Moscow: AIROXX, 2003), p. 142.
450. Iu. N. Bogdanov, Strogo sekretno: 30 let v OGPU-NKVD-MVD (Moscow: Veche, 2002), p. 124.
451. O. L. Leibovich, ed., "Vkliuchen v operatsiiu": Massovyi terror v Prikam'e 1937-38 gg. (Perm: Permskii Gosudarstvennyi Tekhnicheskii Universitet, 2006), pp. 18, 19, 22, 28, 39, 43, 52.
452. Mark Jansen and Nikita Petrov, Stalin's Loyal Executioner: Peoples' Commissar Nikolai Yezhov (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 2002), p. 109.
453. A. V. Bol'shakova (general editor), 1936-1937 gg., Konveier NKVD: Iz khronika "bol'shogo terrora" na tomskom zemle: Sbornik dokumentov i materialov (Tomsk: Volodei, 2004), p. 359.
454. Valerii Vasiliev, "The Great Terror in the Ukraine, 1936-1938, " in Stalin's Terror Revisited, ed. Melanie Ilic (Houndmills: Palgrave, 2006), pp. 140-162.
455. David Shearer, Policing Stalin's Socialism: Social Order and Mass Repression in the Soviet Union, 1928-1953 (forthcoming), chap. 11.
456. Jansen and Petrov, Stalin's Loyal Executioner, p. 83.
457. V. S. Zhukovskii, Lubianskaia imperiia NKVD 1937-1938 (Moscow: Veche, 2001), p. 56.
458. Shearer, Policing Stalin's Socialism, chap. 11.
459. Vasiliev, "The Great Terror in the Ukraine, " pp. 140-162.
460. Iunge and Binner, Kak terror stal "bol'shim, " chap. 3.
461. Bogdanov, Strogo sekretno, p. 123.
462. N. Vert and S. V. Mironenko, eds., Massovye repressii v SSSR, Istoriia Stalinskogo Gulaga, ed. V. P. Kozlov, vol. 1 (Moscow: Rosspen, 2004), p. 272.
463. Jansen and Petrov, Stalin's Loyal Executioner, p. 92.
464. Shearer, Policing Stalin's Socialism, chap. 11.
465. Jansen and Petrov, Stalin's Loyal Executioner, p. 113.
466. D. A. Bystroletov, Pir bessmertnykh (Moscow: Granitsa, 1993), p. 68.
467. Bogdanov, Strogo sekretno, p. 148.
468. Bystroletov, Pir bessmertnykh, pp. 68-69.
469. Vert and Mironenko, Massovye repressii v SSSR, pp. 302-303.
470. Vasiliev, "The Great Terror in the Ukraine, " pp. 148-150.
471. N. V. Khaustov, V. P. Naumov, and N. S. Plotnikova, eds., Lubianka: Stalin i VChK-GPU-OGPU-NKVD, ianvar' 1922-dekabr' 1936 (Moscow: Fond Demokratiia, 2003), pp. 764-765.
472. Iunge and Binner, Kak terror stal "bol'shim, " p. 217.
473. Jansen and Petrov, Stalin's Loyal Executioner, pp. 90-91.
474. Leibovich, "Vkliuchen v operatsiiu, " pp. 45-56.
475. V. Petrov and K. V. Skorkin, Kto rukovodil NKVD, 1934-1941 (Moscow: Zvenia, 1999), pp. 450-451.
476. Petrov and Skorkin, Kto rukovodil NKVD, pp. 495, 499.
477. Oleg Khlevniuk, Master of the House: Stalin and His Inner Circle (New Haven: Yale University Press, forthcoming)
478. Khlevniuk, Stalin's Party Secretaries (forthcoming).
479. Jörg Baberowski, Der Rote Terror: Die Geschichte des Stalinismus (Munich: DVA, 2003), p. 157.
480. Baberowksi, Der Rote Terror, pp. 166-171.
481. James Harris, The Great Urals: Regionalism and the Evolution of the Soviet System (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999); pp. 162-163.
482. Baberowski, Der Rote Terror, p. 166.
483. Iunge and Binner, Kak terror stal "bol'shim, " p. 226.
484. V. V. Denisov et al., TsK VKP(b) i regional'nye partiinye komitety 1945-1953 (Moscow: Rosspen, 2004), p. 8.
485. Jansen and Petrov, Stalin's Loyal Executioner, p. 149.
486. Leibovich, "Vkliuchen v operatsiiu", chap. 6.
487. Khaustov, Naumov, and Plotnikova, Lubianka: Stalin i glavnoe upravlenie gosbezopasnosti NKVD, p. 757.
488. Janson and Petrov, Stalin's Loyal Executioner, p. 189.
489. Oleg Khlevniuk, Paul Gregory, and Aleksandr Vatlin, eds., Stenogrammy Zasedaniia Politbiuro TsK VKP(b), 1923-1938, 3 vols. (Moscow: Rosspen, 2007), 3:696 (emphasis added).
490. Casey Mulligan, Richard Gil, and Xavier Sala-i-Martin, "Do Democracies Have Different Public Policy than Nondemocracies?" Journal of Economic Perspectives, 18, no. 1 (Winter 2004), pp. 51-74.
491. Boris Bazhanov, Bazhanov and the Damnation of Stalin, trans. David Doyle (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1990), p. 106.
492. Paul Gregory, The Political Economy of Stalinism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), chap. 1.
493. Gregory, The Political Economy of Stalinism, chap. 3.
494. Jörg Baberowski, Der Rote Terror: Die Geschichte des Stalinismus (Munich: DVA, 2003), pp. 170-171.
495. Vladimir Nekrasov, Trinadtsat' "zheleznykh" narkomov: Istoriia NKVDMVD ot A. I. Rykova do N. A. Shchelkova, 1917-1982 (Moscow: Versty, 1995), p. 80.
496. Ronald Wintrobe, The Political Economy of Dictatorship (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
497. V. C. Zhukovskii, Lubianskaia imperiia NKVD, 1937-1939 (Moscow: Veche, 2001), p. 335.
498. David Shearer, Policing Stalin's Socialism: Social Order and Mass Repression in the Soviet Union, 1928-1953 (forthcoming), chap. 11.
499. O. I. Cherdakov, Formirovanie pravookhranitel'noi sistemy sovetskogo gosudarstva v 1917-1936 gg. (Saratov: Izdatel'stvo Saratovskogo Universiteta, 2001), p. 43.
500. Oleg Mozokhin, Pravo na repressii: Vnesudebnye polnomochiia organov gosudarstvennoi bezopasnosti (1918-1953) (Moscow: Kuchkovo pole, 2006), pp. 336-367, 405.
501. N. Bogdanov, Strogo sekretno: 30 let v OGPU-NKVD-MVD (Moscow: Veche, 2002), p. 136.
502. O. L. Leibovich, ed., "Vkliuchen v operatsiiu": Massovyi terror v Prikam'e 1937-38 gg. (Perm: Permskii Gosudarstvennyi Tekhnicheskii Universitet, 2006), p. 27.
503. Amir Weiner, "Freedom and Terror in the Donbas: A Ukrainian-Russian Borderland, 1870s-1990s, " Russian Review, 59, no. 2 (April 2000), pp. 304-306.
504. Robert Conquest, The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), pp. 322-330.
505. R. W. Davies and Stephen Wheatcroft, The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture, 1931-1933 (Houndmills: Palgrave, 2004), pp. 440-441.
506. F. Chuev, Tak govoril Kaganovich (Moscow: Otechestvo, 1992), p. 133.
507. Sergei Khrushchev, ed., Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev, vol. 2: Reformer (Providence: Brown University Press, 2006), p. 212.
508. V. Naumov and Iu. Sigachev, eds., Lavrenty Beriia 1953: Stenogramma iul'skogo plenuma TsK KPSS i drugie dokumenty (Moscow: Fond Demokratiia, 1999), p. 11.
509. A. I. Kokurin and N. V. Petrov, eds., Lubianka. Organy VChK-OGPU-NKGB-MGB-MVD-KGB: Spravochnik dokumentov (Moscow: Fond Demokratiia, 2003), p. 571.
510. Valerii Vasiliev, "The Great Terror in the Ukraine, 1936-1938, " in Stalin's Terror Revisited, ed. Melanie Ilic (Houndmills: Palgrave, 2006), pp. 140-162.
511. V. P. Shantsev (general editor), Butovskii Polygon, v rodnom kraiu: Dokumenty, svidetel'stva, sud'by (Moscow: Postoiannaia mezhvedomstvennaia komissia pravitel'stva Moskvy po vosstanovleniiu prav reabilitirovannykh zhertv politicheskoi repressii, 2004), p. 37.
512. Gregory, Political Economy of Stalinism, p. 17.
513. A. Larina, Nezabyvaemoe (Moscow: Znamia, 1989), p. 66).
514. V. N. Khaustov, V. P. Naumov, and N. S. Plotnikova, eds., Lubianka: Stalin i glavnoe upravlenie gosbezopasnosti NKVD 1937-1938 (Moscow: Fond Demokratiia, 2004), p. 415.
515. George Leggett, The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police (Oxford: Clarendon, 1981), pp. 63, 168.
516. Shantsev, Butovskii Polygon, pp. 85-88.
517. Mark Jansen and Nikita Petrov, Stalin's Loyal Executioner: Peoples' Commissar Nikolai Yezhov (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 2002), p. 110.
518. Amy Knight, Beria: Stalin's First Lieutenant (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993).
519. Nekrasov, Trinadtsat' "zheleznykh" narkomov, p. 221.
520. Kokurin and Petrov, Lubianka, pp. 14-180.
521. N. V. Khaustov, V. P. Naumov, and N. S. Plotnikova, eds., Lubianka: Stalin i VChK-GPU-OGPU-NKVD, ianvar' 1922-dekabr' 1936 (Moscow: Fond Demokratiia, 2003), p. 5.
522. Ronald Hingley, The Russian Secret Police: Muscovite, Imperial Russian and Soviet Political Security Operations, 1565-1970 (London: Hutchinson, 1970), pp. 160-167.
523. Oleg Khlevniuk, Politbiuro: Mekhanizmy vlasti v 1930-e gody (Moscow: Rosspen, 1996), p. 291.
524. O. L. Leibovich, ed., "Vkliuchen v operatsiiu": Massovyi terror v Prikam'e 1937-38 gg. (Perm: Permskii Gosudarstvennyi Tekhnicheskii Universitet, 2006), p. 54.
525. O. B. Mozokhin, "Vreditel'stvo v narodnom khozaistve, " www.fsb.ru, released February 19, 2005.
526. R. Medvedev and Zh. Medvedev, Neizvestnyi Stalin (Moscow: Folio, 2001), p. 144.