Introduction to geopolymers

Geopolymers: Structures, Processing, Properties and Industrial Applications

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 1-11

  Provis, J L ^a   Van Deventer, J S J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

INORGANIC POLYMERS; SLAGS;

ALKALI ACTIVATED SLAGS; ALUMINOSILICATE GEOPOLYMERS; GEOPOLYMER; HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT;

GEOPOLYMERS;

EID: 84903042675     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1533/9781845696382.1     Document Type: Chapter

References (70)

1. Alonso S., Palomo A. Calorimetric study of alkaline activation of calcium hydroxide-metakaolin solid mixtures. Cement and Concrete Research 2001, 31:25-30. doi:10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00435-X.
2. Barbosa V.F.F., Mackenzie K.J.D. Synthesis and thermal behaviour of potassium sialate geopolymers. Materials Letters 2003, 57:1477-1482. doi:10.1016/S0167- 577X(02)01009-1.
3. Barbosa V.F.F., Mackenzie K.J.D., Thaumaturgo C. Synthesis and characterisation of materials based on inorganic polymers of alumina and silica: sodium polysialate polymers. International Journal of Inorganic Materials 2000, 2:309-317. doi:10.1016/S1466-6049(00)00041-6.
4. Barsoum M.W., Ganguly A., Hug G. Microstructural evidence of reconstituted limestone blocks in the Great Pyramids of Egypt. Journal of the American Ceramic Society 2006, 89:3788-3796. doi:10.1111/j.1551-2916.2006.01308.x.
5. Bell J.L., Gordon M., Kriven W.M. Use of geopolymeric cements as a refractory adhesive for metal and ceramic joins. Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings 2005, 26:407-413.
6. Bell J.L., Sarin P., Provis J.L., Haggerty R.P., Driemeyer P.E., Chupas P.J., Van Deventer J.S.J., Kriven W.M. Atomic structure of a cesium aluminosilicate geopolymer: A pair distribution function study. Chemistry of Materials 2008, 20:4768-4776. doi 10.1021/cm703369s.
7. Bouzoubaâ N., Zhang M.H., Malhotra V.M., Golden D.M. Blended fly ash cements - A review. ACI Materials Journal 1999, 96:641-650.
8. Buchwald A. What are geopolymers? Current state of research and technology, the opportunities they offer, and their significance for the precast industry. Betonwerk + Fertigteil-Technik 2006, 72:42-49.
9. Buchwald A., Kaps C., Hohmann M. Alkali-activated binders and pozzolan cement binders - Complete binder reaction or two sides of the same story? 2003, 1238-1246. Durban.
10. Comrie D.C., Kriven W.M. Composite cold ceramic geopolymer in a refractory application. Ceramic Transactions 2003, 153:211-225.
11. Davidovits J. The need to create a new technical language for the transfer of basic scientific information. Transfer and Exploitation of Scientific and Technical Information, EUR 7716 1982, Commission of the European Communities, Luxembourg.
12. Davidovits J. Mineral polymers and methods of making them 1982, U.S. Patent 4,349,386.
13. Davidovits J. Synthetic mineral polymer compound of the silicoaluminates family and preparation process 1984, U.S. Patent 4,472,199.
14. Davidovits J. Geopolymers - Inorganic polymeric new materials. Journal of Thermal Analysis 1991, 37:1633-1656. doi:10.1007/BF01912193.
15. Davidovits J. Geopolymer, Green Chemistry and Sustainable Development Solutions: Proceedings of World Congress Geopolymer 2005 2005, Saint-Quentin, France.
16. Davidovits J. Geopolymer Chemistry and Applications 2008, Saint-Quentin, France, Institut Géopolymère.
17. Davidovits J., Davidovits F. The Pyramids: An Enigma Solved. 2001, Saint-Quentin, France, Éditions J. Davidovits. 2nd Revised Ed.
18. Davidovits J., Orlinski J. 1988, Compeigne.
19. Davidovits J., Davidovits R., James C. 1999, Saint-Quentin.
20. Diamond S. Particle morphologies in fly ash. Cement and Concrete Research 1986, 16:569-579. doi:10.1016/0008-8846(86)90095-5.
21. Duxson P., Lukey G.C., Separovic F., Van Deventer J.S.J. The effect of alkali cations on aluminum incorporation in geopolymeric gels. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 2005, 44:832-839. doi:10.1021/ie0494216.
22. Duxson P., Provis J.L., Lukey G.C., Van Deventer J.S.J. The role of inorganic polymer technology in the development of 'Green concrete. Cement and Concrete Research 2007, 37:1590-1597. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.08.018.
23. Duxson P., Fernández-Jiménez A., Provis J.L., Lukey G.C., Palomo A., Van Deventer J.S.J. Geopolymer technology: The current state of the art. Journal of Materials Science 2007, 42:2917-2933. doi:10.1007/s10853-006-0637-z.
24. Fernández-Jiménez A., Palomo A. Characterisation of fly ashes. Potential reactivity as alkaline cements. Fuel 2003, 82:2259-2265. doi:10.1016/S0016- 2361(03)00194-7.
25. Giancaspro J., Balaguru P.N., Lyon R.E. Use of inorganic polymer to improve the fire response of balsa sandwich structures. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 2006, 18:390-397. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2006)18:3(390).
26. Granizo M.L., Blanco M.T. Alkaline activation of metakaolin - An isothermal conduction calorimetry study. Journal of Thermal Analysis 1998, 52:957-965. doi:10.1023/A:1010176321136.
27. Hardjito D., Wallah S.E., Sumajouw D.M.J., Rangan B.V. On the development of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete. ACI Materials Journal 2004, 101:467-472.
28. Kaps C., Buchwald A. Property controlling influences on the generation of geopolymeric binders based on clay. Geopolymers 2002. Turn Potential into Profit 2002, Melbourne, CD-ROM Proceedings. G.C. Lukey (Ed.).
29. Kriven W.M., Bell J.L., Gordon M. Geopolymer refractories for the glass manufacturing industry. Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings 2004, 25:57-79.
30. Krivenko P.V. Alkaline cements 1994, 11-129. P.V. Krivenko (Ed.).
31. Krivenko P.V. Alkaline cements: From research to application. Geopolymers 2002. Turn Potential into Profit 2002, CD-ROM Proceedings, Melbourne, Australia. G.C. Lukey (Ed.).
32. Krivenko P.V., Kovalchuk G.Y. Heat-resistant fly ash based geocements. Geopolymers 2002. Turn Potential into Profit 2002, CD-ROM Proceedings, Melbourne, Australia. G.C. Lukey (Ed.).
33. Krivenko P.V., Kovalchuk G.Y. Directed synthesis of alkaline aluminosilicate minerals in a geocement matrix. Journal of Materials Science 2007, 42:2944-2952. doi10.1007/s10853-006-0528-3.
34. Lee W.K.W., Van Deventer J.S.J. The effect of ionic contaminants on the early-age properties of alkali-activated fly ash-based cements. Cement and Concrete Research 2002, 32:577-584. doi:10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00724-4.
35. Lloyd R.R. PhD Thesis, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 2008, University of Melbourne, Australia.
36. Lukey G.C. Proceedings of Geopolymers 2002 - Turn Potential into Profit 2002, Melbourne, Australia.
37. Lyon R.E., Balaguru P.N., Foden A., Sorathia U., Davidovits J., Davidovics M. Fire-resistant aluminosilicate composites. Fire and Materials 1997, 21:67-73. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1018(199703)21:2<67::AID-FAM596>3.0.CO;2-N.
38. Mackenzie K.J.D. What are these things called geopolymers? A physico-chemical perspective. Ceramic Transactions 2003, 153:175-186.
39. Malone P.G., Randall C.J., Kirkpatrick T. Potential applications of alkaliactivated aluminosilicate binders in military operations 1985, GL-85-15, Geotechnical Laboratory Department of the Army, Washington DC.
40. Manz O.E. Coal fly ash: a retrospective and future look. Fuel 1999, 78:133-136. doi:10.1016/S0016-2361(98)00148-3.
41. Palomo A., Glasser F.P. Chemically-bonded cementitious materials based on metakaolin. British Ceramic Transactions and Journal 1992, 91:107-112.
42. Palomo A., Grutzeck M.W., Blanco M.T. Alkali-activated fly ashes - A cement for the future. Cement and Concrete Research 1999, 29:1323-1329. doi:10.1016/ S0008-8846(98)00243-9.
43. Palomo A., Blanco-Varela M.T., Granizo M.L., Puertas F., Vazquez T., Grutzeck M.W. Chemical stability of cementitious materials based on metakaolin. Cement and Concrete Research 1999, 29:997-1004. doi:10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00074-5.
44. Palomo A., Alonso S., FernáNdez-JiméNez A., Sobrados I., Sanz J. Alkaline activation of fly ashes: NMR study of the reaction products. Journal of the American Ceramic Society 2004, 87:1141-1145. doi:10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.01141.x.
45. Perera D.S., Aly Z., Vance E.R., Mizumo M. Immobilization of Pb in a geopolymer matrix. Journal of the American Ceramic Society 2005, 88:2586-2588. doi:10.1111/j.1551-2916.2005.00438.x.
46. Provis J.L., Lukey G.C., Van Deventer J.S.J. Do geopolymers actually contain nanocrystalline zeolites? - A re-examination of existing results. Chemistry of Materials 2005, 17:3075-3085. doi:10.1021/cm050230i.
47. Purdon A.O. The action of alkalis on blast-furnace slag. Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry - Transactions and Communications 1940, 59:191-202.
48. Rahier H., Van Mele B., Biesemans M., Wastiels J., Wu X. Low-temperature synthesized aluminosilicate glasses. 1. Low-temperature reaction stoichiometry and structure of a model compound. Journal of Materials Science 1996, 31:71-79. doi:10.1007/ BF00355128.
49. Rahier H., Van Mele B., Wastiels J. Low-temperature synthesized aluminosilicate glasses. 2. Rheological transformations during low-temperature cure and high-temperature properties of a model compound. Journal of Materials Science 1996, 31:80-85. doi:10.1007/BF00355129.
50. Rahier H., Simons W., Van Mele B., Biesemans M. Low-temperature synthesized aluminosilicate glasses. 3. Influence of the composition of the silicate solution on production, structure and properties. Journal of Materials Science 1997, 32:2237-2247. doi:10.1023/A:1018563914630.
51. Rees C.A., Provis J.L., Lukey G.C., Van Deventer J.S.J. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared analysis of fly ash geopolymer gel ageing. Langmuir 2007, 23:8170-8179. doi:10.1021/la700713g.
52. Richardson I.G., Brough A.R., Groves G.W., Dobson C.M. The characterization of hardened alkali-activated blast-furnace slag pastes and the nature of the calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) paste. Cement and Concrete Research 1994, 24:813-829. doi:10.1016/0008-8846(94)90002-7.
53. Rostami H., Brendley W. Alkali ash material: A novel fly ash-based cement. Environmental Science and Technology 2003, 37:3454-3457. doi:10.1021/es026317b.
54. Rowles M.R., Hanna J.V., Pike K.J., Smith M.E., O'Connor B.H. 29Si, 27Al, 1H and 23Na MAS NMR study of the bonding character in aluminosilicate inorganic polymers. Applied Magnetic Resonance 2007, 32:663-689. doi:10.1007/ s00723-007-0043-y.
55. Roy D. Alkali-activated cements - Opportunities and challenges. Cement and Concrete Research 1999, 29:249-254. doi:10.1016/S0008-8846(98)00093-3.
56. Shi C., Krivenko P.V., Roy D.M. Alkali-Activated Cements and Concretes 2006, Abingdon, UK, Taylor and Francis.
57. Singh P.S., Bastow T., Trigg M. Structural studies of geopolymers by 29Si and 27Al MAS-NMR. Journal of Materials Science 2005, 40:3951-3961. doi:10.1007/ s10853-005-1915-x.
58. Steveson M., Sagoe-Crentsil K. Relationships between composition, structure and strength of inorganic polymers. Part I - Metakaolin-derived inorganic polymers. Journal of Materials Science 2005, 40:2023-2036. doi:10.1007/s10853-005- 1226-2.
59. Subaer, Van Riessen A. Thermo-mechanical and microstructural characterisation of sodium-poly(sialate-siloxo) (Na-PSS) geopolymers. Journal of Materials Science 2007, 42:3117-3123. doi:10.1007/s10853-006-0522-9.
60. Swanepoel J.C., Strydom C.A. Utilisation of fly ash in a geopolymeric material. Applied Geochemistry 2002, 17:1143-1148. doi:10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00005-7.
61. Talling B. Geopolymers give fire safety to cruise ships. Geopolymers 2002. Turn Potential into Profit 2002, CD-ROM Proceedings, Melbourne, Australia. G.C. Lukey (Ed.).
62. Van Deventer J.S.J., Provis J.L., Duxson P., Lukey G.C. Reaction mechanisms in the geopolymeric conversion of inorganic waste to useful products. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2007, A139:506-513. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.02.044.
63. Van Jaarsveld J.G.S. PhD Thesis, Department of Chemical Engineering 2000, University of Melbourne, Australia.
64. Van Jaarsveld J.G.S., Van Deventer J.S.J., Lorenzen L. The potential use of geopolymeric materials to immobilise toxic metals. 1. Theory and applications. Minerals Engineering 1997, 10:659-669. doi:10.1016/S0892-6875(97)00046-0.
65. Van Jaarsveld J.G.S., Van Deventer J.S.J., Lorenzen L. Factors affecting the immobilization of metals in geopolymerized flyash. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B - Process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science 1998, 29:283-291. doi:10.1007/s11663-998-0032-z.
66. Wang S.D., Scrivener K.L. Hydration products of alkali-activated slag cement. Cement and Concrete Research 1995, 25:561-571. doi:10.1016/0008-8846(95)00045-E.
67. Wastiels J., Wu X., Faignet S., Patfoort G. Mineral polymer based on fly ash 1993, 8.
68. Yip C.K., Van Deventer J.S.J. Microanalysis of calcium silicate hydrate gel formed within a geopolymeric binder. Journal of Materials Science 2003, 38:3851-3860. doi:10.1023/A:1025904905176.
69. Zhang Y., Sun W., Li Z. Hydration process of interfacial transition in potassium polysialate (K-PSDS) geopolymer concrete. Magazine of Concrete Research 2005, 57:33-38. doi:10.1680/macr.57.1.33.57865.
70. Zoulgami M., Lucas-Girot A., Michaud V., Briard P., Gaudé J., Oudadesse H. Synthesis and physico-chemical characterization of a polysialate-hydroxyapatite composite for potential biomedical application. European Physical Journal - Applied Physics 2002, 19:173-179. doi:10.1051/epjap:2002063.