Democracy's privileged few: Legislative privilege and democratic norms in the British and American constitutions

Democracy's Privileged Few: Legislative Privilege and Democratic Norms in the British and American Constitutions

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 1-307

  Chafetz, Josh ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84903029805     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
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References (381)

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85. 5 Rotuli Parliamentorum 337.
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88. William Cobbett, Parliamentary History of England 716 (London, Hansard 1806).
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90. J. E. Neale, The Lord Keeper's Speech to the Parliament of 1592/3, 31 Eng. Hist. Rev. 128, 136-37 (1916).
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92. Lois G. Schwoerer, The Declaration of Rights, 1689, at 53-55 (1981).
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94. Journals of the House of Commons 215.
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116. H.L. Paper 43-I & H.C. 214-I, at 40 (1999).
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130. Carl Wittke, The History of English Parliamentary Privilege 47-48 (photo. reprint 1970) (1921).
131. Frederick Pollock & Frederic William Maitland, The History of English Law Before the Time of Edward I, at 199-200 (2d ed. reprint Cambridge Univ. Press 1968) (1898).
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133. William Prynne, The Fourth Part of a Brief Register, Kalender and Survey of the Several Kinds, Forms of Parliamentary Writs 725 (London, Ratcliffe 1664).
134. Rotuli Parliamentorum 357-58.
135. William Cobbett, Parliamentary History of England 555 (London, Hansard 1806).
136. Rotuli Parliamentorum 239.
137. P.W. Hasler, The History of Parliament: The House of Commons, 1558-1603, at 22, 26 (1981).
138. Colonel Pitt's Case, 27 Eng. Rep. 767, 769
139. Holiday v. Pitt, 93 Eng. Rep. 984, 985
140. Simonds D'Ewes, The Journals of All the Parliaments During the Reign of Queen Elizabeth 518 (Paul Bowes ed., London, Starkey 1682).
141. Journals of the House of Commons 254.
142. Vernon F. Snow, The Arundel Case, 1626, 26 The Historian 323 (1964)
143. Edward Earl of Clarendon, The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England 555 (Oxford, Clarendon Press new ed. 1807)
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145. Journals of the House of Commons 82, 87-88.
146. Journals of the House of Commons 11.
147. Journals of the House of Commons 371, 655, 922, 928
148. Journals of the House of Commons 525.
149. Journals of the House of Commons 342-43, 804
150. Journals of the House of Commons 784.
151. George Petyt, Lex Parliamentaria: Or, A Treatise of the Law and Custom of the Parliaments of England 282 (London, Goodwin 1690).
152. Journals of the House of Commons 438, 440, 441.
153. Journals of the House of Commons 316.
154. Journals of the House of Lords 170.
155. Journals of the House of Commons 296, 332
156. Journals of the House of Lords 457, 461
157. Journals of the House of Lords 258.
158. Journals of the House of Commons 301.
159. Journals of the House of Lords 15.
160. Journals of the House of Lords 492
161. Journals of the House of Commons 184.
162. Journals of the House of Lords 436.
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164. Christopher Lloyd, Lord Cochrane: Seaman, Radical, Liberator 118-19 (1947).
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170. Am. Jur. 2d Arrest § 73 (2005)
171. Jonathan Elliot ed., 2d ed. reprinted Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott 1907 (1836).
172. James Wilson, Lectures on Law, Part Two: Of the Constitutions of the United States and of Pennsylvania-Of the Legislative Department, in 1 The Works of James Wilson 420 (Robert Green McCloskey ed., 1967).
173. Thomas Jefferson, Manual of Parliamentary Practice (1812), in Constitution of the United States of America with the Amendments Thereto: To Which Are Added Jefferson's Manual of Parliamentary Practice, the Standing Rules and Orders for Conducting Business in The House of Representatives and Senate of the United States, and Barclay's Digest 52-53 (Washington, Government Printing Office 1867).
174. Joseph Story, Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States § 860, at 628
175. Melville M. Bigelow ed., Boston, Little, Brown rev. ed. 1891
176. Thomas Y. Davies, The Fictional Character of Law-and-Order Originalism: A Case Study of the Distortions and Evasions of Framing-Era Arrest Doctrine in Atwater v. Lago Vista, 37 Wake Forest L. Rev. 239, 293-97 (2002).
177. Akhil Reed Amar & Neal Kumar Katyal, Executive Privileges and Immunities: The Nixon and Clinton Cases, 108 Harv. L. Rev. 701, 711-12 (1995)
178. Oliver P. Field, The Constitutional Privileges of Legislators: Exemption from Arrest and Action for Defamation, 9 Minn. L. Rev. 442, 455 (1925)
179. William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England 160 (1st ed. photo. reprint 1979) (1765)
180. William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England 164-65 (5th ed. Oxford, Clarendon Press 1773)
181. Asher C. Hinds, Hinds' Precedents of the House of Representatives of the United States § 2673, at 1119-21 (1907).
182. Lois G. Schwoerer, The Declaration of Rights, 1689, at 78-81 (1981).
183. Charles Howard McIlwain, The High Court of Parliament and Its Supremacy 16 (1910).
184. Frederick Pollock & Frederic William Maitland, The History of English Law Before the Time of Edward I, at 199 200 (2d ed. reprint Cambridge Univ. Press 1968) (1898).
185. John Glanville, Reports of Certain Cases, Determined and Adjudged by the Commons in Parliament, in the Twenty-first and Twenty-second Years of the Reign of King James the First, at xi (London, Baker & Leigh 1775).
186. S. T. Bindoff, The History of Parliament: The House of Commons 1509-1558, at 28-29 (1982).
187. F. W. Maitland, The Constitutional History of England 247 (H. A. L. Fisher ed., reprint Cambridge Univ. Press 1963) (1908).
188. Journals of the House of Commons 117.
189. Simonds D'Ewes, The Journals of All the Parliaments During the Reign of Queen Elizabeth 281-82 (Paul Bowes ed., London, Starkey 1682).
190. P. W. Hasler, The History of Parliament: The House of Commons 1558-1603, at 106-07 (1981).
191. Carl Wittke, The History of English Parliamentary Privilege 58 (photo. Reprint 1970) (1921).
192. George Petyt, Lex Parliamentaria: Or, A Treatise of the Law and Custom of the Parliaments of England 299-300 (London, Goodwin 1690).
193. Journals of the House of Commons 151.
194. Journals of the House of Commons 156.
195. Journals of the House of Commons 158.
196. Journals of the House of Commons 162-65.
197. Matthew Hale, The Original Institution, Power and Jurisdiction of Parliaments 206-40 (London, Tonson 1707).
198. Ashby v. White, 14 State Tr. 695, 778-800 (H.L. 1704).
199. R. v. Paty, 92 Eng. Rep. 232.
200. Journals of the House of Commons 211, 229, 279, 292-93.
201. J. R. Pole, Political Representation in England and the Origins of the American Republic 458 (1966).
202. Wilke, Case I, 19 State Tr. 981 (C.P. 1763);
203. Wilke, Case II, 19 State Tr. 1075 (K.B. & H.L. 1763-70);
204. Wilkes v. Wood, 19 State Tr. 1153 (C.P. 1763);
205. Wilkes v. Halifax, 19 State Tr. 1406 (C.P. 1769).
206. Leach v. Money, 19 State Tr. 1001 (K.B. 1765).
207. Wilkes v. Wood, 19 State Tr. at 1167-69;
208. Wilkes v. Halifax, 19 State Tr. at 1406-07.
209. William Cobbett, Parliamentary History of England 1346-47 (London, Hansard 1813).
210. O.A. Sherrard, A Life of John Wilkes 121 (1930).
211. George Rude, Wilkes and Liberty (1962);
212. Arthur H. Cash, John Wilkes: The Scandalous Father of Civil Liberty (2006);
213. Cynthia Crossen, American Colonists Found Unlikely Hero in Salty British Author, Wall St. J., Aug. 31, 2005, at B1.
214. Percy Fitzgerald, The Life and Times of John Wilkes, M.P. 218-40 (London, Ward & Downey 1888).
215. Journals of the House of Commons 721-23.
216. Edmund Burke, Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents, in 1 The Works of the Right Honorable Edmund Burke 500-01 (7th ed., Boston, Little, Brown 1881).
217. William Blackstone, The Case of the Late Election for the County of Middlesex, Considered on the Principles of the Constitution, and the Authorities of Law, in An Interesting Appendix to Sir William Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England 70-71 (Philadelphia, Bell 1773).
218. Geo. III, c. 16 (1770).
219. Vict., c. 125 (1868).
220. Vict., c. 75 (1879).
221. Parliamentary Elections Act, 31 & 32 Vict., c. 125, § 26 (1868);
222. The Tamworth Case, 1 O'M. & H. 75 (C.P. 1869).
223. The Bolton Case, 2 O'M. & H. 138, 142 (C.P. 1874).
224. The Ballot Act, 35 & 36 Vict., c. 33 (1872).
225. Bolton, 2 O'M. & H. at 143.
226. Compare The Hackney Case, 31 L. Times Repts. 69 (C.P. 1874).
227. Davies v. Lord Kensington, 9 L.R.-C.P. 720 (1874).
228. Woodward v. Sarsons, 10 L.R.-C.P. 733 (1875).
229. In re Parliamentary Election for Bristol South East, [1964] 2 Q.B. 257.
230. George Parker, Lib Dems Storm Winchester With Big Majority, Fin. Times, Nov. 21, 1997, at 1.
231. Attorney-General v. Jones, [2000] Q.B. 66.
232. Bradlaugh v. Erskine, 31 Wkly. Rept'r 365 (Q.B. 1883).
233. Bradlaugh v. Gossett, 12 Q.B.D. 271 (Q.B. 1884).
234. David McKittrick, Sinn Fein MPs Take Up Offices in Westminster, The Independent (London), Jan. 22, 2002, at 9.
235. Jonathan Elliot ed., 2d ed. reprinted Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott 1907 (1836).
236. Herbert J. Storing ed., 1981
237. Clinton Rossiter ed., Mentor 1961.
238. Bernard Bailyn ed., 1993.
239. Plain Truth's "Rebuttal to 'An Officer of the Late Continental Army'" (Nov. 10, 1787).
240. Thomas Jefferson, James Madison (Dec. 20, 1787).
241. P. Allan Dionisopoulos, A Commentary on the Constitutional Issues in the Powell and Related Cases, 17 J. Pub. L. 103, 108 n.16, 111 (1968);
242. Gerald T. McLaughlin, Constitutional Self-Discipline: The Power to Expel, to Exclude and to Punish, 41 Fordham L. Rev. 43, 55 (1972).
243. Melville M. Bigelow ed., Boston, Little, Brown rev. ed. 1891.
244. Akhil Reed Amar & Vikram David Amar, Is the Presidential Succession Law Constitutional?, 48 Stan. L. Rev. 113, 114-16 (1995).
245. William E. Gibson, Alcee's D.C., Sun Sentinel (Fort Lauderdale, FL), Apr. 19, 1993, at 1D.
246. A History of Senate Impeachment Proceedings, Associated Press, Jan. 5, 1999.
247. James Wilson, Lectures on Law, Part Two: Of the Constitutions of the United States and of Pennsylvania-Of the Legislative Department, in 1 The Works of James Wilson 402 (Robert Green McCloskey ed., 1967).
248. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America 198 (George Lawrence trans., J. P. Mayer ed., 13th ed. 1969) (1850).
249. Vikram David Amar, Indirect Effects of Direct Election: A Structural Examination of the Seventeenth Amendment, 49 Vand. L. Rev. 1347, 1354-55 (1996).
250. The Power of a House of Congress to Judge the Qualifications of Its Members, 81 Harv. L. Rev. 673, 681 (1968).
251. David P. Currie, The Constitution in Congress: The Jeffersonians, 1801-1829, at 74-75 (2001).
252. U.S. Term Limits v. Thornton, 514 U.S. 779 (1995)
253. Powell v. McCormack, 395 U.S. 486, 550 (1969)
254. C. H. Rammelkamp, Contested Congressional Elections, 20 Pol. Sci. Q. 421, 428-37 (1905).
255. Contested Elections Act, 1 Stat. 537 (1798).
256. Act to Continue in Force the Contested Elections Act, 2 Stat. 39 (1800).
257. Contested Elections Act, 9 Stat. 568 (1851).
258. Supplemental Act to the Contested Elections Act, 17 Stat. 408 (1873).
259. Supplemental Act to the Contested Elections Act, 18 Stat. 338 (1875);
260. Appropriations Act, 20 Stat. 377, 400 (1879);
261. Contested Elections Act, 24 Stat. 445 (1887).
262. Federal Contested Election Act, 83 Stat. 284 (1969).
263. Henry L. Dawes, The Mode of Procedure in Cases of Contested Elections, 2 J. Soc. Sci. 56, 63 (1870).
264. George B. Galloway, History of the House of Representatives 64 (1961).
265. Chester H. Rowell, A Historical and Legal Digest of All the Contested Election Cases in the House of Representatives of the United States from the First to the Fifty-sixth Congress, 1789-1901, at 37-38 (1901).
266. Angie Welborn, House Contested Election Cases: 1933 to 2000, at 75 (2003).
267. Apportionment Act, 5 Stat. 491 (1842).
268. David P. Currie, The Constitution in Congress: Democrats and Whigs, 1829-1861, at 256-64 (2005).
269. Richard D. Hupman, Senate Election, Expulsion and Censure Cases from 1789 to 1960, at 21-22 (1962)
270. Cong. Globe, 34th Cong., 3rd Sess. 112-17, 238-70 (1856-57).
271. 1 Stat. 50 (1789)
272. M. St. Clair Clarke & David A. Hall, Cases of Contested Elections in Congress, from the Year 1789 to 1834, Inclusive 82-83.
273. Edmund S. Morgan, Inventing the People: The Rise of Popular Sovereignty in England and America 183-89 (1988).
274. Kansas-Nebraska Act, 10 Stat. 277 (1854).
275. Oath of Office Act, 12 Stat. 502 (1862).
276. Removal of Political Disabilities from Roderick R. Butler, 15 Stat. 360 (1868).
277. Reconstruction Act, 15 Stat. 73 (1868).
278. Merrill Moores, A Historical and Legal Digest of All the Contested Election Cases in the House of Representatives of the United States from the Fifty-seventh to and Including the Sixty-fourth Congress, 1901-1917, at 25 (1917).
279. Cong. Globe, 40th Cong., 2nd Sess. 321 (1868).
280. Sen. Jour., 40th Cong., 2nd Sess. 63-64 (1867).
281. Cong. Globe, 40th Cong., 2nd Sess. 322 (1868).
282. Act Relating to the State of Georgia, 16 Stat. 363 (1870).
283. Resolution Prescribing the Oath to Be Taken by H. V. M. Miller, 16 Stat. 703 (1871);
284. Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. (19 How.) 393 (1857).
285. 58 Cong. Rec. 8221-22 (1919).
286. 40 Stat. 217 (1917);
287. Amendments to Espionage Act, 40 Stat. 553 (1918).
288. Berger v. United States, 255 U.S. 22 (1921).
289. 58 Cong. Rec. 8221 (1919).
290. Zechariah Chafee Jr., Free Speech in the United States 250-52 (1942).
291. Akhil Reed Amar, The Bill of Rights: Creation and Reconstruction 231-46 (1998);
292. United States ex rel. Milwaukee Social Democratic Publishing Co. v. Burleson, 255 U.S. 407 (1921);
293. Debs v. United States, 249 U.S. 211 (1919).
294. 405 U.S. 15 (1972).
295. Thomas Erskine May, Erskine May's Treatise on the Law, Privileges, Proceedings and Usage of Parliament 128 (William McKay ed., 23d ed. 2004).
296. Henry Elsynge, The Manner of Holding Parliaments in England 189 (London, Richardson & Clark rev. ed. 1768).
297. F. W. Maitland, The Constitutional History of England 244 (H. A. L. Fisher ed., reprint Cambridge Univ. Press 1963) (1908).
298. John Hatsell, Precedents of Proceedings in the House of Commons 92-94 (rev. ed., London, Hansard 1818).
299. William Cobbett, Parliamentary History of England 822-23 (London, Hansard 1806).
300. William Camden, The History of the Most Renowned and Victorious Princess Elizabeth, Late Queen of England 305-08 (London, Tonson 4th ed. 1688).
301. Simonds D'Ewes, The Journals of All the Parliaments During the Reign of Queen Elizabeth 448-49 (Paul Bowes ed., London, Starkey 1682) (Drurie).
302. Stockdale v. Hansard, 112 Eng. Rep. 1112;
303. Case of the Sheriff of Middlesex, 113 Eng. Rep. 419;
304. Journals of the House of Commons 224, 228.
305. Carl Wittke, The History of English Parliamentary Privilege 128 (photo. reprint 1970) (1921).
306. 2 Journals of the House of Commons 220.
307. 21 Journals of the House of Lords 660, 667.
308. 21 Journals of the House of Commons 238.
309. Madeline R. Robinton, Parliamentary Privilege and Political Morality in Britain, 1939-1957, 73 Pol. Sci. Q. 179, 183 (1958).
310. Geoffrey Marshall, The House of Commons and Its Privileges, in The House of Commons in the Twentieth Century 229 (S. A. Walkland ed., 1979)
311. 13 Journals of the House of Commons 732-34.
312. Parliamentary Elections Act, 31 & 32 Vict., c. 125 (1868).
313. 9 Journals of the House of Commons 24 (Member receiving a bribe);
314. Edward Coke, The Fourth Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England, Concerning the Jurisdiction of Courts 14 (London, Brooke 1797) (1644).
315. Anthony Summers & Stephen Dorril, Honeytrap (1988),
316. 9 Journals of the House of Commons 378.
317. Brass Crosby's Case, 95 Eng. Rep. 1005, 1006-07;
318. 3 Wils. K.B. 188, 191-92 (C.P. 1771).
319. 95 Eng. Rep. at 1006-07, 1014;
320. 3 Wils. K.B. at 191-92, 205.
321. Wason v. Walter, [1868] 4 Q.B. 73, 95.
322. Journals of the House of Commons 548.
323. Colin R. Munro, Studies in Constitutional Law 232-33 (2d ed. 1999)
324. Journals of the House of Commons 469-70.
325. Journals of the House of Lords 110-11, 113, 116, 124, 127, 132-34.
326. Journals of the House of Lords 138-39 (destruction of the Countess of Exeter's mill);
327. Journals of the House of Commons 65-66
328. Max Farrand ed., rev. ed. 1966
329. Del. Const. of 1776, art. V;
330. Md. Const. of 1776, art. X;
331. Pa. Const. of 1776, § 9.
332. U.S. Const. art. I, § 5, cl. 2.
333. Jonathan Elliot ed., 2d ed. reprinted Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott 1907 (1836).
334. Herbert J. Storing ed., 1981
335. James Wilson, Lectures on Law, Part Two: Of the Constitutions of the United States and of Pennsylvania-Of the Legislative Department, in 1 The Works of James Wilson 421 (Robert Green McCloskey ed., 1967).
336. Joseph Story, Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States § 837, at 607 (Melville M. Bigelow ed., Boston, Little, Brown rev. ed. 1891).
337. Gerald T. McLaughlin, Congressional Self-Discipline: The Power to Expel, to Exclude and to Punish, 41 Fordham L. Rev. 43, 60-62 (1972);
338. Jack Maskell, Expulsion, Censure, Reprimand, and Fine: Legislative Discipline in the House of Representatives 2, Congressional Research Service Report for Congress RL31382 (2002).
339. Pauline Maier, John Wilkes and American Disillusionment with Britain, 20 Wm. & Mary Q. (3d ser.) 373 (1963).
340. Dorian Bowman & Judith Farris Bowman, Article I, Section 5: Congress' Power to Expel-An Exercise in Self-Restraint, 29
341. Syracuse L. Rev. 1071, 1102-04 (1978);
342. C. S. Potts, Power of Legislative Bodies to Punish for Contempt (Continued), 74 U. Pa. L. Rev. 780, 780 (1926).
343. Allen B. Moreland, Congressional Investigations and Private Persons, 40 S. Cal. L. Rev. 189, 189 (1967).
344. Congressional Attendance of Witnesses Act, 11 Stat. 155 (1857).
345. Congressional Investigations Joint Resolution, 52 Stat. 942 (1938).
346. Congressional Attendance of Witnesses Act, 12 Stat. 333 (1862).
347. Cong. Globe, 37th Cong., 2d Sess. 428 (1862).
348. Counselman v. Hitchcock, 142 U.S. 547 (1892).
349. Ullman v. United States, 350 U.S. 422 (1955)
350. Organized Crime Control Act, 84 Stat. 922, 927-28, 930 (1970).
351. Robert L. Tienken, House of Representatives Exclusion, Censure and Expulsion Cases from 1789 to 1973, at 119 (1973) (Lyon and Griswold, Fifth Congress).
352. Asher C. Hinds, Hinds' Precedents of the House of Representatives of the United States § 1642, at 1114-15 (1907).
353. David P. Currie, The Constitution in Congress: Democrats and Whigs, 1829-1861, at 209-12 (2005).
354. Richard D. Hupman, Senate Election, Expulsion and Censure Cases from 1789 to 1960, at 15 (1962)
355. Cong. Globe, 34th Cong., 1st Sess. app. at 529-44 (1856).
356. Laura A. White, Was Charles Sumner Shamming, 1856-1859?, 33 New Eng. Q. 291 (1960).
357. Cong. Globe, 34th Cong., 1st Sess. 1348-49 (1856).
358. Cong. Globe, 39th Cong., 1st Sess. 2572 (1866).
359. Cong. Globe, 27th Cong. 2d Sess. 168 (1842).
360. Anne M. Butler & Wendy Wolff, United States Senate Election, Expulsion and Censure Cases, 1793-1990, at 413-18 (1995)
361. Katherine Q. Seelye, Packwood Says He is Quitting as Ethics Panel Gives Evidence, N.Y. Times, Sept. 8, 1995
362. Steven V. Roberts, House Censures Crane and Studds for Sexual Relations with Pages, N.Y. Times, July 21, 1983
363. Richard L. Berke, House, 408 to 18, Reprimands Rep. Frank for Ethics Violations, N.Y. Times, July 27, 1990, at A1 (Frank).
364. Anderson v. Dunn, 19 U.S. (6 Wheat.) 204, 224 (1821).
365. Marshall v. Gordon, 243 U.S. 521, 531-32 (1917).
366. R. M. Weddle, Annotation, Disclosure of Name, Identity, Address, Occupation, or Business of Client as Violation of Attorney-Client Privilege, 16 A.L.R.3d. 1047, § 3 (2004).
367. Kilbourn v. Thompson, 103 U.S. 168, 190 (1881).
368. Dan B. Dobbs, Contempt of Court: A Survey, 56 Cornell L. Rev. 183, 235-39 (1971).
369. Jurney, 294 U.S. at 151-52.
370. United States v. Rumely, 345 U.S. 41 (1953).
371. Tobin v. United States, 306 F.2d 270 (D.C. Cir. 1962), cert. denied, 371 U.S. 391 (1962);
372. Brewster v. United States, 255 F.2d 899 (D.C. Cir. 1958), cert. denied, 358 U.S. 842 (1958);
373. United States v. Lamont, 236 F.2d 312 (2d Cir. 1956);
374. United States v. Cuesta, 208 F. Supp. 401 (D. Puerto Rico 1962).
375. Lawson v. United States, 176 F.2d 49 (D.C. Cir. 1949), cert. denied, 339 U.S. 934
376. United States v. Josephson, 165 F.2d 82 (2d Cir. 1947), cert. denied, 333 U.S. 858 (1948).
377. Barenblatt v. United States, 360 U.S. 109, 134 (1959).
378. Christoffel v. United States, 338 U.S. 84 (1949).
379. United States v. Bryan, 339 U.S. 323 (1950).
380. United States v. Moran, 194 F.2d 623 (2d Cir. 1952), cert. denied, 343 U.S. 965 (1952).
381. Carl Wittke, The History of English Parliamentary Privilege 206 (photo. reprint 1970) (1921).