West from appomattox: The reconstruction of America after the civil war

West from Appomattox: The Reconstruction of America After the Civil War

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 1-396

  Richardson, Heather Cox ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS   (United States)

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EID: 84902940380     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (408)

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13. Compare Manisha Sinha, The Counterrevolution of Slavery: Politics and Ideology in Antebellum South Carolina (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000).
14. Stephanie McCurry, Masters of Small Worlds: Yeoman Households, Gender Relations, and the Political Culture of the Antebellum South Carolina Low Country (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).
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19. Gilbert C. Fite, Cotton Fields No More: Southern Agriculture, 1865-1890 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1984), pp. 30-47.
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21. Ira Berlin, "Time, Space, and the Evolution of Afro-American Society, " American Historical Review 85 (February 1980): 44-78.
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23. Deborah Gray White, Ar'n't I a Woman? Female Slaves in the Plantation South (New York: W. W. Norton, 1985).
24. Jacqueline Jones, Labor of Love, Labor of Sorrow: Black Women, Work, and the Family from Slavery to the Present (New York: Basic Books, 1985).
25. Nat Love, Life and Adventures of Nat Love, Better Known in the Cattle Country as "Deadwood Dick, "... (Los Angeles: n.p., 1907), p. 13.
26. Alexander H. Stephens, Cornerstone Speech, Savannah, Georgia, March 21, 1861,
27. Henry Cleveland, Alexander H. Stephens, in Public and Private: With Letters and Speeches, before, during, and since the War (Philadelphia: National Publishing Company, 1866), pp. 717-29,
28. John Amasa May and Joan Reynolds Faunt, South Carolina Secedes (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1960), pp. 76-81.
29. James M. McPherson, Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982), p. 476.
30. C. Woodward Hutson Father and Mother, July 22, 1861, in Lily Logan Morrill, ed., My Confederate Girlhood: The Memoirs of Kate Virginia Cox Logan (Richmond: Garrett & Massey, 1932), pp. 120-25.
31. Edward G. Longacre, Gentleman and Soldier: A Biography of Wade Hampton III (Nashville: Rutledge Hill Press, 2003), pp. 38-43.
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33. David G. Surdam, Northern Naval Superiority and the Economics of the American Civil War (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press,2001), pp. 55-97.
34. Mary Boykin Chesnut, A Diary from Dixie, ed. Ben Ames Williams (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980), p. 448.
35. Drew Gilpin Faust, Mothers of Invention: Women of the Slaveholding South in the American Civil War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994).
36. Jane Turner Censer, The Reconstruction of White Womanhood, 1865-1895 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2003).
37. Catherine Clinton, Tara Revisited: Women, War, and the Plantation Legend (New York: Abbeville Press, 1995), pp. 79-105.
38. Drew Gilpin Faust, "Altars of Sacrifice: Confederate Women and the Narratives of War, " Journal of American History 76 (March 1990): 1200-28.
39. Clarence Mohr, On the Threshold of Freedom: Masters and Slaves in Civil War Georgia (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1986), pp. 99-232.
40. Sidney Andrews, The South Since the War, as Shown by Fourteen Weeks of Travel and Observation in Georgia and the Carolinas (1866; rpt. New York: Arno Press, 1969), pp. 113-14.
41. Eric Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970), esp. pp. 11-39;
42. Gabor S. Boritt, Lincoln and the Economics of the American Dream (Memphis: Memphis State University Press, 1978), pp. 155-77.
43. Heather Cox Richardson, The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies during the Civil War (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997), pp. 15-30;
44. James L. Huston, Securing the Fruits of Labor: The American Concept of Wealth Distribution, 1765-1900 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1998).
45. Carl Schurz, The Reminiscences of Carl Schurz, 3 vols. (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1909), 2:3-5.
46. Jeremy Atack and Fred Bateman, To Their Own Soil: Agriculture in the Antebellum North (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1987), pp. 3-4.
47. Paul E. Johnson, A Shopkeeper's Millennium: Society and Revivals in Rochester, New York, 1815-1837 (1978; rpt. New York: Hill and Wang, 2002), pp. 15-32, 37-61;
48. Bruce Laurie, Artisans into Workers: Labor in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Hill and Wang, 1989), pp. 15-46.
49. Andrew Carnegie, The Autobiography of Andrew Carnegie (Boston: Houghton Miffin, 1920), pp. 34-39, 45-93.
50. William E. Gienapp, "The Republican Party and the Slave Power, " in Robert H. Abzug and Stephen E. Maizlish, eds., New Perspectives on Slavery and Race in America (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1986), pp. 51-78.
51. Leonard L. Richards, The Slave Power: The Free North and Southern Domination, 1780- 1860 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2000).
52. Thomas H. Sherman, "Squalid Capital of'60's Recalled, " Washington Evening Star, March 14, 1835.
53. Richard R. John, Spreading the News: The American Postal System from Franklin to Morse (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995).
54. Mary Clemmer Ames, Ten Years in Washington: Life and Scenes in the National Capital as a Woman Sees Them (Hartford, Conn: A. D. Worthington, 1873), pp. 70-71.
55. Andrew Johnson, First Annual Message to Congress, December 4, 1865, in James D. Richardson, ed., Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 10 vols. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing O≈ce, 1896-99), 6: 353-71.
56. Samuel Gompers, Seventy Years of Life and Labor: An Autobiography, ed. Nick Salvatore (1925; rpt. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, 1984), p. 11.
57. Terence V. Powderly, Thirty Years of Labor, 1859 to 1899 (1890; rpt. New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1967), p. 35.
58. Grace Palladino, Another Civil War: Labor, Capital, and the State in the Anthracite Regions of Pennsylvania, 1840-1868 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990), pp. 95-175.
59. Jeannie Attie, Patriotic Toil: Northern Women and the American Civil War (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998).
60. Samuel Sullivan Cox, Three Decades of Federal Legislation (Providence: J. A. & R. A. Reid, 1888), pp. 4, 221-27, 363.
61. Laura E. Richards and Maud Howe Elliott, Julia Ward Howe, 1819-1910, vol. 1 (Boston: Houghton MiFFin, 1915), pp. 219-20.
62. Lura Beam, A Maine Hamlet (1957; rpt. Maine Humanities Council and the Maine Historical Society, 2000), p. 3
63. Rodman W. Paul, The Far West and the Great Plains in Transition, 1859-1900 (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), pp. 24-45.
64. John Warner Barber, All the Western States and Territories, from the Alleghanies to the Pacific (Cincinnati, Ohio: Howe's Subscription Book Concern, 1867), pp. 491, 519-20, 526, 552,
65. Alvin M. Josephy, Jr., The Civil War in the American West (New York: Vintage, 1993), pp. 281-82.
66. Charles F. Browne, The Complete Works of Charles F. Browne, Better Known as Artemus Ward (London: Chatto and Windus, n.d.[1868]), p. 386.
67. Walter Prescott Webb, The Great Plains (1931; rpt. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1981), pp. 3-46.
68. J. Evetts Haley, "Charles Goodnight's Indian Recollections, " Panhandle-Plains Historical Review 1 (1928):3-29.
69. J. Evetts Haley, Charles Goodnight: Cowman and Plainsman (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1936), pp. 1-99
70. Emanuel Dubbs, John A. Hart, et al., Pioneer Days in the Southwest from 1850 to 1879 (Guthrie, Okla.: State Capital Company, 1909), p. 12.
71. William T. Hagan, Quanah Parker, Comanche Chief (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993), p. 11.
72. William T. Hagan, United States-Comanche Relations: The Reservation Years (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1990), p. 40.
73. Robert M. Utley, Frontiersmen in Blue: The United States Army and the Indian, 1848-1865 (New York: Macmillan, 1967), pp. 211-340.
74. Stanley Vestal, Sitting Bull, Champion of the Sioux: A Biography (Boston: Houghton MiFFin Company, 1932), pp. 52, 70.
75. Robert M. Utley, The Lance and the Shield: The Life and Times of Sitting Bull (New York: Holt, 1993), pp. 52-70.
76. Francis Paul Prucha, The Great Father: The United States Government and the Indians, 2 vols. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984), 1:411-16.
77. Luna Kellie, A Prairie Populist: The Memoirs of Luna Kellie, ed. Jane Taylor Nelson (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1992), p. 111.
78. Andrew Johnson, Annual Message, December 4, 1865, in Richardson, ed., Messages and Papers, 6:353-71.
79. Andrew Johnson, quoted in Daily Ohio State Journal, April 24, 1865, p. 2
80. Montgomery Daily Advertiser, July 21, 1865, p. 1.
81. Andrew Johnson, in Richardson, ed., Messages and Papers, 6: 311-12
82. Roger L. Ransom and Richard Sutch, One Kind of Freedom: The Economic Consequences of Emancipation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), pp. 56-61.
83. John Muir, A Thousand-Mile Walk to the Gulf (Boston: Houghton MiFFin, 1916), p. 278.
84. Thavolia Glymph, "Freedpeople and Ex-Masters: Shaping a New Order in the Postbellum South, 1865-1868, " in Thavolia Glymph and John J. Kushma, eds., Essays on the Postbellum Southern Economy (College Station: University of Texas, Arlington, 1985), pp. 48-73.
85. Joel Williamson, After Slavery: The Negro in South Carolina During Reconstruction, 1861-1877 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1965), pp. 96-102.
86. Armistead L. Robinson, "'Worser dan Jeff Davis': The Coming of Free Labor during the Civil War, 1861-1865, " in Essays on the Postbellum Southern Economy, ed., Glymph and Kushma, pp. 11-47.
87. Carl Schurz, "Report on the Condition of the South, " ed. Michael Burlingame (1865; rpt. New York: Arno Press, 1969), pp. iii, 38.
88. Andrew Johnson, First Annual Message, December 4, 1865, in Richardson, ed., Messages and Papers, 6:353-71.
89. Hans L. Trefousse, Andrew Johnson: A Biography (New York: W. W. Norton, 1989), pp. 241-47.
90. James G. Hollandsworth, An Absolute Massacre: The New Orleans Race Riot of July 30, 1866 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2001). McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, pp. 519-20.
91. George C. Rable, But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1984), pp. 33-58.
92. Edward L. Gambill, Conservative Ordeal: Northern Democrats and Reconstruction, 1865-1868 (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1981), pp. 61-62, 70-71.
93. Edward McPherson, The Political History of the United States of America during the Period of Reconstruction (Washington: Solomons & Chapman, 1875), pp. 127-43,
94. Peyton McCrary, "The Party of Revolution: Republican Ideas about Politics and Social Change, 1862-1867, " Civil War History 30 (December 1984): 330-50.
95. Wade Hampton III to John Mullaly (private), March 31, 1867, in Cauthen, ed., Hampton Family Letters, pp. 142-43.
96. Richard H. Abbott, For Free Press and Equal Rights: Republican Newspapers in the Reconstruction South (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2002), pp. 45-69.
97. Michael W. Fitzgerald, The Union League Movement in the Deep South: Politics and Agricultural Change during Reconstruction (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989)
98. Robert C. Kenzer, Enterprising Southerners: Black Economic Success in North Carolina, 1865-1915 (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1997), pp. 9-34.
99. Thomas Holt, Black over White: Negro Political Leadership in South Carolina during Reconstruction (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1977).
100. Compare Alwyn Barr, "Black Legislators of Reconstruction Texas, " Civil War History 32 (December 1986): 340-51.
101. Eric Foner, Freedom's Lawmakers: A Directory of Black O≈ceholders during Reconstruction (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1996);
102. Howard N. Rabinowitz, ed., Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1982);
103. Howard N. Rabinowitz, "Three Reconstruction Leaders: Blanche K. Bruce, Robert Brown Elliott, and Holland Thompson, " in Black Leaders of the Nineteenth Century, ed. Leon Litwack and August Meier (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988), pp. 191-217.
104. Peter J. Rachleff, Black Labor in the South: Richmond, Virginia, 1865-1890 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1984), pp. 34-54;
105. John C. Rodrigue, Reconstruction in the Cane Fields: From Slavery to Free Labor in Louisiana's Sugar Parishes, 1862-1880 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2001), pp. 86-94.
106. William C. Hine, "Black Organized Labor in Reconstruction Charleston, " Labor History 25 (1984): 504-17.
107. Jerrell H. Shofner, "Militant Negro Laborers in Reconstruction Florida, " Journal of Southern History 39 (August 1973): 397-408
108. Eric Foner, "Black Reconstruction Leaders at the Grass Roots, " in Black Leaders, ed. Litwack and Meier, pp. 219-34.
109. Alfreda M. Duster, ed., Crusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970), p. 9.
110. John S. Reynolds, Reconstruction in South Carolina, 1865-1877 (Columbia, S.C.: State Company, 1905), pp. 74-76.
111. Glenn Porter, The Rise of Big Business, 1860-1910 (Arlington Heights, Ill.: AHM Publishing, 1973), p. 58.
112. David Montgomery, Beyond Equality: Labor and the Radical Republicans, 1862-1872 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1967), pp. 176-96, 227
113. Hans L. Trefousse, Benjamin Franklin Wade: Radical Republican from Ohio (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1963), pp. 285-89.
114. Julia Ward Howe, Reminiscences, 1819-1899 (Boston: Houghton, MiFFin, 1900), p. 373.
115. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Matilda Joslyn Gage, eds., History of Woman Suffrage, 6 vols., (1881; rpt., Salem, N.H.: Ayer, 1985), 1: 14-16.
116. Michael Les Benedict, "The Rout of Radicalism: Republicans and the Election of 1867, " Civil War History 18 (December 1972): 334-44.
117. Michael Les Benedict, A Compromise of Principle: Congressional Republicans and Reconstruction, 1863-1869 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1974), pp. 257-78.
118. Gaillard Hunt, Israel, Elihu, and Cadwallader Washburn: A Chapter in American Biography (New York: Macmillan, 1925), p. 121.
119. Barry A. Crouch, The Freedmen's Bureau and Black Texans (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1992)
120. John Warner Barber, All the Western States and Territories, from the Alleghanies to the Pacific (Cincinnati: Howe's Subscription Book Concern, 1867), p. 700,
121. Paul Francis Prucha, ed., Documents of United States Indian Policy (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000), pp. 122-25.
122. Donald Worster, A River Running West: The Life of John Wesley Powell (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 127-260.
123. Robert William Fogel, The Union Pacific Railroad: A Case in Premature Enterprise (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1960), pp. 18-23
124. Charles J. Kappler, ed., Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing O≈ce, 1904), 2:977-89.
125. Stanley Buder, Pullman: An Experiment in Industrial Order and Community Planning, 1880-1930 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), pp. 7-8.
126. Harold C. Livesay, Andrew Carnegie and the Rise of Big Business, 2nd ed. (New York: Longman, 2000)
127. James Dabney McCabe, Jr., The Great Republic: A Descriptive, Statistical and Historical View of the States and Territories of the American Union (Philadelphia: William B. Evans, 1871), pp. 989, 1001, 1008, 1016, 1053, 1075, 1081, 1086, 1116.
128. Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull-House (1910; rpt. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990), pp. 20, 28, 38.
129. Roger L. Geiger, "The Crisis of the Old Order: The Colleges in the 1890s, " in The American College in the Nineteenth Century
130. Barbara Miller Solomon, In the Company of Educated Women: A History of Women and Higher Education in America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985), pp. 46-55.
131. Helen Lefkowitz Horowitz, Alma Mater: Design and Experience in the Women's Colleges from Their Nineteenth-Century Beginnings to the 1930s (1984; rpt., Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1993), pp. 62-66.
132. Thomas Woody, A History of Women's Education in the United States, 2 vols. (1929; rpt. New York: Octagon Books, 1966), 2:256-60.
133. Louisa May Alcott, Little Women (1868; rpt. New York: Signet Classics, 2004).
134. Linda K. Kerber, Alice Kessler-Harris, and Kathryn Kish Sklar (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), pp. 245-66.
135. Jean Webster, Daddy Long-Legs (1912; rpt. New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1964), p. 46.
136. Harold D. Woodman, "The Reconstruction of the Cotton Plantation in the New South, " in Glymph and Kushma, eds., Essays in the Postbellum Southern Economy, pp. 95-119.
137. Michael Les Benedict, The Impeachment and Trial of Andrew Johnson (New York: W. W. Norton, 1973), pp. 168-80.
138. Thomas H. McKee, National Conventions and Party Platforms (Baltimore: Lord Baltimore Press, 1904), pp. 131-36.
139. James D. McCabe, The Life and Public Services of Horatio Seymour: Together with a Complete and Authentic Life of Francis P. Blair, Jr. (New York: United States Publishing, 1868).
140. V. B. Denslow, "The Situation and the Candidates, " Putnam's Monthly 2 (September 1868): 373-78,
141. William E. Parrish, Missouri Under Radical Rule (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1965), pp. 230-31.
142. Senator J. W. Patterson, quoted in Philadelphia Inquirer, September 29, 1868, p. 8.
143. J. M. Ashley, in New York Times, August 22, 1868, p. 1.
144. David Montgomery, Beyond Equality: Labor and the Radical Republicans (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1967), pp. 197-229.
145. Davidson, Gienapp, et al., Nation of Nations, 2:672-73.
146. T. V. Powderly, Path I Trod (New York: Columbia University Press, 1940), pp. 23-24.
147. Craig Phelan, Grand Master Workman: Terence Powderly and the Knights of Labor (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2000), pp. 11-21.
148. Richard B. Morris, ed., Encyclopedia of American History (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1953), p. 446.
149. Jon Gjerde, The Minds of the West: Patterns of Ethnocultural Evolution in the Rural Middle West, 1830-1917 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997).
150. Kathy Lee Peiss, Cheap Amusements: Working Women and Leisure in Turn-of-the-Century New York (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986).
151. Davidson, Gienapp, et al., Nation of Nations, 2:694
152. Jacob A. Riis, How the Other Half Lives (1890; rpt. New York: Dover, 1971), pp. 231-33.
153. Davidson, Gienapp, et al., Nation of Nations, 2: 693-94.
154. William C. Conant, "The Brooklyn Bridge, " Harper's New Monthly Magazine 66 (May 1883): 925-46.
155. Iver Bernstein, The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), pp. 172-90;
156. Karen Sawislak, Smouldering City: Chicagoans and the Great Fire, 1871-1874 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), pp. 85-106;
157. Richard B. Stott, Workers in the Metropolis: Class, Ethnicity, and Youth in Antebellum New York City (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990).
158. Daniel T. Rodgers, The Work Ethic in Industrial America, 1850-1920 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974), pp. 22-29.
159. Davidson, Gienapp, et al., Nation of Nations, 2:675.
160. Philip M. Katz, From Appomattox to Montmartre: Americans and the Paris Commune (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998), pp. 61-84
161. Robert M. Fogelson, America's Armories: Architecture, Society and Public Order (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1989), p. 24.
162. Carole K. Rothrock Bleser, The Promised Land: The History of the South Carolina Land Commission, 1869-1890 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1969).
163. J. Mills Thornton, "Fiscal Policy and the Failure of Radical Reconstruction, " in Region, Race, and Reconstruction: Essays in Honor of C. Vann Woodward, ed. J. Morgan Kousser and James McPherson (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), pp. 349-94.
164. Thomas C. Holt, Black Over White: Negro Political Leadership in South Carolina During Reconstruction (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1977)
165. William L. Riordon, Plunkitt of Tammany Hall: A Series of Very Plain Talks on Very Practical Politics (1905; rpt. New York: Signet, 1995), p. 28.
166. Dale Baum, "The 'Irish Vote' and Party Politics in Massachusetts, 1860-1876, " Civil War History 26 (June 1980): 117-41.
167. Horatio Alger, Jr., Ragged Dick: Or, Street Life in New York with the Boot Blacks (1868; rpt. New York: Penguin Books, 1990), p. 91.
168. Allan Nevins, Hamilton Fish: The Inner History of the Grant Administration (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1937), pp. 249-78, 497-501.
169. Joseph G. McCoy, Historic Sketches of the Cattle Trade of the West and Southwest, http://www.kancoll.org.
170. Carl Schurz, Congressional Globe, 41st Cong., 3rd sess., pp. 123-28.
171. Schurz, Reminiscences,3: 321-23.
172. John McDonald, Secrets of the Great Whiskey Ring and Eighteen Months in the Penitentiary (St. Louis: W. S. Bryan, 1880), p. 70.
173. Julia Ward Howe, "Appeal to Womanhood throughout the World, " in Richards and Elliott, Howe, 1:302
174. Henry Nash Smith, Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth (1950; rpt., Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2005).
175. S. P. Elkins, in Dubbs, Hart, et al., Pioneer Days, p. 275.
176. George Fitzhugh, "Liberty and Civilization, " De Bow's Review (March 1866): 250,
177. William Cronon, Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991), pp. 371-85.
178. W. C. Bartlett, "A Breeze from the Woods, " Overland Monthly, July 1, 1868, p. 10;
179. Ina D. Coolbrith, "Longing, " in Overland Monthly, July 1, 1868, p. 17.
180. Frederic Bancroft and William A. Dunning, "A Sketch of Carl Schurz's Political Career, 1869-1909, " in Schurz, Reminiscences, 3:339-40.
181. John G. Sproat, The Best Men: Liberal Reformers in the Gilded Age (New York: Oxford University Press, 1969).
182. Michael Les Benedict, "Reform Republicans and the Retreat from Reconstruction, " in The Facts of Reconstruction: Essays in Honor of John Hope Franklin, ed. Eric Anderson and Alfred A. Moss, Jr. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1991), pp. 53-77.
183. J. W. De Forest, "The Colored Member, " Galaxy 13 (March 1872): 293-303.
184. Horace White to Lyman Trumbull, quoted in Bancroft and Dunning, "Sketch, "in Schurz, Reminiscences, 3: 342.
185. Everett Chamberlin, The Struggle of'72 (Chicago: Union Publishing Company, 1872), pp. 334, 363.
186. Mark Twain, Roughing It (1872; rpt. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), p.19.
187. Irving Katz, August Belmont: A Political Biography (New York: Columbia University Press, 1968), pp. 195-98.
188. Robert Franklin Durden, James Shepherd Pike: Republicanism and the American Negro, 1850-1882 (Durham: Duke University Press, 1857), p. 189.
189. William Gillette, Retreat from Reconstruction: 1869-1879 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1979), pp. 56-72
190. Michael Perman, The Road to Redemption: Southern Politics, 1869-1879 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984), pp. 108-26, 145-46.
191. James M. McPherson, "Grant or Greeley? The Abolitionist Dilemma in the Election of 1872, " American Historical Review 71 (October 1865): 43-61.
192. Stanton, Anthony, and Gage, eds., History of Woman Suffrage, 1:14-16.
193. Joseph Wall, Andrew Carnegie (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970), pp. 145-91.
194. Rufus P. Spaulding (Ohio) and Josiah B. Grinnell (Iowa) in Congressional Globe, 38th Cong., 1st sess., pp. 1876-77
195. Justin Smith Morrill, (Iowa) in Congressional Globe, 38th Cong., 1st sess., pp. 1876, 1940
196. John K. Winkler, Incredible Carnegie: The Life of Andrew Carnegie (New York: Vanguard Press, 1931), pp. 75-103.
197. Pauline Maier, "The Revolutionary Origins of the American Corporation, " William and Mary Quarterly 50 (January 1993): 55-58;
198. Oscar Handlin and Mary F. Handlin, "Origins of the American Business Corporation, "Journal of Economic History 5 (1945): 1-23;
199. Ronald E. Seavoy, The Origins of the American Business Corporation, 1784-1855: Broadening the Concept of Public Service during Industrialization (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1982)
200. James K. Medbery, Men and Mysteries of Wall Street (Boston: Fields, Osgood., 1870), pp. 14-24.
201. Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1977), pp. 145-205, 240-83.
202. Andrew Carnegie, "The Gospel of Wealth, " in The Gospel of Wealth and Other Timely Essays, ed. Edward C. Kirkland (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1962), p. 16.
203. Prentice Mulford, "The Soul of the Corporation, " Overland Monthly, January 1872, 87-91.
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