Growing the game: The globalization of major league baseball

Growing the Game: The Globalization of Major League Baseball

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 1-279

  Klein, Alan M ^a  

^a NORTHEASTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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EID: 84902918510     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (344)

1. Jim Small, interview by the author, January 12, 2000.
2. Jim Small, interview by the author, January 12, 2000.
3. Jim Small, interview by the author, January 12, 2000.
4. Ken Belson, "Getting Champions' Caps to the Game Before the Final Whistle," New York Times, May 28, 2003.
5. Bob Hohler, "Guerrero Wins by Country Mile," Boston Globe, November 17, 2004.
6. Charlie Nobles, "Baseball Players from Over There Get a Shot Over Here," New York Times, May 18, 2005.
7. Tim Weiner, "Baseballs Being Made in a Sweatshop," www.sportsbusinessnews.com (The Daily Dose), January 26, 2004 (originally published as "Low-Wage Costa Ricans Make Baseballs for Millionaires,"New York Times, January 25, 2004).
8. Thomas L. Friedman, The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005), 114.
9. Thomas L. Friedman, The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005), 32.
10. Michael Lewis, Moneyball: The Art of Winning an Unfair Game (New York: Norton, 2003).
11. Jim Small, interview by the author, January 26, 2004.
12. Joe Strauss, "Baseball Making Comeback, Has the Game Begun to Heal?" www.sportsbusinessnews.com (The Daily Dose), November 5, 2003 (originally published as "Baseball Puts on Its Rally Cap," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, November 2, 2003).
13. "Commissioner Selig's Accomplishments," MLB press release, August 19, 2004.
14. Justice B. Hill, "Selig Wants to Make Game Global," www.indians.com, August 23, 2004.
15. Howard Zinn, The Twentieth Century: A People's History (New York: Harper Collins, 1984), 2.
16. Edward Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (New York: Modern Library, 1966), 860.
17. Marvin Harris, The Rise of Anthropological Theory: A History of Theories of Culture (New York: Crowell, 1968).
18. Russell Adams, "Local TV Ratings Looking Up for Most Clubs," Sports- Business Journal, July 12-18, 2004, 6.
19. Barry M. Bloom, "MLB Sets Attendance Mark," www.MLB.com, October 3, 2004.
20. "Harris Interactive Poll: Baseball vs. Other Sports," Baseball America, March 29-April 11, 2004, 22.
21. Jules Tygiel, Baseball's Great Experiment: Jackie Robinson and His Legacy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983), 186.
22. Mike Royko, Chicago Daily News, October 26, 1972
23. Quoted in Brent Staples, "Where Are the Black Fans?" New York Times Sunday Magazine, May 17, 1987, 23.
24. Aaron Kuriloff, "Baseball Is Striking Out in the City," New Orleans Times- Picayune, March 19, 2000, citing a survey by Mediamark Research.
25. Terry Lefton, "The Aging Baseball Market," Brandweek 34, no. 3 (1993)
26. Allen St. John, "Baseball's Billion-dollar Question: Who's on Deck?" American Demographics 20, no. 10 (1998): 60-62.
27. Rick Horrow, "The Business of MLB at the All-Star Break," www.SportsLine.com, July 12, 2004.
28. Eric Fisher, "Baseball Asks, 'Where are the Kids?'" Washington Times, May 22, 2004.
29. Eric Spanberg, "Attracting Kids to Major Sports No Child's Play," Sports- Business Journal, June 16-22, 2003, 22.
30. Todd Wilkinson, "USA: A Whole New Ballgame," Christian Science Monitor, March 27, 2000
31. Frank White, interview by the author, February 8, 2002.
32. Peter Gammons, Baseball Notes, Boston Globe, July 28, 1991.
33. Harry Edwards, "The Crisis of Black Athletes on the Eve of the 21st Century," Society 37, no. 3 (2000): 9-13.
34. Mike Klis, "Fewer Blacks Step Up to Plate in Pro Baseball," Denver Post, May 11, 2003.
35. Rick Hummel, "Baseball No Longer Is Attracting Many Young Black Players," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 13, 2003.
36. Ben Bolch, "MLB Steps Up in Compton," Los Angeles Times, August 6, 2003.
37. Marcy Frank, "Youth Participation in Sports Hits the Couch," SportsBusiness Journal, November 27-December 3, 2000, 6.
38. Matthew Futterman, "Little League Baseball Facing Serious Challenges," www.sportsbusinessnews.com (The Daily Dose), August 7, 2003 (originally published in the Newark Star-Ledger).
39. Dave McKibben, "Where Have All the Little Leaguers Gone?" www.sportsbusinessnews.com (The Daily Dose), August 14, 2004 (originally published in the Los Angeles Times).
40. Rick Westhead, "Survey Says, MLB Needs to Be More Competitive," Bloomberg News, December 20, 2001, 22.
41. Andrew Zimbalist, May the Best Team Win: Baseball Economics and Public Policy (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 2003).
42. Tim Brown, "Bare Markets," Los Angeles Times, April 1, 2005, D12.
43. Eric Fisher, "The 'Troubling Times' MLB Appears to Be Facing," www.sportsbusinessnews.com (The Daily Dose), December 1, 2003 (originally published in the Washington Times).
44. Allard Baird, interview by the author, March 23, 2004.
45. Kevin Baxter, "At Baseball's Annual Winter Meetings, It's the Haves vs. the Have-nots," www.sportsbusinessnews.com (The Daily Dose), December 9, 2004 (originally published in the Miami Herald).
46. John Holway, ed., Voices from the Great Black Baseball Leagues (New York: Da Capo, 1992), 92.
47. Art Stewart, interview by the author, March 20, 2004.
48. Art Stewart, interview by the author, March 20, 2004.
49. Frank White, interview by the author, February 8, 2002.
50. Jerry Crasnick, Baseball America, September 15-28, 2003, 4.
51. Mike Bauman, www.MLB.com, March 24, 2004.
52. Allard Baird, interview by the author, March 26, 2004.
53. Allard Baird, interview by the author, August 3, 2002.
54. Allard Baird, interview by the author, August 3, 2002.
55. Allard Baird, interview by the author, May 3, 2002.
56. Allard Baird, interview by the author, March 28, 2004.
57. Michael Lewis, Moneyball: The Art of Winning an Unfair Game (New York: Norton, 2003), 16.
58. Allard Baird, interview by the author, May 12, 2002.
59. Allard Baird, interview by the author, May 12, 2002.
60. Allard Baird, interview by the author, May 12, 2002.
61. Allard Baird, interview by the author, March 29, 2004.
62. Gordon Edes, "Manager's Musings Worth Considering," Boston Globe, April 14, 2002.
63. Allard Baird, interview by the author, May 2, 2002. In baseball lingo a "fivetool" player is one who can hit, hit for power, run, field, and throw.
64. Luis Silverio, interview by the author, August 23, 2002.
65. Luis Silverio, interview by the author, August 23, 2002.
66. Allard Baird, interview by the author, February 18, 2002.
67. Allard Baird, interview by the author, May 2, 2003.
68. Allard Baird, interview by the author, August 5, 2000.
69. Clive Russell, interview by the author, July 2, 2002.
70. Luis Silverio, interview by the author, February 8, 2002.
71. Luis Silverio, interview by the author, February 8, 2002.
72. Luis Silverio, interview by the author, February 8, 2002.
73. Luis Silverio, interview by the author, February 8, 2002.
74. Luis Silverio, interview by the author, February 8, 2002.
75. Tracy Ringolsby, "Hope Returns to Kansas City," Baseball America, February 16-24, 2004, 9.
76. Allard Baird, interview by the author, December 14, 2005.
77. Allard Baird, interview by the author, December 14, 2005.
78. Allard Baird, interview by the author, December 14, 2005.
79. Jesse Katz, "Artless Dodgers: They Were Once L.A.'s Team, Proof of the City's Ascendance. Now We Hardly Know Their Names," Los Angeles Magazine, April 2002, 54.
80. Jesse Katz, "Artless Dodgers: They Were Once L.A.'s Team, Proof of the City's Ascendance. Now We Hardly Know Their Names," Los Angeles Magazine, April 2002, 54.
81. Bill Shaikin, "The Yankees: Bottom Line and Baseball Parity," Los Angeles Times, April 1, 2004.
82. Commissioner's Office Blue Ribbon Report 2001, in "Is Money Everything?" Jim Banks, www.MLB.com, December 6, 2001.
83. Bob Hohler, "Epstein Says There Is Limit on Spending," Boston Globe, December 13, 2003.
84. Fred Claire, interview by the author, April 1, 2005.
85. Dan Evans, interview by the author, July 11, 2003
86. Kris Rone, interview by the author, July 22, 2003.
87. Dan Evans, interview by the author, July 3, 2003.
88. Fred Claire, interview by the author, April 25, 2005.
89. Jules Tygiel, Baseball's Great Experiment: Jackie Robinson and His Legacy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983).
90. Jules Tygiel, Baseball's Great Experiment: Jackie Robinson and His Legacy
91. New York: Oxford University Press, 1983, 160.
92. Jules Tygiel, Baseball's Great Experiment: Jackie Robinson and His Legacy
93. New York: Oxford University Press, 1983, 59.
94. Jules Tygiel, Baseball's Great Experiment: Jackie Robinson and His Legacy
95. New York: Oxford University Press, 1983, 110.
96. Jules Tygiel, Baseball's Great Experiment: Jackie Robinson and His Legacy
97. New York: Oxford University Press, 1983, 122.
98. Jules Tygiel, Baseball's Great Experiment: Jackie Robinson and His Legacy
99. New York: Oxford University Press, 1983, 182.
100. Mark Langill, "Celebrating Fernando," www.Dodgers.com (special report), December 27, 2001.
101. Jane Leavy, Sandy Koufax: A Lefty's Legacy (New York: Harper-Collins, 2002), 73.
102. Dan Evans, interview by the author, July 3, 2003.
103. Steve Delsohn, True Blue: The Dramatic History of the Los Angeles Dodgers Told by the Men Who Lived It (New York: William Morrow, 2001), 150.
104. Fernandomania: The Story of Fernando Valenzuela, ESPN Classic documentary (2001).
105. Robert Whiting, The Meaning of Ichiro: The New Wave from Japan and the Transformation of Our National Pastime (New York: Warner Books, 2004), 98.
106. Rod Beaton, "Dodgers' Lineup Reflects Global Approach," USA Today, April 19, 1995.
107. Larry Whiteside, "The Rising Son Returns to Japan," Boston Globe, November 17, 1996.
108. Mark Langill, "Nomo: A Season to Remember," Dodger Yearbook Stories, 1996.
109. Kevin Johnson, "Love for Nomo Bridges Pacific and then Some," USA Today, October 6, 1995.
110. Paul Sakuma, "Impressive Debut for Nomo," Chicago Sun-Times, May 3, 1995.
111. Mark Langill, "Nomo," 75. Nomo did, in fact, understand English much better than he let on. He simply wasn't comfortable with it.
112. Milton Jamail, "Spanning the Globe," Dodgers Magazine 7, no. 4 (2000): 33-50
113. Alan M. Klein, Sugarball: The American Game, The Dominican Dream (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991), 98-105.
114. Paul Hagen, "Better Than the Real Thing," Baseball America, February 4-17, 2002, 8.
115. Kris Rone, interview by the author, July 11, 2003.
116. Noah Liberman, "Dodgers Score After Taking Spanish Radio In-house," SportsBusiness Journal, December 9-15, 2002, 1.
117. Rich Saenz, interview by the author, August 14, 2000.
118. Bonnie Harris and Mark Magnier, "A Big Pitch for Japanese Tourists," Los Angeles Times, February 26, 2002.
119. Charles Elmore, "He's a Merchandizer's Dream, a Collector's Target, a Hitter's Nightmare," Palm Beach Post, July 20, 1995, 1C.
120. Mariko Sanchanta, "Japan Predicts Bumper Year for Tourists from Overseas," Financial Times, January 8, 2004, section 2.
121. Larry Stewart, "Word Is Out on Dodgers, and It's Not Very Good," Los Angeles Times.com, December 12, 2005.
122. John Thorn, Pete Palmer, and Michael Gershman (Kingston, N.Y.: Total Sports, 2001).
123. Bill Koenig, "Fenway Fiesta: Pedro's Pitching!" USA Today, Baseball Weekly, April 15-21, 1998, 8.
124. Gordon Edes, "Safe at Home: Martinez Is Still an Island Wonder in Dominican Republic," Boston Globe, February 6, 2000.
125. Louie Eljaua, interview by the author, June 11, 2002.
126. Roger Plant, Sugar and Modern Slavery: A Tale of Two Countries (London: Zed, 1987), 5-7.
127. Alan Klein, Sugarball: The American Game, the Dominican Dream (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991)
128. Rob Ruck, The Tropic of Baseball: Baseball in the Dominican Republic (Westport, Conn.: Mecklermedia, 1991).
129. Vicioso and Alvarez, Béisbol Dominicano, 12
130. Ruck, Tropic of Baseball, 5
131. Klein, Sugarball, 14.
132. Alan Klein, Baseball on the Border: A Tale of Two Laredos (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997)
133. William H. Beezley, Judas at the Jockey Club and Other Episodes of Porfirian Mexico (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1987).
134. Klein, Sugarball, 16-17.
135. Donn Rogosin, Invisible Men: Life in Baseball's Negro Leagues (New York: Atheneum, 1985), 166.
136. Cuqui Cordova, interview by the author, January 20, 1989.
137. Klein, Sugarball; Marcos Breton and Jose Luis Villegas, Away Games: The Life and Times of a Latin Ballplayer (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1999).
138. Tim Wendel, The New Face of Baseball: The One-Hundred-Year Rise and Triumph of Latinos in America's Favorite Sport (New York: Rayo, 2003).
139. Jay Coakley, Sport in Society: Issues and Controversies, 7th ed. (New York: McGraw Hill, 2003).
140. Jesse Sanchez, "New Visa Policy in Effect," MLB.com, July 1, 2004.
141. Bill Brubaker, "Caribbean Curve Ball: Baseball's Dominican Pipeline," Washington Post National Weekly, March 31, 1986.
142. Luis Silverio, interview by the author, February 8, 2002.
143. Louie Eljaua, interview by the author, May 16, 2002.
144. Klein, Sugarball, 87-93.
145. Jim Salisbury, "Search for Dominican Talent No Longer a Hit-or-Miss Affair," Philadelphia Inquirer, July 23, 2002.
146. Jesus Alou, interview by the author, June 11, 2002.
147. Louie Eljaua, interview by the author, June 10, 2002.
148. Luis Silverio, interview by the author, June 12, 2002.
149. Klein, Sugarball, 46-47.
150. Juan Forero, "Cultivating a Field of Dreams," Newark Star-Ledger, July 5, 1998, section 5, p.1.
151. Samuel Herrera, interview by the author, November 12, 2002.
152. Nelson Geronimo, interview by the author, November 13, 2002.
153. Louie Eljaua, interview by the author, July 31, 2003.
154. John Hoberman, Darwin Athletes: How Sport Has Damaged Black America and Preserved the Myth of Race (Boston: Mariner, 1997).
155. Jose Felipe Rivera, Población y sociedad (Santo Domingo, 1983), 327-329.
156. Andres Cala, "Poverty in the Dominican Republic Drives Some to Desperate Measures to Play Ball," Associated Press (International News), September 6, 2001.
157. Ben Cherington, interview by the author, May 23, 2003.
158. M. Estellie Smith, ed., Perspectives on the Informal Economy (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1990)
159. Cathy Rakowski, ed., Contrapunto: The Informal Sector Debate in Latin America (Albany, N.Y.: SUNY Press, 1994).
160. Michael Knisley, "Everybody Has the Dream," Sporting News, February 19, 2001, 3.
161. Rafael Perez, interview by the author, November 8, 2002.
162. Rafael Perez, interview by the author, November 8, 2002.
163. Louie Eljaua, interview by the author, August 31, 2002.
164. Jeff Shugel, interview by the author, June 12, 2002.
165. Jeff Shugel, interview by the author, June 12, 2002.
166. Dan Evans, interview by the author, September 3, 2003.
167. Johnny Diaz, "Dominicans Cast Ballots," Boston Globe, May 17, 2004.
168. Gordon Edes, Baseball Notes, Boston Globe, May 18, 2004.
169. Rafael Perez, interview by the author, October 2, 2004.
170. Steve Henson, "Some Players Do Own Thing," Los Angeles Times, March 29, 2005.
171. Peter Prengaman, "New Dominican Leader Faces Dire Economy," Boston Globe, May 18, 2004.
172. Alejandro Portes and Saskia Sassen-Koob, "Making It Underground: Comparative Material on the Informal Sector in Western Market Economics." American Journal of Sociology 93 (1987): 30-61.
173. Michael Silverman, "Game Has Empty Feeling," Boston Herald, March 12, 2000.
174. Russell Adams, "MLB Signs Richer TV Deal and Official Beer in Baseball- Crazy Dominican Republic," SportsBusiness Journal, May 10-16, 2004, 1.
175. Michael McCarthy, "Advertisers Tap into Hispanic Gold Mine," Boston Globe, February 21, 2003.
176. Marty Kuehnert, "Matsui and Bass Both Get the Shaft in Voting Process," Japan Times, January 14, 2004.
177. Tyler Kepner, "Rediscovering Japan: Yanks Know Ruth and Gehrig Slept
178. There Too, New York Times, March 28, 2004.
179. Ray Poitevint, interview by the author, December 3, 2002.
180. Marty Kuehnert, "Lasorda Defends Himself, Dodgers Over Deal with Buffaloes," Japan Times, July 14, 2004.
181. Marty Kuehnert, interview by the author, July 9, 2004.
182. Jim Allen, interview by the author, July 4, 2004.
183. Derrick Thomas, interview by the author, July 6, 2004.
184. Kris Rone, interview by the author, September 3, 2002.
185. Jim Allen, interview by the author, July 3, 2004.
186. Russell Adams, "New Name Deals for Red Sox Firm," SportsBusiness Journal, August 9-15, 2004, 1.
187. Jim Allen, interview by the author, July 6, 2004.
188. Gary Garland, Personal communication, August 30, 2003.
189. Makoto Ito, "Baseball Business in a Hole," Japantoday.com, June 16, 2004, 3.
190. Makoto Ito, "Baseball Business in a Hole," Japantoday.com, June 16, 2004, 3.
191. Marty Kuehnert, "No Name Selling, No-name Commissioner Tells Kintetsu," Japan Times, February 11, 2004.
192. Jim Allen, "Pro Baseball Heads Toward a Single League," Daily Yomiuri, July 8, 2004.
193. Robert Whiting, "Gaijin GM, draft prepared for Sports Illustrated.
194. Eijiro Kawada, "Japanese Youngsters Interested in More Than Baseball These Days," Tacoma News-Tribune, May 9, 2003.
195. Doug Struck, "Japanese Appreciative of Their Exports," Washington Post, May 1, 2003.
196. Jim Small, interview by author, July 8, 2004.
197. Gordon Edes, "MLB's Clout Helped Break Millar Logjam," Boston Globe, February 24, 2003.
198. Jim Allen, interview with author, July 5, 2004.
199. Charlie Nobles, "Players from Over There Get a Shot Over Here," New York Times.com, May 18, 2005; Ben Bolch, "Whole New Ballgame," LATimes.com, July 28, 2005.
200. Dan Bonanno, "Italian Baseball, unpublished report, MLB properties.
201. Dan Bonanno, interview by the author, June 29, 2002.
202. Clive Russell, interview by the author, July 2, 2002.
203. Jim Davenport, interview by the author, July 29, 2001.
204. Mauro Mazotti, interview by the author, June 27, 2002.
205. Dan Bonanno, interview by the author, July 7, 2001.
206. Dan Newman, interview by the author, July 31, 2001.
207. Alberto Falzone, interview by the author, June 30, 2002.
208. Bill Holmberg, interview by the author, June 30, 2002.
209. Rick Hummel, "Simontacchi Gains Changeup, Experience in the Italian League," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 5, 2002.
210. Mark Cherbone, interview by the author, June 28, 2004.
211. Dave Bidini, Baseballissimo: My Summer in the Italian Minor Leagues (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 2004), 76.
212. David Block, Baseball Before We Knew It: A Search for the Roots of the Game (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2005).
213. Klaus Helmig, interview by the author, October 13, 2001.
214. George Pascal, interview by the author, July 25, 2001.
215. Klaus Helmig, interview by the author, October 21, 2001.
216. Jim Small, interview by the author, July 8, 2004.
217. Josh Chetwynd, "The Day Britain Triumphed Over the United States," Double Play, Spring 2002, 30.
218. Clive Russell, interview by the author, September 7, 2004.
219. Clive Russell, interview by the author, July 2, 2002.
220. Clive Russell, interview by the author, July 2, 2002.
221. Jim Small, interview by the author, July 25, 2002.
222. Bob Fromer, interview by the author, July 2, 2002.
223. Pat Doyle, interview by the author, July 21, 2001.
224. Clive Russell, interview by the author, October, 19, 2004.
225. Sandy Alderson, interview by the author, November 30, 2004.
226. Clive Russell, interview by the author, June 21, 2001.
227. Jim Small, interview by the author, July 5, 2004.
228. Basil Tarasko, interview by the author, July 29, 2001.
229. Basil Tarasko, "Ten Years of Baseball Development in Ukraine Marked by Significant Progress, www.ukrweekly.com.
230. Basil Tarasko, interview by the author, September 1, 2001.
231. Edwin Bennett, interview by the author, June 27, 2002.
232. Barry Armitage, interview by the author, March 28, 2004.
233. Barry Armitage, interview by the author, March 28, 2004.
234. Hermann Giliomee and Richard Elphick, The Structure of European Domination on the Cape, 1652-1820, in The Shaping of South African Society, 1652-1820
235. Hermann B. Giliomee and Richard Elphick (London: Cass, 1979), 359-390.
236. Giliomee and Elphick, Structure of European Domination, 371.
237. Dennis Brutus, "Sport and Apartheid," Current Affairs Bulletin 46, no. 12 (1970): 179.
238. Booth, Race Game, 78.
239. Booth, Race Game, 86-88.
240. Booth, Race Game, 147.
241. Edwin Bennett, interview by the author, February 19, 2002.
242. Booth, Race Game, 179.
243. Pett Yus, interview by the author, February 16, 2002.
244. Booth, Race Game, 138.
245. Mike Randall, interview by the author, February 21, 2002.
246. Bill Holmberg, interview by the author, July 3, 2002.
247. Edwin Bennett, interview by the author, February 20, 2002.
248. Mike Randall, interview by the author, February 22, 2002.
249. Mike Randall, interview by the author, February 22, 2002.
250. Allard Baird, interview by the author, May 11, 2001.
251. Carol Kyte, interview by the author, July 22, 2002.
252. Luis Silverio, interview by the author, February 8, 2002.
253. Claire Smith, "Land of Rising Opportunities," Sporting News, March 4, 1991, 24.
254. Thomas Boswell, "Franchise for the World," Washington Post, April 19, 1991.
255. Joseph Maguire, "More Than a Sporting 'Touchdown': The Making of American Football in Britain, 1982-1989," Sociology of Sport Journal 7, no. 3 (1990): 213-237.
256. Barry Bloom, "Mission Accomplished: The Padres Practice Globalization Without the Help of Major-league Baseball," Sport, September 1997, 46.
257. Larry Stone, "MLB's Japan Tour Another Selig Step onto World Stage," Seattle Times, April 2, 2000: D10.
258. Jim Allen, interview by the author, July 6, 2004.
259. Jim Allen, interview by the author, July 6, 2004.
260. Elizabeth J. Milleker, ed., The Year One: Art of the Ancient World East and West (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000), 3.
261. David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity (Oxford: Blackwell, 1989), 29.
262. Thomas L. Friedman, The Lexus and the Olive Tree (New York: Anchor, 1999).
263. Harvey, Conditions, 293.
264. John Micklethwait and Adrian Wooldridge, A Future Perfect: The Challenge and Hidden Promise of Globalization (New York: Crown, 2000), 37.
265. Manuel Castells, The Rise of the Network Society (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996), 31.
266. Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson, Globalization in Question: The International Economy and the Possibilities of Governance (Cambridge: Polity, 1996).
267. David Held, Anthony G. McGrew, David Goldblatt, and Jonathan Perraton, Global Transformations: Politics, Economics, and Culture (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 1999), 15.
268. Hiawatha Bray, "As Economy Gains, Outsourcing Surges," Boston Globe, November 2, 2003.
269. Chris Gaither, "US workers see hard times," Boston Globe, November 3, 2003.
270. Anna Tsing, "The Global Situation," in The Anthropology of Globalization: A Reader, ed. Jonathan Xavier Inda and Renato Rosaldo (London: Blackwell, 2002), 452-482.
271. Joseph Stiglitz, Globalization and Its Discontents (New York: Norton, 2002), 22.
272. Tina Rosenberg, "Globalization," New York Times Magazine, August 18, 2002, 28-33, 50.
273. Anthony Giddens, Runaway World: How Globalization is Reshaping Our Lives (New York: Routledge, 2000), or Rosenberg, "Globalization." 25. Rosenberg, "Globalization," 31.
274. James L. Scott, Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985).
275. Mitchell Stephens, "Brave New World: As the World Shrinks, Cultures Blend and Diversity Disappears," Los Angeles Times Magazine, January 17, 1993, 21.
276. Ulf Hannerz, "Notes on the Global Ecumene," Public Culture 1, no. 2 (1989): 66-75.
277. Alan Bairner, Sport, Nationalism, and Globalization (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2001)
278. John Bale and Joseph Maguire, eds., The Global Sports Arena (London: Frank Cass, 1994)
279. Toby Miller, Geoffrey A. Lawrence, Jim McKay, and David Rowe, Globalization and Sport: Playing the World (London: Sage, 2001)
280. Jean Harvey, G. Rail, and L. Thibault, "Globalization and Sport: Sketching a Theoretical Model for Empirical Analysis," Journal of Sport and Social Issues 20, no. 3 (1996): 258-277.
281. David L. Andrews, B. Carrington, Z. Mazur, and S. Jackson, "'Jordanscapes': A Preliminary Analysis of the Global Popular," Sociology of Sport Journal 13, no. 4 (1996): 428-457
282. John Sugden and Alan Tomlinson, FIFA and the Contest for World Football: Who Rules the People's Game? (Cambridge: Blackwell, 1998)
283. John Sugden and Alan Tomlinson, "Power and Resistance in the Governance of World Football: Theorizing FIFA's Transnational Impact," Journal of Sport and Social Issues 22, no. 3 (1998): 299-316.
284. Joseph Maguire most important works in this regard are Global Sport: Identities, Societies, Civilizations (Cambridge: Polity, 1999)
285. "Globalization, Sport Development, and the Media/Sport Production Complex," Sport Science Review 2, no. 1 (1993): 29-47
286. "Blade Runners: Canadian Migrants, Ice Hockey, and the Global Sports Process," Journal of Sport and Social Issues 20, no. 3 (1996): 335-360
287. Identity Politics, and Globalization: Diminishing Contrasts, Increasing Varieties," Sociology of Sport Journal 11, no. 4 (1994): 398-427.
288. Norbert Elias, The Civilizing Process (Oxford: Blackwell, 1982), 251-258.
289. John Lombardo, "NBA Imports Talent and Exports the Game," SportsBusiness Journal, October 25-31, 2004, 25.
290. Douglas B. Holt, How Brands Become Icons: The Principles of Cultural Branding (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2004).
291. Clay Risen, "Re-branding America," Boston Globe, March 13, 2005.
292. Harwood L. Childs, ed., Propaganda and Dictatorship (Princeton: Princeton University Press,1936).
293. Simon Anholt and Jeremy Hildreth, Brand America: The Mother of All Brands (London: Cyan, 2005).
294. Robert Whiting, personal communication, October 31, 2004.
295. Jim Small, interview by the author, December 2, 2004.
296. Jim Small, interview by the author, December 2, 2004.
297. Jim Small, interview by the author, July 26, 2002.
298. Edwin Bennett, interview by the author, February 20, 2002.
299. Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, eds., The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983).
300. Janet Lever, Soccer Madness (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983).
301. Ron Koffman, "Time to Tackle the Hooligans," www.Haaretz.com, November 2, 2004.
302. Steven Erlanger, "A National Hero One Day, an Enemy to Some the Next," New York Times.com, April 22, 2005.
303. Barry Armitage, interview by the author, March 20, 2004.
304. Barry Bloom, "Mission Accomplished: The San Diego Padres Have Practiced Globalization Without the Help of MLB," Sport, September 1997, 46-50.
305. Daniel Kaplan and John Rofe, "MLB Building Record Loan Pool," Sports- Business Journal, August 28-September 3, 2000, 1.
306. Bill King, "MLB Tops Leagues in Lobbying Efforts," SportsBusiness Journal, October 11-17, 1999, 6.
307. Alan Schwarz, "First Dominican Draft Proved Chaotic," Baseball America, January 22-February 4, 2001, 7.
308. Ralph Avila, interview by the author, March 26, 2003.
309. Tom Singer, "Should There Be a Worldwide Draft?" MLB.com, May 9, 2002.
310. Dean Taylor, interview by the author, December 4, 2002.
311. Lawrence Rocca, "World Draft Could Ease Inequities in Baseball Signing," Newhouse News Service, July 29, 2002.
312. Ben Cherington, interview by the author, August 18, 2002.
313. Michael Knisley, "Dodging the Draft," Sporting News, February 19, 2001, 11.
314. Jesus Alou, interview by the author, June 11, 2003.
315. Sandy Alderson, interview by the author, December 9, 2004.
316. David Rawnsley, "An Argument Against the Worldwide Draft," Baseball America, February 19-March 4, 2001, 17.
317. John Powers, "US Baseball Is Stunned, Fails to Make Olympics," Boston Globe, November 8, 2003.
318. Will Longo, "Building a Winner, They Hope," Baseball America, September 18-October 1, 2000, 8.
319. Stephen Wilson, "IOC May Drop Baseball from Olympics," Association Press Online, August 29, 2002.
320. Amy Shipley, "Baseball's International Stage: MLB Is Planning a World Cup, While IOC Wants Deeper Commitment," Washington Post, May 21, 2003.
321. John Manuel, "Big Leaguers Could Save Olympic Baseball," Baseball America, November 11-24, 2002, 3.
322. William C. Rhoden, "Olympic Softball a Victim of U.S. Supremacy," New York Times.com, July 9, 2005.
323. Tim Brown and David Wharton, "Out of Olympics, Baseball Plans a Real World Series," LATimes.com July 12, 2005.
324. Barry Bloom, "Baseball Could Return to Olympics," MLB.com, October 28, 2005.
325. Robert Whiting, The Chrysanthemum and the Bat: Baseball Samurai Style (New York: Avon, 1983), 222.
326. "Estrada's Diary: Oh What a Meeting," MLB.com, November 9, 2004.
327. John Manuel, "World Cup Proceeds, but Questions Remain," Baseball America, November 12-25, 2001, 3.
328. Alan Schwarz, "World Baseball Classic Becomes Reality," Baseball America, June 6-19, 2005, 7.
329. Rafael Hermoso, "Baseball: Today It's Puerto Rico, Tomorrow It's the World," New York Times, April 15, 2003.
330. Murray Chass, "Problems with Proposed MLB 2005 World Cup," www.sportsbusinessnews.com (The Daily Dose), February 11, 2004
331. Amy Chozick, "Global Pitch" Wall Street Journal, October 18, 2004, 1.
332. Barry Bloom, "World Cup Given Owners' Blessing," www.sportsbusinessnews.com (The Daily Dose), August 20, 2004.
333. Barry M. Bloom, "MLB Close on WBC Venues, Japan," MLB.com, August 17, 2005.
334. Jack Gallagher, "Playing World Baseball Classic in Spring or Fall Makes No Sense At All," Japan Times, June 8, 2005.
335. Bruce Wallace, "Japan Might Balk at This Brand-New Ballgame," LATimes.com, June 13, 2005.
336. Ken Davidoff, "Culture Shock Shakes Japan-MLB Plan" in New York Newsday, May 29, 2005).
337. Jim Small, interview by the author, July 8, 2004.
338. Wayne Graczyk, "MLB Japan Tries to Reassure NPB on World Baseball Classic," Japan Times, June 5, 2005.
339. Paul Archey, interview by the author, January 14, 2005.
340. Cody Holt, "Major League Video," www.looksmart.com, April 1, 2004.
341. Matthew Futterman, "Baseball's MLB.com Is a Hit, Poised For an IPO," newhousenews.com, August 2, 2004.
342. Sandy Alderson, interview by the author, November 30, 2004.
343. Dan Duguette, interview by the author, November 1, 2001.
344. Tom Krasovic, "Club's Finances Pass MLB Inspection-'We're very pleased,'" San Diego Union-Tribune, May 10, 2003.