The left atrium: From the research laboratory to the clinic

Cardiology (Switzerland)

Volumn 129, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 1-17

  Dean Boudoulas, Konstantinos ^a   Paraskevaidis, Ioannis A ^b   Boudoulas, Harisios ^a,c,d   Triposkiadis, Filippos K ^e,f  

^a THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Greece)

^c BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH FOUNDATION   (Greece)

^d ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKI   (Greece)

^e UNIVERSITY OF THESSALY   (Greece)

^f UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF LARISSA   (Greece)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular homeostasis; Left atrium; Left ventricle

Indexed keywords

ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR; NEUROHORMONE;

AGING; AORTA; ARTICLE; CARDIOMYOPATHY; CARDIOPULMONARY FUNCTION; CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION; CARDIOVASCULAR HOMEOSTASIS; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CLINICAL RESEARCH; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DOPPLER ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; ENDOCRINE FUNCTION; EXERCISE; FLUOROSCOPY; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HEART ATRIUM FUNCTION; HEART ATRIUM REMODELING; HEART CATHETERIZATION; HEART FAILURE; HEART LEFT ATRIUM; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FUNCTION; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; LEFT ATRIUM MYOPATHY; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); MYOPATHY; NEUROHUMORAL HOMEOSTASIS; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; PROTEIN SECRETION; PULMONARY ARTERY; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY; THREE DIMENSIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; ACQUIRED CARDIOMYOPATHY; ADVERSE OUTCOME; ARTERIAL STIFFNESS; ATRIAL MYOPATHY; CARDIOVASCULAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; ENDOCRINE DISEASE; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FILLING; HERITABILITY; LONE ATRIAL FIBRILLATION; LUNG CIRCULATION; METABOLIC DISORDER; MITRAL VALVE; MULTIDETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PULMONARY VEIN; TISSUE DOPPLER IMAGING; CARDIAC IMAGING; HEART ATRIUM; HEART DISEASES; METABOLISM; PATHOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY;

ATRIAL FUNCTION, LEFT; ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR; ATRIAL REMODELING; CARDIAC IMAGING TECHNIQUES; HEART ATRIA; HEART DISEASES; HUMANS;

EID: 84902911720     PISSN: 00086312     EISSN: 14219751     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000360935     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. Harvey W: On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals; in Eliot CW: The Harvard Classics (1909-1914) 38. Part III. Collier, New York.
2. Stefanadis C, Dernellis J, Toutouzas P: A clinical appraisal of left atrial function. Eur Heart J 2001; 22: 22-36.
3. Sparks EA, Graber HL, Boudoulas H, Nelson SD, B aker II PB, Wooley CF: Atrial myopathy and atrial fibrillation: phenotypes in heritable cardiac conduction and myocardial disease. Eur Heart J Supplements 2000;(suppl K):K78-K90.
4. Tsang TS, Barnes ME, Ge rsh BJ, Bailey KR, Seward JB: Left atrial volume as a morphophysiologic expression of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and relation to cardiovascular risk burden. Am J Cardiol 2002; 90: 1284-1289.
5. Ho SY, Anderson RH, Sanchez-Quintana D: Gross structure of the atriums: more than an anatomic curiosity? Pacing Clinical Electrophysiol 2002; 25: 342-350.
6. Pagel PS, Kehl F, Gare M, Het trick DA, Kersten JR, Warltier DC: Mechanical function of the left atrium: new insights based on analysis of pressure-volume relations and Doppler echocardiography. Anesthesiology 2003; 98: 975-994.
7. Keren G, Sonnenblick EH, LeJemtel TH: Mitral annulus motion. Relation to pulmonary venous and transmitral flows in normal subjects and in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1988; 78: 621-629.
8. Henein MY, Gibson DG: Normal long axis function. Heart 1999; 81: 111-113.
9. Braunwald E, Frahm CJ, Ross J Jr: Studies on Starling's law of the heart. V. Left ventricular function in man. J Clin Invest 1961; 40: 1882-1890.
10. Yamaguchi M, Arakawa M, Tanaka T, Takaya T, Nagano T, Hirakawa S: Study on left atrial contractile performance-participation of Frank-S tarling mechanism. Jpn Circ J 1987; 51: 1001-1009.
11. Hoit BD, Shao Y, Gabel M, Walsh RA: In vivo assessment of left atrial contractile performance in normal and pathological conditions using a t ime-varying elastance model. Circulation 1994; 89: 1829-1838.
12. Brodde OE: Beta 1-and beta 2-adrenoceptors in the human heart: properties, function, and alterations in chronic heart failure. Pharmacol Rev 1991; 43: 203-242.
13. Holubarsch C, Schmidt-Schweda S, Knorr A, Duis J, Pieske B, Ruf T, Fasol R, Hasenfuss G, Just H: Functional significance of angiotensin receptors in human myoc ardium. Significant differences between atrial and ventricular myocardium. Eur Heart J 1994; 15: 88-91.
14. Levin ER, Gardner DG, Samson WK: Natriuretic peptides. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 321-328.
15. Potter LR, Abbey-Hosch S, Dickey DM: Natriuretic peptides, their receptors, and cyclic guanosine monophosphate-dependent signaling functions. Endocr Rev 2006; 27: 47-72.
16. Schrier RW, Abraham WT: Hormones and hemodynamics in heart failure. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 577-585.
17. Lafontan M, Moro C, Sengenes C, Galitzky J, Crampes F, Berlan M: An unsuspected metabolic role for atrial natriuretic peptides: the control of lipolysis, lipid mobilization, and systemic no nesterified fatty acids levels in humans. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25: 2032-2042.
18. Aviado DM, Guevara Aviado D: The Bezold-Jarisch reflex. A historical perspective of cardiopulmonary reflexes. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001; 940: 48-58.
19. Grindstaff RR, Cunningham JT: Cardiovascular regulation of vasopressin neurons in the supraoptic nucleus. Exp Neurol 2001; 171: 219-226.
20. Cunningham JT Bruno SB Grindstaff RR Grindstaff RJ Higgs KH Mazzella D Sullivan MJ Cardiovascular regulation of supraoptic vasopressin neurons Prog Brain Res 2002 139 257-273.
21. McKinley MJ, Mathai ML, McAllen RM, Mc-Clear RC, Miselis RR, Pennington GL, Vivas L, Wade JD, Oldfield BJ: Vasopressin secretion: osmotic and hormonal regulation by the lamina terminalis. J Neuroendocrinol 2004; 16: 340-347.
22. Antunes-Rodrigues J, de Castro M, Elias LL, Valenca MM, McCann SM: Neuroendocrine control of body fluid metabolism. Physiol Rev 2004; 84: 169-208.
23. Nattel S, Burstein B, Dobrev D: Atrial remodeling and atrial fibrillation: mechanisms and implications. Circulation. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2008; 1: 62-73.
24. Schotten U, Verheule S, Kirchhof P, Goette A: Pathophysiological mechanisms of atrial fibrillation: a translational appraisal. Physiol Rev 2011; 91: 265-325.
25. Hanna N, Cardin S, L eung TK, Nattel S: Differences in atrial versus ventricular remodeling in dogs with ventricular tachypacing-induced congestive heart failure. Cardiovasc Res 2004; 63: 236-244.
26. Prioli A, Marino P, Lanzoni L, Zardini P: Increasing degrees of left ventricular filling impairment modulate left atrial function in humans. Am J Cardiol 1998; 82: 756-761.
27. Paraskevaidis IA, Dodouras Th, Adam opoulos S, Kremastinos D: Left atrial functional reserve in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy: an echocardiographic dobutamine study. Chest 2002; 122: 1340-1347.
28. Kizer JR, Bella JN, Palmieri V, Liu JE, Best LG, Lee ET, Roman MJ, Devereux RB: Left atrial diameter as an independent predictor of first clinical cardiovascular events in middle-aged and elderly adults: the Strong Heart Study (SHS). Am Heart J 2006; 151: 412-418.
29. Takemoto Y1, Barnes ME, Seward JB, Lester SJ, Appleton CA, Gersh BJ, Bailey KR, Tsang TS: Usefulness of left atrial volume in predicting first congestive heart failure in patients? 65 years of age with well-preserved left ventricular systolic function. Am J Cardiol 2005; 96: 832-836.
30. Benjamin EJ, D'Agostino RB, Belanger AJ, Wolf PA, Levy D: Left atrial size and the risk of stroke and death. The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 1995; 92: 835-841.
31. The Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators: Predictor s of thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation. II. Echocardiographic features of patients at risk. Ann Intern Med 1992; 116: 6-12.
32. Henry WL, Morganroth J, Pearlman AS, Clark CE, Redwood DR, Itscoi tz SB, Epstein SE: Relation between echocardiographically determined left atrial size and atrial fibrillation. Circulation 1976; 53: 273-279.
33. Moller JE, Hillis GS, Oh JK, Seward JB, Re eder GS, Wright RS, Park SW, Bailey KR, Pellikka PA: Left atrial volume: a powerful predictor of survival after acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2003; 107: 2207-2212.
34. Modena MG, Muia N, Sgura FA, Molinari R, Castella A, Rossi R: Left atrial size is the major predictor of cardiac death and overall clinical outcome in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: a long-term follow-up study. Clin Cardiol 1997; 20: 553-560.
35. Yang WI, Shim CY, Kim YJ, Kim SA, Rhee SJ, Choi EY, Choi D, Jang Y, Chung N, Cho SY, Ha JW: Left atrial volume index: a predictor of adverse outcome in patien ts with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2009; 22: 1338-1343.
36. Kircher B, Abbott JA, Pau S, Gould RG, Himelman RB, Higgins CB, Lipton MJ, Schiller NB: Left atr ial volume determination by biplane two-dimensional echocardiography: validation by cine-computed tomography. Am Heart J 1991; 121(Pt 1):864-871.
37. Rodevan O, Bjornerheim R, Ljosland M, Maehle J, Smith HJ, Ihlen H: Left atrial volumes assessed by three-and two-dimensional echocardiography compared to MRI estimates. Int J Card Imaging 1999; 15: 397-410.
38. Lang RM, Bierig M, Devereux RB, Flachskampf FA, Foster E, Pellikka PA, Picard MH, Roman MJ, Seward J, Shanewise J, Solomon S, Spencer KT, St John Sutton M, Stewart W; American Society of Echocardiography's Nomenclature and Standards Commi t tee; Task Force on Chamber Quantification; American College of Cardiology Echocardiography Committee; American Heart Association; European Association of Echocardiography; European Society of Cardiology: Recommendations for chamber quantification. Eur J Echocardiography 2006; 7: 79-108.
39. Lester SJ, Ryan EW, Schiller NB, Foster E: Best method in clinical practice and in research studies to determine left atrial size. Am J Cardiol 1999; 84: 829-832.
40. Triposkiadis F, Wooley CF, Boudoulas H: Mitral stenosis: left atrial dynamics reflect altered passive and active emptying. Am Heart J 1990; 120: 124-132.
41. Vandenberg BF, Weiss RM, Kinzey J, Acker M, Stark CA, Stanford W, Burns TL, Marcus ML, Kerber RE: Comparison of left atrial volume by two-dimensional echocardiography and cine-computed tomography. Am J Cardiol 1995; 75: 754-757.
42. Lang RM Bierig M Devereux RB Flachskampf FA Foster E Pellikka PA Pi card MH Roman MJ Seward J Shanewise JS Solomon SD Spencer KT Sutton MS Stewart WJ Recommendations for chamber quantification: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography's Guidelines and Standards Commit t ee and the Chamber Quantification Writing Group, developed in conjunction with the European Association of Echocardiography, a branch of the European Society of CardiologyJ Am Soc Echocardiogr 2005 18 1440-1463.
43. Miyasaka Y, Tsujimoto S, Maeba H, Yuasa F, Takehana K, Dote K, Iwasaka T: Left atrial volume by three-dimensional echocardiography: validation by 64-slice multidetector computed tomography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2011; 24: 680-686.
44. Aune E, Baekkevar M, Roislien J, Rodevand O, Otterstad JE: Normal reference range for left and right atrial volume indexes and ejection fractions obtained with real-time threed imensional echocardiography. Eur J Echocardiogr 2009; 10: 738-744.
45. Artang R, Migrino RQ, Harmann L, Bowers M, Woods TD: Left atrial volume measurement with automated border detection by 3-dimensional echocardiography: comparison with magnetic resonance imaging. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2009; 7: 16-24.
46. Keller AM, Gopal AS, King DL: Left and right atrial volume by freehand three-dimensi onal echocardiography: in vivo validation using magnetic resonance imaging. Eur J Echocardiogr 2000; 1: 55-65.
47. Zhang Q, Yip GW, Yu CM: Approaching regional left atrial function by tissue Doppler velocity and strain imaging. Europace 2008; 10(suppl 3):iii62-iii69.
48. Paraskevaidis IA, VartelaV, Tsiapras D, Iliodromitis EK, Parissis J, Farmakis D, Kremastinos DT: Tissue Doppler imaging ana lysis at pre-cardioversion time predicts recurrent atrial fibrillation: a 12-month follow-up study. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2006; 17: 1005-1010.
49. Gulel O, Yuksel S, Soylu K, Kaplan O, Yilmaz O, Kahraman H, Sahin M: Evaluation of left atrial functions by color tissue Doppler imaging in adults with body mass indexes <30 kg/m 2 versus those 50Paraske vaidis IA, Farmakis D, Papadopoulos C, Ikonomidis I, Parissis J, Rigopoulos A, Iliodromitis EK, Kremastinos DT:Two-dimensional strain analysis in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and normal systolic function: a 1 2-month follow-up study.Am Heart J2009;158:444-450
50. Paraske vaidis IA, Farmakis D, Papadopoulos C, Ikonomidis I, Parissis J, Rigopoulos A, Iliodromitis EK, Kremastinos DT: Two-dimensional strain analysis in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and normal systolic function: a 1 2-month follow-up study. Am Heart J 2009; 158: 444-450.
51. Paraskevaidis I A, Panou F, Papadopoulos C, Farmakis D, Parissis J, Ikonomidis I, Rigopoulos A, Iliodromitis EK, Th Kremas tinos D: Evaluation of left atrial longitudinal function in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a tissue Doppler imaging and two-dimensional strain study. Heart 2009; 95: 483-489.
52. Amundsen BH, Helle-Valle T, Edvardsen T, Torp H, Crosby J, Lyseggen E, Støylen A, Ihlen H, Lima JA, Smiseth OA, Slø rdahl SA: Noninvasive myocardial strain measurement by speckle tracking echocardiography: validation against sono micrometry and tagged magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47: 789-793.
53. Spencer KT, Mor-Avi V, Gorcsan J III, De-Maria AN, Kimball TR, Monaghan MJ, Perez JE, Weinert L, Bednarz J, Edelman K, Kwan OL, Glascock B, Hancock J, Baumann C, Lang RM: Effects of aging on left atrial reservoir, conduit, and booster pump function: a multiinstitution acoustic quantification study. Heart 2001; 85: 272-277.
54. Boudoulas H: Valvular disease. American College of Cardiology Self-Assessment Program (ACCSAP) 2009.
55. Faletra FF, Muzzarelli S, Dequarti C, Murzilli R , Bellu R, Ho SY: Imaging-based atrial anatomy by computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and three-dimensional transoesophageal echocardiography: correlations with anatomic specimens. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2013; 14: 1123-1131.
56. Gupta S, Matulevicius SA, Ayers CR, Berry JD, Patel PC, Markham DW, Levine BD, Chin KM, de Lemos JA, Peshock RM, Drazner MH: Left atrial structure and function and clinical outcomes in the general population. Eur Heart J 2013; 34: 278-285.
57. Longobardo L, Torado MC, Zito C, Piccione MC, Di Bella G, Oreto L, Khandheria BK, Carerj S: Role of imaging in assessment of atrial fibrosis in patients with atrial fibrillation: state-of-the-art review. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2014; 15: 1-5.
58. Oakes RS, Badger TJ, Kholmovski EG, Akoum N, Burgon NS, Fish EN, Blauer JJ, Rao SN, DiBella EV, Segerson NM, Daccarett M, Windfelder J, McGann CJ, Parker D, MacLeod RS, Marrouche NF: Detection and quantification of left atrial structural remodeling with delayed-enhancement magnetic resonance imaging in patients with atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2009; 119: 175-1767.
59. Stiles MK, John B, Wong C X, Kuklik P, Brooks AG, Lau DH, Dimitri H, Roberts-Thomson KC, Wilson L, De Sciscio P, Young GD, Sanders P: Paroxysmal lone atrial fibrillation is associated with an abnormal atrial substrate. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 53: 1182-1191.
60. Platonov PG, Microfanova LB, Orshanskaya V, Ho SY: Structural abnormalities in atrial walls are associated with presence a nd persistency of atrial fibrillation but not with age. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 58: 2225-2232.
61. Peters DC, Wylie JV, Hauser TH, Nezafat R, Han Y, Woo JJ, Taclas J, Kissinger KV, Goddu B, Josephson ME, Manning WJ: Recurrence of atrial fibrillation correlates with the extent of post-procedural late gadolinium enhancement. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2009; 3: 308-316.
62. Triposkia dis F, Pitsavos C, Boudoulas H, Trikas A, Kallikazaros I, Stefanadis C, Toutouzas P: Left atrial function in valvular aortic stenosis. J Heart Valve Disease 1993; 2: 104-113.
63. Tripo skiadis F Pitsavos C Boudoulas H Trikas A Toutouzas P Left atrial myopathy in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy Am Heart J 1994 128 308-315.
64. Dardas PS, Tsikaderis DD, Mezil lis N, Geleris P, Boudoulas H: Echocardiographic evidence of atrial myopathy in amyloidosis: a case report. Eur J Echocardiography 2002; 3: 303-305.
65. Frustaci A, Chimenti C, Bellocci F, Morgante E, Russo MR, Maseri A: Histological substrate of atrial biopsies in patients with lone atrial fibrillation. Circulation 1997; 96: 1180-1184.
66. Neilan TG, Mongeon FP, Shah RV, C oelho-Filho O, Abbasi SA, Dodson JA, McMullan CJ, Heydari B, Michaud GF, John RM, Blankstein R, Jerosch-Herold M, Kwong RY: Myocardial extracellular volume expansion and the risk of recurrent atrial fibrillation af ter vein isolation. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2014; 7: 1-11.
67. Dawson K, Wakili R, Ordog B, Clauss S, Chen Y, Iwasaki Y, Voigt N, Qi XY, Sinner MF, Dobrev D, Kääb S, Nat tel S: MicroRNA29: a mechanistic contributor and potential biomarker in atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2013; 127: 1466-1475.
68. Everett BM, Cook NR, Conen D, Chasman DI, Ridker PM, Alb ert CM: Novel genetic markers improve measures of atrial fibrillation risk prediction. Eur Heart J 2013; 34: 2243-2251.
69. Goodman MH: Basic Medical Endocrinology, ed 4. Boston, Academic Press, 2009.
70. Boudoulas KD, Vlachopoulos C, Raman SV, Sparks EA, Triposkiadis F, Stefanadis C, Boudoulas H: Aortic function: from the research laboratory to the clinic. Cardiology 2012; 121: 31-42.
71. Kallaras K, Sparks EA, Schuster DP, Osei K, Wooley CF, Boudoulas H: Cardiovascular effects of aging. Herz 2001; 26: 129-139.
72. Kallaras K, Sparks EA, Schuster DP, Osei K, Wooley CF, Boudoulas H: Integration of circulatory mechanisms: left ventricular mass, aortic function, and atrial performance. J Noninvasive Cardiol 1999; 3: 177-184.
73. Boudoulas H, Boudoulas D, Sparks EA, Pearson AC, Nagaraja HN, Wooley CF: Left atrial performance indices in chronic mitral val ve disease. J Heart Valve Disease 1995; 4(suppl II): S242-S247.
74. Boudoulas KD, Sparks EA, Rittgers SE, Woley CF, Boudoulas H: Factors determining left atrial kinetic energy in patients with chronic valve disease. Herz 2003; 28: 437-444.
75. Vachiery JL, Adir Y, Barbera JA, Coghlan JG, Cottin V, De Marco T, Galiè N, Ghio S, Gibbs JS, Martinez F, Semigran M, Simonneau G, Wells A, Seeger W: Pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 62:(suppl):D100-D108.
76. Richards K: Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins 2011.
77. Cohen-Solal A, Logeart D, Guiti C, Dahan M, Gourgon R: Cardiac and peripheral responses to exercise in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 1999; 20: 931-945.
78. Davies SW, Fussell AL, Jordan SL, Poole-Wilson PA, Lipkin DP: Abnormal diastolic filling patterns in chronic heart failure-relationship to exercise capacity. Eur Heart J 1992; 3: 749-757.
79. Vanoverschelde JJ, Essamri B, Vanbutsele R, d'Hondt A, Cosyns JR, Detry JR, Melin JA: Contribution of left ventricular diastolic function to exercise capacity in normal subjects. J Appl Phys iol 1993; 74: 2225-2233.
80. Triposkiadis F, Trikas A, Pitsavos C, Papadopoulos P, Toutouzas P: Relation of exercise capacity in dilated cardiomyopathy to left atrial size and systolic function. Am J Cardiol 1992; 70: 825-827.
81. Sasaki T, Kubo T, Miyamoto T, Komamura K, Honda K, Masuyama T, Miyatake K: Left atrial function preserves pulmonary circulatory pressure during pacing-tachycardia and contributes to exercise capacity in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy in sinus rhythm, whose exercise is limited by dyspnea. Circ J 2002; 66: 937-942.
82. Ceresa M, Capomolla S, Pinna GD, Febo O, Caporotondi A, Guazzotti GP, La Rovere MT, Francolini G, Olivares A, Gnemmi M, Mortara A, Maestri R, Cobelli F: Left atrial function: bridge to central and hormonal determinants of exercis e capacity in patients with chronic heart failure. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 2002; 58: 87-94.
83. Terzi S, Dayi SU, Akbulut T, Sayar N, Bilsel T, Tangurek B, Akgoz H, Kose H, Yilmazer S , Yesilcimen K: Value of left atrial function in predicting exercise capacity in heart failure with moderate to severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Int Heart J 2005; 46: 123-131.
84. Acarturk E Koc M Bozkurt A Unal I Left atrial size may predict exercise capacity and cardiovascular events in patients with heart failure Tex Heart Inst J 2008 35 136-143.
85. Kusunose K, Motoki H, Popovic ZB, Thomas JD, Klein AL, Marwick TH: Independent association of left atrial function with exercise capacity in patients with preserved ejection fraction. Heart 2012; 98: 13 11-1317.
86. Tan YT, Wenzelburger F, Lee E, Nightingale P, Heatlie G, Leyva F, Sanderson JE: Reduced left atrial function on exercise in patients with heart failure and normal ejection fraction. Heart 2010; 96: 1017-1023.
87. Tsang TS, Abhayaratna WP, Barnes ME, M iyasaka Y, Gersh BJ, Bailey KR, Cha SS, Seward JB: Prediction of cardiovascular outcomes with left atrial size: is volume superior to area or diameter? J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47: 1018-1023.
88. Rossi A, Cicoira M, Zanolla L, Sandrini R, Golia G, Zardini P, Enriquez-Sarano M: Determinants and prognostic value of left atrial volume in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 40: 1425.
89. Giannuzzi P, Temporelli PL, Bosimini E, Silva P, Imparato A, Corra U, Galli M, Giordano A: Independent and incremental prognostic value of Doppler-derived mitral deceleration time of earl y filling in both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with left ventricular dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 28: 383-390.
90. Beinart R, Boyko V, Schwammenthal E, Kuperstein R, Sagie A, H od H, Matetzky S, Behar S, Eldar M, Feinberg MS: Long-term prognostic significance of left atrial volume in acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 44: 327-334.
91. Rossi A, C icoira M, Bonapace S, Golia G, Zanolla L, Franceschini L, Vassanelli C: Left atrial volume provides independent and incremental information compared with exercise tolerance parameters in patients with heart failure and left ventri cular systolic dysfunction. Heart 2007; 93: 1420-1425.
92. Rossi A, Temporelli PL, Quintana M, Dini FL, Ghio S, Hillis GS, Klein AL, Marsan NA, Prior DL, Yu CM, Poppe KK, Doughty RN, Whalley GA; MeRGE Heart Failure Collaborators: Independent relationship of left atrial size and mortality in patients with heart failure: an individual patient meta-analysis of longitudinal data. Eur J Heart Fail 2009; 11: 929-936.
93. Solomon SD, Anavekar N, Skali H, McMurray JJ, Swedberg K, Yusuf S, Granger CB, Michelson EL, Wang D, Pocock S, Pfeffer MA; CHARM Investigators: Influence of eject ion fraction on cardiovascular outcomes in a broad spectrum of heart failure patients. Circulation 2005; 112: 3738-3744.
94. Rossi A, Cicoira M, Florea VG, Golia G, Florea ND, Khan AA, Murr ay ST, Nguyen JT, O'Callaghan P, Anand IS, Coats A, Zardini P, Vassanelli C, Henein M: Chronic heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction: diagnostic and prognostic value of left atrial size. Int J Cardiol 2006; 110: 386-392.
95. Ristow B, Ali S, Whooley MA, Schiller NB: Usefulness of left atrial volume index to predict heart failure hospitalization and mortality in ambulatory patients with coro nary heart disease and comparison to left ventricular ejection fraction (from the Heart and Soul Study). Am J Cardiol 2008; 102: 70-76.
96. Yamamoto K1, Origasa H, Suzuki Y, Takahashi T, Shinozaki T, Watanabe T, Sakata Y, Izumi C, Taira K, Hori M: Relation of risk factors with response to carvedilol in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction-A report from the Japanese Diastolic Heart Failure Study. J Cardiol 201 3, Epub ahead of print.
97. Hoit BD: Left atrial size and function. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014; 63: 493-505.
98. Karayannis G, Kitsios G, Kotidis H, Tripo skiadis F: Left atrial remodelling contributes to the progression of asymptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction to chronic symptomatic heart failure. Heart Fail Rev 2008; 13: 91-98