Bourgeois Nightmares: Suburbia, 1870-1930

Bourgeois Nightmares: Suburbia, 1870-1930

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 1-264

  Fogelson, Robert M ^a  

^a MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

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EID: 84902761673     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
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References (545)

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2. Hallock F. Raup, "Rancho Los Palos Verdes," Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly, March 1937, pages 9-13
3. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Abstract of the Fourteenth Census of the United States: 1920 (Washington, D.C., 1923), pages 24, 38
4. Frank A. Vanderlip, From Farm Boy to Financier (New York, 1935).
5. Ralph Jester, "Interview with F. A. Vanderlip, Jr.," March 9, 1976, Local History Collection, Palos Verdes Library District, Palos Verdes Estates, California
6. Augusta Fink, Time and the Terraced Land (Berkeley, 1966), pages 105-109.
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8. Boston Evening Transcript, July 18, 1914
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10. Boston Evening Transcript, July 18, 1914
11. Donald K. Lawyer, "Resume of Work Done by Olmsted Brothers," a memo dated February 25, 1926, page 2
12. Edward Clark Whiting and William Lyman Phillips, "Frederick Law Olmsted-1870-1957," Landscape Architecture, April 1958, page 148.
13. Walter V. Woehlke, "The Champion Borrower of Them All," Sunset Magazine, September 1925, pages 17, 19
14. Susan Waugh McDonald, "Edward Gardner Lewis: Entrepreneur, Publisher, American of the Gilded Age," Missouri Historical Society Bulletin, April 1979, pages 154-163.
15. E. G. Lewis, Palos Verdes (Atascadero, 1923), page 11
16. A Report of Proceedings and Addresses [at the] Meetings of Underwriting Subscribers of Palos Verdes Project (Los Angeles, 1922), pages 12, 16
17. Atascadero News, June 15, 1923
18. Los Angeles Express, June 18, 1923
19. Los Angeles Times, June 18, 1923
20. Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr., "Palos Verdes Estates," Landscape Architecture, July 1927, pages 257-258
21. Charles H. Cheney, "A Great City-Planning Project on the Pacific Coast," American City, July 1922, page 47
22. Charles H. Cheney, "Palos Verdes Estates-A Model Residential Suburb," Pacific Coast Architect, April 1927, page 14
23. Olmsted Brothers, "Restrictions for Real Estate in Deed Form," a memo dated Fall 1915
24. H.V.H., "Land Subdivision Restrictions," Landscape Architecture, October 1925, table following page 54
25. Protective Restrictions, Palos Verdes Estates, Los Angeles, California (1923), pages 4, 17, 28
26. Trust Indenture, Palos Verdes Project, Between E. G. Lewis and Title Insurance and Trust Company Trustees (Los Angeles, 1921), page 2
27. Robert M. Fogelson, The Fragmented Metropolis: Los Angeles, 1850-1930 (Cambridge, 1967), pages 120-125.
28. Myron Hunt, "The Art Jury of Palos Verdes Estates," California Southland, May 1925, page 13
29. Robert V. Hines, California's Utopian Colonies (Berkeley, 1990)
30. Ian S. Haberman, The Van Sweringens of Cleveland: The Biography of an Empire (Cleveland, 1979), pages 6-17
31. Susan L. Klaus, A Modern Arcadia: Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr., and the Plan for Forest Hills Gardens (Amherst, Massachusetts, 2002)
32. Eugenie Ladner Birch and Deborah S. Gardner, "The Seven Percent Solution: A Review of Philanthropic Housing, 1870-1910," Journal of Urban History, August 1981, pages 403-438
33. Los Angeles Times, April 1, 1924.
34. James Clifford Findley, "The Economic Boom of the 'Twenties in Los Angeles" (Doctoral dissertation, Claremont Graduate School, 1958), chapter 5
35. Marc A. Weiss, The Rise of Community Builders: The American Real Estate Industry and Urban Land Planning (New York, 1987), pages 80-101
36. Jules Tygiel, The Great Los Angeles Swindle: Oil, Stocks, and Scandal During the Roaring Twenties (New York, 1994), page 13
37. Mark Lee Luther, The Boosters (Indianapolis, 1923), page 181
38. Nathan William MacChesney, The Principles of Real Estate Law (New York, 1927), pages 153-156
39. Lawrence J. Vale, From the Puritans to the Projects: Public Housing and Public Neighbors (Cambridge, 2000), page 121.
40. Jean Strouse, Morgan: American Financier (New York, 2000), page 206.
41. Willard Huntington Wright, "Los Angeles-The Chemically Pure," in The Smart Set Anthology, ed. Burton Rascoe and Graff Conklin (New York, 1934), page 96
42. Bruce Bliven, "Los Angeles: The City that Is Bacchanalian in a Nice Way," New Republic, July 13, 1927, page 13
43. Palos Verdes Homes Association, The Palos Verdes Protective Restrictions (Palos Verdes Estates, ca. 1925), page 5
44. Country Life in America, November 1, 1911, page 3, August 1920, page 17
45. Kansas City Star, October 3, 1909, March 6, 1910
46. Houston Post, April 12, 1925.
47. Elmer A. Claar, "Why the Cooperative Plan of Home-Ownership Is Popular," National Real Estate Journal, May 18, 1925, pages 46-48
48. Howard MacDougall, "Cooperative Apartments," Buildings and Building Management, July 23, 1925, page 25
49. Robert Fishman, Bourgeois Utopias: The Rise and Fall of Suburbia (New York, 1987), page 4.
50. Charles E. Beveridge and Paul Rocheleau, Frederick Law Olmsted: Designing the American Landscape (New York, 1995), pages 25-26, 182-191
51. Los Angeles Times, March 24, 1924.
52. Robert Fishman, Bourgeois Utopias: The Rise and Fall of Suburbia (New York, 1987), pages 127-129
53. "Prospectus for the New Suburban District of Tarrytown Heights," in The Papers of Frederick Law Olmsted, volume 6, The Years of Olmsted, Vaux & Company, 1865-1874, ed. David Schuyler and Jane Turner Censer (Baltimore, 1992), pages 503-505
54. Frederick Law Olmsted et al., "Report to the Staten Island Improvement Commission of a Preliminary Scheme of Improvements," in Landscape Into Cityscape: Frederick Law Olmsted's Plans for a Greater New York, ed. Albert Fein (New York, 1967), pages 178
55. Creating Central Park, 1857-1861, ed. Charles E. Beveridge and David Schuyler (Baltimore, 1983), page 262
56. Walter Firey, Land Use in Central Boston (Cambridge, 1961), pages 60-68, 297-299, 315-316, 319
57. Margaret Supplee Smith, "Between City and Suburb: Architecture and Planning in Boston's South End" (Doctoral dissertation, Brown University, 1976), pages 2-3, 91-100
58. Lyle W. Dorsett, The Pendergast Machine (New York, 1968), pages 5-6
59. F. A. Cushing Smith, "The Glory of Shaker Village," American Landscape Architect, July 1929, page 22.
60. Ronald Dale Karr, "The Evolution of an Elite Suburb: Community Structure and Control in Brookline, Massachusetts, 1770-1990" (Doctoral dissertation, Boston University, 1981), pages 234-236
61. Report of the Board of Park and Boulevard Commissioners of Kansas City, Missouri (Kansas City, 1893), pages 13-14
62. Jesse Clyde Nichols, "When You Buy a Home Site," Good Housekeeping, February 1923, page 39.
63. John Archer, "Country and City in the American Romantic Suburb," Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, May 1983, pages 131-156.
64. Alexander von Hoffman, Local Attachments: The Making of an American Urban Neighborhood, 1850-1920 (Baltimore, 1994), page 47
65. David R. Contosta, Suburb in the City: Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, 1850-1990 (Columbus, Ohio, 1992), pages 97-98
66. Dennis P. Sobin, Dynamics of Community Change: The Case of Long Island's Declining "Gold Coast" (Port Washington, New York, 1968), pages 25-37
67. E. J. Kahn, Jock: The Life and Times of John Hay Whitney (Garden City, New York, 1981), pages 16, 30-34
68. Stephen Richard Higley, "The Geography of the Social Register" (Doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1992), page 69
69. Hugh J. McCauley, "Visions of Kykuit: John D. Rockefeller's House at Pocantico Hills, Tarrytown, New York," Hudson Valley Regional Review (1973), pages 2, 4-5, 38-39.
70. Frank J. Scott, The Art of Beautifying Suburban Home Grounds of Small Extent (New York, 1886), pages 27-29
71. Fred. Law Olmsted, "Report Upon a Projected Improvement of the Estate of the College of California, at Berkeley, Near Oakland," in The Papers of Frederick Law Olmsted, volume 5, The California Frontier, 1863-1865, ed. Victoria Post Ranney (Baltimore, 1990), page 553.
72. Samuel Swift, "Community Life in Tuxedo," Home and Garden, August 1905, pages 61-71
73. Samuel Swift, "Llewellyn Park West Orange, Essex Co., New Jersey," Home and Garden, July 1903, pages 327-331
74. Sticks, Shingles, and Stones: The History and Architecture of Stewart Hartshorn's Ideal Community at Short Hills, New Jersey, 1878-1937 (Millburn, N.J., 1980), pages 2-7
75. Mary Corbin Sies, "American Country House Architecture in Context: The Suburban Ideal in the East and Midwest, 1877-1947" (Doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan, 1987), pages 229, 388.
76. H. G. Wood, A Practical Treatise on the Law of Nuisances in Their Various Forms: Including Remedies Therefor at Law and in Equity (Albany, 1883), pages 1-11, 24-57
77. Andrew J. King, Law and Land Use in Chicago: A Prehistory of Modern Zoning (New York, 1986), page 80.
78. Richard M. Hurd, Principles of City Land Values (New York, 1903), page 117
79. Stanley L. McMichael and Robert F. Bingham, City Growth and Values (Cleveland, 1923), page 209
80. King, Law and Land Use, pages 97-98, 105-107
81. Charles Mulford Robinson, "Platting of Minor Residence Streets in High-Class Districts," Real Estate Magazine, December 1913, pages 48-52
82. Olmsted Brothers, "St. Francis Wood San Francisco, California," Home & Grounds, April 1916, page 106
83. King, Law and Land Use, pages 32-33.
84. Olmsted, "College of California," page 288.
85. Donald J. Olsen, Town Planning in London (New Haven, 1964), pages 14, 22, 99-102
86. Stefan Muthesius, The English Terraced House (New Haven, 1982), pages 31-32
87. H. J. Dyos, Victorian Suburb: A Study of the Growth of Camberwell (Leicester, England, 1961), pages 97, 121
88. William Ashworth, The Genesis of Modern British Town Planning: A Study of Economic and Social History of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Century (London, 1954), page 36.
89. Elizabeth Blackmar, Mahattan for Rent, 1785-1850 (Ithaca, 1989), pages 37-38, 41, 92, 100-101
90. Michael Holleran, Boston's "Changeful Times": Origins of Preservation and Planning in America (Baltimore, 1998), pages 67-68.
91. Agreements and Deeds Relating Chiefly to the Back-Bay District of the City of Boston (Boston, 1883), pages 46, 64
92. Lawrence W. Kennedy, Planning the City Upon a Hill: Boston Since 1630 (Amherst, 1992), pages 62-65.
93. Holleran, Boston's "Changeful Times," pages 69-71
94. Swift, "Llewellyn Park," pages 327-331
95. Witold Rybczynski, "How to Build a Suburb," Wilson Quarterly, Summer 1995, pages 118-119.
96. Holleran, Boston's "Changeful Times," pages 73-74
97. William H. Hamilton, "Restrictive Covenants in a Conveyance of Real Estate," Albany Law Journal, July 5, 1884, page 6
98. Robert T. Devlin, A Treatise on the Law of Deeds (San Francisco, 1897), volume 2, pages 1295, 1322, 1326-1327, 1333, 1337, 1364-1368.
99. Barrow v. Richard, 8 Paige 351, quote on page 353.
100. Holleran, Boston's "Changeful Times," pages 73-74.
101. Charles I. Giddings, "Restrictions upon the Use of Land," Harvard Law Review, January 15, 1892, page 284
102. King, Law and Land Use, pages 33-53
103. DeGray v. Monmouth Beach Clubhouse Co., 24 A. 388, quote on page 390
104. Whitney v. Union Railway Company, 11 Gray 359, quote on page 367
105. Trustees of Columbia College v. Thacher, 87 N.Y. 311, quotes on pages 320-321
106. Jackson v. Stevenson, 156 Mass. 496, quote on page 502.
107. Kitchen v. Hawley, 150 Mo. App. 497, quote on page 503
108. Hutchinson v. Ulrich, 145 Ill. 336, quotes on pages 342, 344
109. Jones v. Real Estate Co., 149 Md. 271, quote on page 277.
110. Nichols, "When You Buy a Home Site," page 172; Proceedings of the Seventh National Conference on City Planning: 1915, page 84
111. Stenographic Report of the Third Annual Conference of Developers of High-Class Residence Property (1919), page 226
112. Proceedings of [the] First Annual Conference of Developers [of ] High Class Residence Property (1917), pages 86-87
113. John McC. Mowbray, "After Fifty Years," Gardens, Houses, and People, June 1941, page 26
114. Thomas Adams, "The British Point of View," Proceedings of the Third National Conference on City Planning: 1911, page 34.
115. Robert M. Fogelson, Downtown: Its Rise and Fall, 1880-1950 (New Haven, 2001), page 29
116. Sies, "American Country House Architecture," page 87
117. Becky M. Nicolaides, My Blue Heaven: Life and Politics in the Working-Class Suburbs of Los Angeles, 1920-1965 (Chicago, 2002), page 17
118. Lawrence J. Vale, From the Puritans to the Projects: Public Housing and Public Neighbors (Cambridge, 2000), page 121
119. "Why Is a Suburb: By a Woman Who Lives in One," Countryside Magazine and Suburban Life, July 1917, page 379.
120. McMichael and Bingham, City Growth and Values, page 265
121. Thorstein Veblen, Absentee Ownership and Business Enterprise in Recent Times: The Case of America (New York, 1923), page 143
122. Fogelson, Downtown, page 24
123. Hurd, City Land Values, page 77
124. Holleran, Boston's "Changeful Times," chapter 1.
125. John F. W. Ware, Home Life: What It Is, and What It Needs (Boston, 1864), page 9
126. Holleran, Boston's "Changeful Times," chapter 2
127. First Annual Conference, pages 541, 546
128. The Palos Verdes Protective Restrictions (Palos Verdes Estates, ca. 1925), pages 27-28.
129. Robert Pearson and Brad Pearson, The J. C. Nichols Chronicle (Kansas City, 1994), page 58
130. "Portrait of a Salesman: Jesse Clyde Nichols," National Real Estate Journal, February 1939, page 22
131. Charles H. Cheney, "Progress in Architectural Control," in National Conference on City Planning, Architectural Control of Private Property (1927), page 6.
132. Wm. Seton Gordon, "Building Restrictions-Right to Enforce," Albany Law Journal, May 2, 1891, page 349
133. William S. Worley, J. C. Nichols and the Shaping of Kansas City (Columbia, Missouri, 1990), pages 29-30
134. Rebecca Moudry, "Gardens, Houses, and People: The Planning of Roland Park, Baltimore" (Master's thesis, Cornell University, 1990), pages 49-50.
135. Worley, Nichols, pages 31-33
136. James W. Waesche, Crowning the Gravelly Hill: A History of the Roland Park-Guilford-Homeland District (Baltimore, 1987), pages 46-47.
137. Proceedings of the General Sessions of the National Association of Real Estate Boards at the Seventeenth Annual Conference: 1924, page 21
138. Mowbray, "After Fifty Years," page 26
139. Waesche, Crowning the Gravelly Hill, pages 66-67
140. Worley, Nichols, pages 33-34
141. Baltimore News, July 2, 1892, June 7, 1893, Box 296
142. Baltimore News, July 2, 1892, June 7, 1893
143. Baltimore American, June 18, 1893, Box 296
144. Edward H. Bouton, "Development of Roland Park, Baltimore," Proceedings of the General Sessions of the National Association of Real Estate Boards at the Seventeenth Annual Conference: 1924, page 24
145. Moudry, "Roland Park," pages 49-50, 352-353
146. Thomas Adams, "An American Garden Suburb: Roland Park, Baltimore," Architectural Review, November 1911, pages 290-291
147. Baltimore American, April 13, 1913, Box 296, Roland Park Company Records
148. Arthur Tomalin, "Houses that Blend in with Their Surroundings," Suburban Life, April 1913, page 232
149. Baltimore Sun, May 9, 1915
150. Roland Park Review, April 1911, page 6
151. Arthur B. Cranford, "A Suburb Conforming to Architectural Standards, Roland Park, Baltimore, Maryland," Brickbuilder, August 1914, pages 191-192
152. Adams, "The British Point of View," page 34
153. Baltimore Herald, October 1, 1904.
154. Deed and Agreement Between the Roland Park Company and Edward H. Bouton Containing Restrictions, Conditions, Charges, Etc. Relating to Guilford (1923), pages 1-23
155. Third Annual Conference, page 698
156. Bouton, "Development of Roland Park," page 28
157. First Annual Conference, page b53.
158. Baltimore Sun, May 19, 1913, July 8, 1914, April 18, May 9, 16, 23, and 30, 1915
159. J. C. Nichols Investment Company, Country Club District[:] 3000 Acres Restricted (Kansas City, 1924), pages 3-5
160. Nichols, "When You Buy a Home Site," page 172
161. J. C. Nichols, Real Estate Subdivisions: The Best Manner of Handling Them (Washington, D.C., 1912), page 7
162. J. C. Nichols, "Housing and the Real Estate Problem," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, January 1914, page 139
163. Samuel S. Thorpe, "The More Restrictions the More Buyers," National Real Estate Journal, July 27, 1925, pages 44-46
164. Nichols, "Housing and the Real Estate Problem," page 132
165. Frederick Law Olmsted, "Deed Restrictions that Affect Houses in Planned Neighborhoods," Architectural Record, November 1940, page 32
166. Charles E. Clark, Real Covenants and Other Interests Which "Run with Land" (Chicago, 1947), page 170
167. Susan Mulcahey Chase, "The Process of Suburbanization and the Use of Restrictive Deed Covenants as Private Zoning, Wilmington, Delaware, 1900-1941" (Doctoral dissertation, University of Delaware, 1995), page 260.
168. Alexander S. Taylor, "Districting Through Private Effort," Proceedings of the Eighth National Conference on City Planning: 1916, page 178
169. Iranaeus Shuler, "Subdivision Control and Standards," Annals of Real Estate Practice: 1925, volume 3, page 238
170. Hugh E. Prather, "Planning, Platting, and Improving the Subdivision," ibid., page 158
171. Chester S. Chase, "A Well Planned and Well Planted Community," House Beautiful, September 1926, page 264.
172. Charles K. Farrington, "When You Buy Your Building-lot," Suburban Life, February 1911, page 90.
173. Kansas City Star, October 3, 1909
174. Baltimore Sun, May 9, 1913
175. Houston Post-Dispatch, February 5, 1926
176. Henry Clarke, "Protective Deed Restrictions," National Real Estate Journal, June 1932, page 42.
177. Gasoline Stations or Brendonwood (ca. 1920), Loeb Library
178. Holleran, Boston's "Changeful Times," chapter 3
179. Los Angeles Times, December 3, 1922.
180. Kansas City Star, October 3, 1909
181. Holleran, Boston's "Changeful Times," page 83.
182. Eloise L. Morgan, ed., Building a Suburban Village: Bronxville, New York, 1898-1998 (1998), page 18
183. Why You Should Choose the Location for Your Next Home in Brendonwood (1920), Loeb Library
184. Los Angeles Times, March 11 and 25, December 23, 1923, February 17, 1924
185. Country Life in America, March 1910, page 505, June 1, 1911, page 7
186. James A. Mayo, The American Country Club: Its Origins and Develop ment (New Brunswick, 1998)
187. Peter W. Cookson, Jr., and Caroline Hodges Persell, Preparing for Power: America's Elite Boarding Schools (New York, 1995).
188. "A Boston Subdivision," National Real Estate Journal, November 15, 1926, pages 23-29
189. Waesche, Crowning the Gravelly Hill, page 113.
190. J. C. Nichols Investment Company, Country Club District, pages 3-5, 23
191. Smith, "The Glory of Shaker Village," pages 21-26
192. Paul A. Harsch, "Ottawa Hills," Wildwood Magazine, Summer 1916, pages 7-8, 10
193. William Pitkin, Jr., and Frederick L. Trautman, "The Greatest Suburban Development Ever Undertaken," Real Estate Magazine, October 1914, pages 24-28
194. Michael H. Ebner, Creating Chicago's North Shore: A Suburban History (Chicago, 1988).
195. Cornelius Vanderbilt, Jr., "Uplands, Victoria's Residential Park," The Spur, June 1, 1921, page 67
196. L. D. McCann, "Planning and Building the Corporate Suburb of Mount Royal, 1910-1925," Planning Perspectives, July 1996, page 276
197. Robert M. Fogelson, The Fragmented Metropolis: Los Angeles, 1850-1930 (Cambridge, 1967), chapter 7.
198. Don Riddle, " 'Homes to Last for All Time': The Story of Houston's River Oaks," National Real Estate Journal, March 4, 1929, page 23
199. Suburban Life, November 1911, page 3.
200. William B. Friedricks, Henry E. Huntington and the Creation of Southern California (Columbus, Ohio, 1992), pages 88-89
201. Patricia Burgess, Planning for the Private Interest: Land Use Controls and Residential Patterns in Columbus, Ohio, 1900-1970 (Columbus, Ohio, 1994), pages 52-58
202. Los Angeles Times, December 31, 1922
203. Pearson and Pearson, The J. C. Nichols Chronicle, page 93
204. Nichols, "Housing and the Real Estate Problem," pages 134-136
205. Annals of Real Estate Practice: 1925, volume 3, pages 211, 213
206. Robert Phelps, "The Search for a Modern Industrial City: Urban Planning, the Open Shop, and the Founding of Torrance, California," Pacific Historical Review, November 1995, pages 503-535.
207. Dana W. Bartlett, "Torrance," American City, October 1913, pages 310-314
208. Nicolaides, My Blue Heaven, pages 14-35
209. Nancy Quan-Wickham, " 'Another World': Work, Home, and Autonomy in Blue-Collar Suburbs," in Metropolis in the Making: Los Angeles in the 1920s, ed. Tom Sitton and William Deverell (Berkeley, 2001), pages 123-141
210. Richard Harris, Unplanned Suburbs: Toronto's American Tragedy, 1900 to 1950 (Baltimore, 1996), chapter 8
211. Protective Restrictions for Devonshire Downs (1929), "Explanatory Note" and pages 4-21, Loeb Library.
212. Restrictions Relating to Guilford, page 5
213. Protective Restrictions for Devonshire Downs, page 4
214. Protective Restrictions, Palos Verdes Estates, page 17
215. Munsey Park[:] A Restricted Community of Homes at Manhasset, L.I. (1927), pages 1-2, Loeb Library
216. William A. Woodbury, "Restrictions: Good in Youth- Dangerous in Age," Real Estate Magazine, December 1915, page 30.
217. Barrow v. Richard, 8 Paige 351, quote on page 352
218. Agreement for Sale [Between] The Uplands, Limited, and H. R. Ferriss, July 31, 1912, Loeb Library
219. Declaration of Restrictions and Covenants Affecting the Property Known as St[.] Francis Wood, San Francisco, California (1912), page 3
220. Helen Monchow, The Use of Deed Restrictions in Subdivision Development (Chicago, 1928), pages 27-33.
221. Hycliff Standards[:] A Declaration of Protections and Restrictions for Hycliff, Section Two (1929), page 5, Loeb Library
222. Worley, Nichols, pages 209-210, 223-224, 248-249
223. Devlin, Law of Deeds, volume 2, page 1364
224. Monchow, Deed Restrictions, pages 37-45.
225. Monchow, Deed Restrictions, pages 27-31
226. Devlin, Law of Deeds, volume 2, pages 1362-1368
227. Pearson and Pearson, The J. C. Nichols Chronicle, page 58
228. Jones v. Northwest Real Estate Company, 149 Md. 271, quote on page 277
229. Worley, Nichols, page 126
230. Monchow, Deed Restrictions, pages 28-31, 37
231. Carol A. O'Connor, A Sort of Utopia: Scarsdale, 1891-1981 (Albany, 1983), pages 46-48
232. Building Restrictions and Regulations [ for] Chelmsleigh Addition to the Country Club Estates (1926), Loeb Library
233. Proceedings of the General Sessions of the National Association of Real Estate Boards at the Seventeenth Annual Convention: 1924, page 19
234. Frank L. Meline, "Advantages of Architectural Harmony in Subdivisions," Annals of Real Estate Practice: 1925, volume 3, page 166
235. Peabody Heights Co. v. Willson, 82 Md. 186, quote on page 195
236. Proceedings of the General Sessions of the National Association of Real Estate Boards at the Seventeenth Annual Convention: 1924, page 21
237. Monchow, Deed Restrictions, pages 28-31, 34-35
238. Chase, "Restrictive Deed Covenants," pages 281-282
239. Olmsted, "Deed Restrictions," pages 34-35
240. Proceedings of the General Sessions of the National Association of Real Estate Boards at the Seventeenth Annual Convention: 1924, page 19
241. Bouton, "Development of Roland Park," pages 24-25
242. Declaration of Conditions, Covenants, and Charges Affecting St[.] Francis Wood Extension No. 2, San Francisco, California (1917), page 4, Bancroft Library.
243. Warranty Deed, Country Club District, Fairway Section; Hycliff Standards, page 8
244. Protective Restrictions for Devonshire Downs, page 12.
245. Chase, "A Well Planned and Well Planted Community," page 267
246. Monchow, Deed Restrictions, pages 28-31, 33-34
247. Sam B. Warner, Jr., Streetcar Suburbs: The Process of Growth in Boston, 1870-1900 (Cambridge, 1962), page 122
248. Arthur B. Darling, ed., The Public Papers of Francis G. New- lands (Boston, 1932), volume 1, pages 296-297
249. William R. Rowley, Reclaiming the Arid West: The Career of Francis G. Newlands (Bloomington, 1966), pages 139-144, 154-155
250. Elizabeth Jo Lampl and Kimberly Prothro Williams, Chevy Chase: A Home Suburb for the Nation's Capital (Crownsville, Maryland, 1998), page 56.
251. Worley, Nichols, pages 147-148
252. L. S. Knight, "Restrictions for the Subdivision," Proceedings of the First Annual Convention Conferences of the Homebuilders' and Subdividers' Division of the National Association of Real Estate Boards: 1923, page 53
253. McMichael and Bingham, City Growth and Values, page 200.
254. Kenneth Fox Graham, "Urban Space, Racial Covenants, and the Origins of Racial Residential Segregation in a U.S. City, 1900-1950," Journal of Urban and Regional Research, September 2000, page 621
255. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Fourteenth Census of the United States Taken in the Year 1920, volume 2, Population: 1920 (Washington, D.C., 1922), pages 47-49
256. Garrett Power, "Apartheid Baltimore Style: The Residential Segregation Ordinances of 1910-1913," Maryland Law Review, 1983, pages 297-298
257. Ronald M. Johnson, "From Romantic Suburb to Racial Enclave: LeDroit Park, Washington, D.C., 1880-1920," Phylon, December, 1984, pages 264-270.
258. Michael Jones Correa, "The Origins and Diffusion of Restrictive Covenants," Political Science Quarterly, Winter 2000-2001, pages 547-550
259. David Delaney, Race, Place, and the Law, 1836-1948 (Austin, 1998), pages 105-114, 119-147
260. Chase, "Restrictive Deed Covenants," page 313.
261. Gandolfo v. Hartmann, 49 Fed. 181, quote on page 182
262. Queensborough Land Co. v. Cazeaux, 67 So. 641, quote on page 643
263. Koehler v. Rowland, 275 Mo. 573, quote on page 585
264. Corrigan v. Buckley, 271 U.S. 323, quotes on pages 327, 330
265. Clement E. Vose, Caucasians Only: The Supreme Court, the NAACP, and the Restrictive Covenant Cases (Berkeley, 1959), pages 17-24.
266. Title Insurance & Trust Co. v. Garrott, 183 P. 470, quotes on page 473
267. Los Angeles Inv. Co. v. Gary, 186 P. 596
268. Worley, Nichols, page 148
269. Garrett Power, "The Covenants of Roland Park" (1991), an unpublished paper made available to me by Professor Power
270. Washington Post, February 15, 1999
271. Lampl and Williams, Chevy Chase, page 141
272. Monchow, Deed Restrictions, page 49
273. Burgess, Planning for the Private Interest, page 57
274. Charles Orson Cook and Barry J. Kaplan, "Civic Elites and Urban Planning: Houston's River Oaks," East Texas Historical Journal, 1977, page 31
275. Chase, "Restrictive Deed Covenants," pages 304-305
276. Kevin Starr, Material Dreams: Southern California Through the 1920s (New York, 1990), page 87
277. Bouton, "Development of Roland Park," page 28.
278. U.S. Immigration Commission, Report of the Immigration Commission, volume 5, Dictionary of Races and Peoples (Washington, D.C., 1911), page 3
279. Matthew Frye Jacobson, Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race (Cambridge, 1998), page 95
280. William C. Miller, "Modern Trends in Subdividing," Annals of Real Estate Practice: 1930, page 300
281. Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S. 1
282. Ross Peterson, "Creating the Pack-aged Suburb: The Evolution of Planning and Business Practices in the Early Land Development Industry, 1900-1914," in Suburbia Re-examined, ed. Barbara M. Kelly (Westport, Connecticut, 1989), page 127
283. J. C. Nichols, "A Developer's View of Deed Restrictions," Journal of Land & Public Utility Economics, May 1929, pages 139-140
284. Charles S. Ascher, "Reflections on the Art of Administering Deed Restrictions," ibid., November 1932, pages 374, 377
285. Roland Park Review, February 1909, page 4
286. Pearson and Pearson, The J. C. Nichols Chronicle, page 59
287. Paul Kinkead, "This Is the House that Jesse Built," Liberty, October 23, 1927, page 89
288. Palos Verdes Bulletin, December 1924, pages 1-2.
289. Nichols, "When You Buy a Home Site," page 175
290. Roland Park Review, February 1909, page 4
291. Charles E. Merriam, Building Districts and Restrictions (Chicago, 1919), pages 39-40
292. Ascher, "Administering Deed Restrictions," pages 373-374.
293. Roland Park Review, February 1909, pages 3-4
294. Nichols, "When You Buy a Home Site," page 175
295. Worley, Nichols, page 168
296. Pearson and Pearson, The J. C. Nichols Chronicle, page 59
297. Palos Verdes Bulletin, December 1924, pages 1-2
298. Monchow, Deed Restrictions, pages 62-65, 69-71
299. Stenographic Report of the Second Annual Conference of Developers of High Class Residence Property (1918), pages 265-268, Department of Manuscripts and University Archives, Olin Library.
300. "Restrictions Create Values in the Country Club District," National Real Estate Journal, February 1939, page 37
301. Monchow, Deed Restrictions, page 59
302. Pearson and Pearson, The J. C. Nichols Chronicle, page 57
303. J. C. Nichols, "Financial Effects of Good Planning in Land Subdivision," Proceedings of the Eighth National Conference on City Planning: 1916, pages 108-109
304. Proceedings of the General Sessions of the National Association of Real Estate Boards at the Seventeenth Annual Convention: 1924, page 26
305. Proceedings of the First Annual Convention Conferences of the Home-builders' and Subdividers' Division of the National Association of Real Estate Boards: 1923, page 70.
306. Monchow, Deed Restrictions, pages 56-59
307. Worley, Nichols, pages 127-128
308. Pearson and Pearson, The J. C. Nichols Chronicle, pages 57-59
309. Worley, Nichols, page 131
310. Nichols, "Good Planning in Land Subdivision," pages 109-110
311. Proceedings of the Annual Convention Conferences of the Homebuilders' and Subdividers' Division of the National Association of Real Estate Boards: 1923, pages 70-71
312. Monchow, Deed Restrictions, pages 59-62.
313. Marc A. Weiss, "Richard T. Ely and the Contribution of Economic Research to Home Ownership and Housing Policy," MIT Center for Real Estate Development Working Paper No. 19 (February 1989), pages 1-2
314. Fukio Akimoto, "Charles H. Cheney of California: His Thoughts and Practices," a revised version of a paper that appeared in the City Planning Review of Japan, October 1999, page 10.
315. Palos Verdes Protective Restrictions, page 8
316. McMichael and Bingham, City Growth and Values, pages 200, 256; undated brochure, Box 296, Roland Park Company Records
317. Marc A. Weiss, "Urban Land Developers and the Origins of Zoning Laws: The Case of Berkeley," Berkeley Planning Journal (1986), pages 8-9
318. Chase, "Restrictive Deed Covenants," pages 267-268.
319. Lawrence Veiller, "Districting by Municipal Regulation," Proceedings of the Eighth National Conference on City Planning: 1916, page 149
320. Robert H. Whitten, "Zoning and Living Conditions,"Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Conference on City Planning: 1921, page 22.
321. Merriam, Building Districts and Restrictions, page 39
322. Lawrence Veiller, "Protecting Residential Districts," Proceedings of the Sixth National Conference on City Planning: 1914, page 93
323. Merriam, Building Districts and Restrictions, page 41
324. Nichols, "A Developer's View," pages 133-134
325. Veiller, "Districting by Municipal Regulation," page 156
326. Merriam, Building Districts and Restrictions, page 41
327. Edward M. Bassett, "Zoning Versus Private Restrictions," Civic Comment, October 29, 1921, pages 5-6
328. Monchow, Deed Restrictions, page 78.
329. Stenographic Report of the Second Annual Conference of Developers of High Class Residence Property (1918), pages 1-2, 164-168, Department of Manuscripts and University Archives, Olin Library, Cornell University
330. National Real Estate Journal, April 5, 1921, pages 30-31.
331. Second Annual Conference, pages 534-537.
332. Second Annual Conference, pages 542-543, 545-546
333. Stenographic Re- port of the Third Annual Conference of Developers of High-Class Residence Property (1919), pages 245-246, Department of Manuscripts and University Archives, Olin Library.
334. Proceedings of the Eighth National Conference on City Planning: 1916, page 176
335. Second Annual Conference, page 532
336. Third Annual Conference, pages 245-246.
337. Second Annual Conference, page 546
338. Los Angeles Times, January 21, 1923.
339. Daniel Mark Epstein, Nat King Cole (New York, 1999), pages 177-182
340. Los Angeles Times, November 5 and 26, 1922, December 10, 1923.
341. Jon M. Kingsdale, "The 'Poor Man's Club': Social Functions of the Urban Working-Class Saloon," American Quarterly, October 1973, pages 472-488.
342. Olmsted, Vaux & Co., "Preliminary Report Upon the Proposed Village at Riverside, Near Chicago (1868)," Landscape Architecture, July 1931, page 276.
343. J. C. Nichols, "The Lessons of a Lifetime of Land Developing," National Real Estate Journal, February 1939, page 28
344. Proceedings of the First Annual Convention Conferences of the Homebuilders' and Subdividers' Division of the National Association of Real Estate Boards: 1923, page 160
345. Los Angeles Times, November 26, December 3, 1922, March 11, July 8, October 21, December 22, 1923
346. Eloise L. Morgan, ed., Building a Suburban Village: Bronxville, New York, 1898-1998 (1998), page 18
347. Country Life in America, December 1909, page 118
348. Elmer A. Claar, "Why the Cooperative Plan of Home-Ownership Is Popular," National Real Estate Journal, May 18, 1925, page 47.
349. Charles Abrams, Forbidden Neighbors: A Study of Prejudice in Housing (New York, 1955), page 158
350. L. S. Knight, "Restrictions for the Subdivision," Proceedings of the First Annual Convention Conferences of the Homebuilders' and Subdividers' Division of the National Association of Real Estate Boards: 1923, page 63
351. U.S. Immigration Commission, Reports of the Immigration Commission, volume 5, Dictionary of Races and Peoples (Washington, D.C., 1911), page 3
352. John Modell, The Economics and Politics of Racial Accommodation: The Japanese of Los Angeles, 1900-1942 (Urbana, 1977), pages 56-66
353. Proceedings of the First Annual Convention Conferences of the Homebuilders' and Subdividers' Division of the National Association of Real Estate Boards: 1923, page 69
354. Deed and Agreement Between the Ottawa Hills Company and John North Willys Containing Restrictions and Conditions Relating to Plat Number One, Ottawa Hills (1916), page 6
355. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Fourteenth Census of the United States Taken in the Year 1920, volume 2, Population: 1920 (Washington, D.C., 1922), pages 58-59
356. "Transcript of Testimony" in the case of City of Louisville v. Arthur Harris, pages 66-67.
357. Matthew Frye Jacobson, Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race (Cambridge, 1998), page 199
358. Garrett Power, "The Residential Segregation of Baltimore's Jews," Generations (Fall 1996), page 6
359. Susan L. Klaus, A Modern Arcadia: Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. and the Plan for Forest Hills Gardens (Amherst, 2002), page 116
360. Charles Orson Cook and Barry J. Kaplan, "Civic Elites and Urban Planning: Houston's River Oaks," East Texas Historical Journal (1977), page 36.
361. Proceedings of [the] First Annual Conference of Developers [of ] High Class Residence Property (1917), pages b53-b54, Department of Manuscripts and University Archives, Olin Library
362. Richard Albert Farnum, Jr., "Prestige in the Ivy League: Meritocracy at Columbia, Harvard, and Penn, 1870-1940" (Doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1990), pages 95-100, 187-196.
363. Madison Grant, The Passing of the Great Race or the Racial Basis of European History (New York, 1918), pages 65-66
364. Ian F. Haney Lopez, White by Law: The Legal Construction of Race (New York, 1996), pages 61-68, 203-208
365. U.S. House Committee on Immigration and Naturalization, Hearings Relative to the Further Restriction on Immigration and Naturalization (Washington, D.C., 1913), part 2, pages 77-78
366. Edward A. Loveley, "Fundamental Principles in Developing High-Grade Subdivisions," Annals of Real Estate Practice: 1925, volume 3, page 69.
367. Third Annual Conference, pages 698-701
368. Olmsted Brothers, "Restrictions for Residential Subdivisions," pages 24-25.
369. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970, Part 1 (Washington, D.C., 1975), page 301
370. Margaret Marsh, Suburban Lives (New Brunswick, 1990), page 133
371. Becky M. Nicolaides, My Blue Heaven: Life and Politics in the Working-Class Suburbs of Los Angeles, 1920-1965 (Chicago, 2002), pages 188-189.
372. Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr., "Palos Verdes Estates," Landscape Architecture, July 1927, pages 257-258
373. Robert M. Fogelson, The Fragmented Metropolis: Los Angeles, 1850-1930 (Cambridge, 1967), page 324
374. "Final Report of the Commissioners of Central Park: 1870," in Frederick Law Olmsted, Landscape Architect, 1822-1903, ed. Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr., and Theodora Kimball (New York, 1970), volume 2, page 406.
375. U.S. Bureau of the Census: Fifteenth Census of the United States: 1930, Population, volume 6, Families (Washington, D.C., 1933), pages 181-184
376. Carey McWilliams, Southern California Country: An Island on the Land (New York, 1946), page 328.
377. Charles H. Cheney, "The Benefits of Community Planning," House Beautiful, August 1926, page 146
378. E. H. Bouton, "Development of Roland Park, Baltimore," Proceedings of the General Sessions of the National Association of Real Estate Boards: 1924, page 24
379. Los Angeles Times, March 2, 1923
380. Robert M. Fogelson, Downtown: Its Rise and Fall, 1880-1950 (New Haven, 2001), page 10.
381. Witold Rybczynski, A Clearing in the Distance: Frederick Law Olmsted and America in the Nineteenth Century (New York, 1999), page 43
382. Thorstein Veblen, Absentee Ownership and Business Enterprise in Recent Times: The Case of America (New York, 1923), page 143
383. Kenneth Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States (New York, 1985), page 134
384. Albert T. Atwood, "Money from Everywhere," Saturday Evening Post, May 12, 1923, pages 144, 147
385. Erik H. Monkkonen, America Becomes Urban (Berkeley, 1988), page 7.
386. Jules Tygiel, The Great Los Angeles Swindle: Oil, Stocks, and Scandal During the Roaring Twenties (New York, 1994), page 13
387. Los Angeles Times, November 5, 12, and 26, 1922, January 14, March 4, June 10, October 28, 1923
388. Country Life in America, June 1909, page 40.
389. J. C. Nichols, "Suburban Subdivisions with Community Features," Proceedings of the General Sessions of the National Association of Real Estate Boards at the Seventeenth Annual Convention: 1924, page 17.
390. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (New York, 1959), volume 2, pages 144-145
391. George William Pierson, "The Moving Americans," Yale Review, Autumn 1954, pages 102-104
392. William Dean Howells, Suburban Sketches (Boston, 1875), page 16.
393. Stephan Thernstrom and Peter R. Knights, "Men in Motion: Some Data and Speculations About Urban Population Mobility in Nineteenth-Century America," Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Autumn 1970, pages 7-37
394. Howard P. Chudacoff and Judith E. Smith, The Evolution of American Urban Society (Englewood Cliffs, 1994), pages 101-102, 136-143
395. Monkkonen, America Becomes Urban, pages 194-197.
396. John F. W. Ware, Home Life: What It Is, and What It Needs (Boston, 1864), page 9
397. J. C. Nichols, "Financial Effects of Good Planning in Land Subdivision," Proceedings of the Eighth National Conference on City Planning: 1916, pages 102-103.
398. Kevin Starr, Material Dreams: Southern California Through the 1920s (New York, 1990), page 71
399. William S. Worley, J. C. Nichols and the Shaping of Kansas City: Innovation in Planned Residential Communities (Columbia, Missouri, 1990), chapter 9.
400. Alexander von Hoffman, Local Attachments: The Making of an American Urban Neighborhood, 1850-1920 (Baltimore, 1994), page xv
401. Willard Huntington Wright, "Los Angeles: The Chemically Pure," in The Smart Set Anthology, ed. Burton Rascoe and Graff Conklin (New York, 1934), page 93
402. McWilliams, Southern California Country, page 135
403. Sarah Comstock, "The Great American Mirror," Harper's Monthly Magazine, May 1928, page 723.
404. A Report of Proceedings and Addresses [at the] Meetings of Underwriting Subscribers of Palos Verdes Project (Los Angeles, 1922), page 17
405. McWilliams, Southern California Country, pages 165, 170.
406. Samuel Swift, "Community Life in Rochelle Park," House and Garden, May 1904, page 243.
407. Mark Stewart Foster, "The Decentralization of Los Angeles During the 1920s" (Doctoral dissertation, University of Southern California, 1971), pages 230-231.
408. Robin L. Einhorn, Property Rules: Political Economy in Chicago, 1833-1872 (Chicago, 1991), page 154
409. Kingsdale, "The 'Poor Man's Club,' " pages 472-488
410. James H. Timberlake, Prohibition and the Progressive Movement, 1900-1920 (Cambridge, 1966), page 94.
411. John Marshall Barker, The Saloon Problem and Social Reform (Boston, 1905)
412. Robert T. Devlin, A Treatise on the Law of Deeds (San Francisco, 1897), volume 2, page 1322
413. Joseph R. Gusfield, Symbolic Crusade: Status Politics and the American Temperance Movement (Urbana, Illinois, 1963).
414. Richard M. Hurd, Principles of City Land Values (New York, 1903), page 117
415. Henry Clarke, "The Real Estate Business-Today and Tomorrow," National Real Estate Journal, May 1932, page 36.
416. Andrew J. King, Law and Land Use in Chicago: A Prehistory of Modern Zoning (New York, 1986), page 80
417. Report of the Board of Park and Boulevard Commissioners of Kansas City, Mo. (Kansas City, 1893), page 14
418. Joel Schwartz, "Evolution of the Suburbs," in American Urban History, ed. Alexander B. Callow, Jr. (New York, 1982), page 502
419. Homer Hoyt, One Hundred Years of Land Values in Chicago (Chicago, 1933), page 136
420. Kenneth Baar, "The National Movement to Halt the Spread of Multifamily Housing, 1890-1926," Journal of the American Planning Association, Winter 1992, pages 39-48
421. Elmer S. Forbes, "Housing Conditions in Small Towns," Proceedings of the First National Conference on Housing: 1911, pages 71-72
422. Lawrence Veiller, "Protecting Residential Districts," Proceedings of the Sixth National Conference on City Planning: 1914, pages 103-104
423. Otto W. Davis, "Shall We Encourage or Discourage the Apartment House?" Proceedings of the Fifth National Conference on Housing: 1915, pages 334, 345
424. Proceedings of the Third National Conference on Housing: 1913, page 213
425. Bernard J. Newman, "Shall We Encourage or Discourage the Apartment House?" Proceedings of the Fifth National Conference on Housing: 1915, pages 158-159
426. Davis, "Shall We Encourage or Discourage the Apartment House?" pages 336-337
427. Gwendolyn Wright, Building the Dream: A Social History of Housing in America (New York, 1981), page 151.
428. Otto W. Davis, "How Can We Keep Our City a City of Homes?" Proceedings of the Third National Conference on Housing: 1913, page 208
429. Walter Firey, Land Use in Central Boston (Cambridge, 1946), page 277
430. Forbes, "Housing Conditions in Small Towns," page 72
431. Proceedings of the Third National Conference on Housing: 1913, page 347
432. Charles H. Cheney, "Removing Social Barriers by Zoning," Survey, May 22, 1920, page 277
433. Miller v. Board of Public Works, 234 P. 381
434. Third Annual Conference, pages 534-535
435. Fletcher Steele, compiler, "Restrictions on Land to Be Used for Suburban Residential Purposes," a memo dated February 1, 1913, pages 5-6, Loeb Library
436. Robert Fishman, Bourgeois Utopias: The Rise and Fall of Suburbia (New York, 1987), pages 146-147.
437. Frederick Law Olmsted, "Deed Restrictions That Affect Houses in Planned Neighborhoods," Architectural Record, November 1940, page 33.
438. F. A. Cushing Smith, "The Glory of Shaker Heights," American Landscape Architecture, July 1920, pages 21-26
439. J. C. Nichols, "Suburban Subdivisions with Community Features," Proceedings of the General Sessions of the National Association of Real Estate Boards at the Seventeenth Annual Conference: 1924, page 18
440. Palos Verdes Bulletin, March 1929, page 7.
441. Frank L. Meline, "Advantages of Architectural Harmony in Subdivisions," Annals of Real Estate Practice: 1925, volume 3, page 166
442. Meline, "Architectural Harmony," page 166
443. John R. Stilgoe, Common Landscape in America, 1550-1845 (New Haven, 1982), pages 191-192
444. Paul Groth, "Lot, Yard, and Garden: American Distinctions," Landscape (1990), pages 32-33
445. Philip Dole, "The Picket Fence at Home," in Between Fences, ed. Gregory K. Dreicer (Washington, D.C., 1996), page 33
446. David P. Handlin, The American Home: Architecture and Society, 1815-1915 (Boston, 1979), pages 178-179
447. Frank J. Scott, The Art of Beautifying Suburban Home Grounds of Small Extent (New York, 1886), pages 51, 55, 107.
448. Nathaniel H. Egleston, The Home and Its Surroundings or Villages and Village Life (New York, 1884), pages 134-146
449. Handlin, The American Home, pages 91-116.
450. Egleston, The Home and Its Surroundings, pages 149-150
451. Julian R. Tinkham, "A Discussion of the Fence Problem: II. A Plea for Fences and Privacy," Country Life in America, September 1903, pages 326-327
452. Ernest Hemmings, "Hedges for the Country or Suburban Estate," Suburban Life, September 1907, page 276
453. Parris Thaxter Farwell, Village Improvement (New York, 1913), page 129
454. Parris Thaxter Farwell, "A Plea for Fences," House Beautiful, February 1917, page 147
455. "On Our Fenceless State," Atlantic Monthly, August 1909, pages 283-284
456. Tinkham, "A Plea for Fences and Privacy," pages 326-327
457. Hemmings, "Hedges for the Country or Suburban Estate," page 276.
458. First Annual Conference, pages b76-b77
459. H.V.H., "Land Subdivision Restrictions," Landscape Architecture, October 1925, table following page 54
460. Donald Grant Mitchell, Out-of-Town Places: With Hints for Their Improvement (New York, 1884), pages 40, 63
461. John R. Stilgoe, Metropolitan Corridor: Railroads and the American Scene (New Haven, 1983), page 271
462. Catharine E. Beecher and Harriet Beecher Stowe, The American Woman's Home (New York, 1869), chapter 34.
463. Francis E. Clark, "Why I Chose a Suburban Home," Suburban Life, April 1907d, pages 187-189
464. Stilgoe, Metropolitan Corridor, pages 273-277
465. H. S. Babcock, "Poultry Breeding in the United States," Outing, October 1900, page 44
466. E. I. Farrington, "Poultry-Yard Patriotism," Countryside Magazine and Suburban Life, June 1917, page 316
467. Henry Lowe, "Rabbit Raising for War-Time Food," Illustrated World, July 1918, pages 737-741.
468. David R. Contosta, Suburb in the City: Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, 1850-1920 (Columbus, Ohio, 1992), pages 97-98
469. Nicolaides, My Blue Heaven, pages 17-18, 26-35
470. Los Angeles Times, April 29, 1923.
471. Hycliff Standards[:] A Declaration of Protections and Restrictions for Hycliff, Section Two (1929), page 8
472. Roland Park Review, March 1909, page 7, April 1909, page 4, June 1909, page 12.
473. Roland Park Review, April 1909, pages 3-4, May 1909, page 6, August 1909, page 6, April 1911, page 2.
474. James W. Waesche, Crowning the Gravelly Hill: A History of the Roland Park-Guilford-Homeland District (Baltimore, 1987), page 73
475. Roland Park Review, March 1909, page 7, May 1910, pages 2-3, March 1916, page 6.
476. Roland Park Review, March 1909, page 7, April 1909, page 4, August 1909, page 6, January 1910, page 5, May 1910, pages 2-3.
477. Henry S. Kissell, "Community Features for Suburbs," Annals of Real Estate Practice: 1925, volume 3, pages 128-129.
478. Hycliff Standards, page 8
479. Fourth Annual Report of the Board of Commissioners of the Central Park: 1861, pages 107-108.
480. Fred W. Viehe, "Black Gold Suburbs: The Influence of the Extractive Industry on the Suburbanization of Los Angeles," Journal of Urban History, November 1981, pages 6, 11, 13
481. Dan La Botz, Edward L. Doheny: Petroleum, Power, and Politics in the United States and Mexico (New York, 1991), pages 10-11
482. Tygiel, The Great Los Angeles Swindle, pages 14-16, 25-35
483. Albert W. Atwood, "When the Oil Flood Is On," Saturday Evening Post, July 7, 1923, pages 4, 96
484. Tygiel, The Great Los Angeles Swindle, pages 36, 40-41, 50
485. Bruce Bliven, "Los Angeles: The City That Is Baccha-nalian-In a Nice Way," New Republic, July 13, 1927, page 200.
486. Upton Sinclair, Oil (New York, 1926), pages 24-25
487. Tygiel, The Great Los Angeles Swindle, pages 37-39
488. Albert W. Atwood, "Mad from Oil," Saturday Evening Post, July 14, 1923, pages 10-11, 94
489. Los Angeles Times, May 13, July 22, August 5, October 21, 1923.
490. Martin R. Ansell, Oil Baron of the Southwest: Edward L. Doheny and the Development of the Petroleum Industry in California and Mexico (Columbus, Ohio, 1998), pages 30-31
491. Tygiel, The Great Los Angeles Swindle, page 27.
492. Tygiel, The Great Los Angeles Swindle, pages 29, 39
493. Mark Lee Luther, The Boosters (Indianapolis, 1923), pages 197-198.
494. Walter V. Woehlke, "The Champion Borrower of Them All," Sunset Magazine, November 1925, pages 27, 62
495. Protective Restrictions, Palos Verdes Estates, Los Angeles, California (1923), page 17
496. Pierce E. Benedict and Don Kennedy, eds., History of Beverly Hills (Beverly Hills, 1934), part 1, pages 60-61
497. John O. Pohlmann, "Alphonzo E. Bell: A Biography," part 1, Southern California Quarterly, September 1964, pages 197-222, and part 2
498. Tygiel, The Great Los Angeles Swindle, pages 25-28
499. William H. Wilson, "The Billboard: Bane of the City Beautiful," Journal of Urban History, August 1987, pages 395-397
500. Quentin J. Schultze, "Legislating Morality: The Progressive Response to American Outdoor Advertising, 1900-1917," Journal of Popular Culture, Spring 1984, pages 37-38
501. W. L. Lawton, "Regulation of Outdoor Advertising," Planning Problems of Town, City, and Region: Papers and Discussions at the Eighteenth National Conference on City Planning: 1926, page 88
502. Everett L. Millard, "What Chambers of Commerce and Realtors Can Do to Help Abate the Billboard Nuisance," American City, March 1920, page 276.
503. Wilson, "The Billboard," pages 405-412
504. "Billboards and Other Forms of Outdoor Advertising," Chicago City Club Bulletin, December 16, 1912, pages 395-396, 401-403, 406-407
505. Clinton Rogers Woodruff, ed., The Billboard Nuisance, American Civic Association, series 2, no. 2. (June, 1908), page 6
506. Billboard Advertising in St. Louis: Report of the Signs and Billboards Committee of the [St. Louis] Civic League (St. Louis, 1910), page 17.
507. Deed and Agreement Between the Ottawa Hills Company and John North Willys Containing Restrictions and Conditions Relating to Plat Number One, Ottawa Hills (1916), pages 6-7, Loeb Library
508. Proceedings of the First Annual Convention Conferences of the Homebuilders' and Subdividers' Division of the National Association of Real Estate Boards: 1923, page 135.
509. Second Annual Conference, page 436
510. Los Angeles Times, February 25, 1923
511. Helen Monchow, The Use of Deed Restrictions in Subdivision Development (Chicago, 1928), page 34
512. Charles E. Beveridge and Paul Rocheleau, Frederick Law Olmsted: Designing the American Landscape (New York, 1998), page 108
513. Judging Palos Verdes as a Place to Live, undated promotional pamphlet, page 29
514. Susan Mulcahey Chase, "The Process of Suburbanization and the Use of Restrictive Deed Covenants as Private Zoning" (Doctoral dissertation, University of Delaware, 1995), pages 257-258
515. Waesche, Crowning the Gravelly Hill, pages 72, 74
516. Nichols, "Good Planning in Land Subdivision," page 100
517. Eberle Economic Service, March 28, 1932, page 50
518. W. W. Robinson, "The Southern California Real Estate Boom of the Twenties," Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly, March 1942, page 25
519. James Clifford Findley, "The Economic Boom of the 'Twenties in Los Angeles" (Doctoral dissertation, Claremont Graduate School, 1968), page 195.
520. J. C. Nichols, "A Developer's View of Deed Restrictions," Journal of Land & Public Utility Economics, May 1939, page 134
521. Country Club District Bulletin, November 1927, page 4
522. C. P. Gray, "Principles in Selecting Land for Subdivision," Proceedings of the First Annual Convention Conferences of the Homebuilders' and Subdividers' Division of the National Association of Real Estate Boards: 1923, page 15.
523. Orlando Sentinel, March 13 and 17, 1992
524. Evan McKenzie, Privatopia: Homeowner Associations and the Rise of Residential Private Government (New Haven, 1994), pages 15-18.
525. J. M. Nolte, "Restrictions for the Man of Moderate Means," Annals of Real Estate Practice: 1925, volume 3, page 387
526. Joseph Laronge, "The Subdivider of Today and Tomorrow," Journal of Land & Public Utility Economics, November 1942, page 427
527. New York Times, August 25, 1975, September 5, 1995
528. John Delafons, Land-Use Controls in the United States (Cambridge, 1962), pages 87-89
529. Edward J. Blakely and Mary Gail Synder, Fortress America: Gated Communities in the United States (Washington, D.C., 1995), chapter 1.
530. Proceedings of the General Sessions of the National Association of Real Estate Boards at the Seventeenth Annual Convention: 1924, page 19
531. National Association of Home Builders, Home Builders Manual for Land Development (Washington, D.C., 1954), pages 252-253
532. Clement E. Vose, Caucasians Only: The Supreme Court and the Restrictive Covenant Cases (Berkeley, 1967), especially chapter 8
533. Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma (New York, 1944), volume 2, page 624
534. Eugene Rachlis and John E. Marqusee, The Landlords (New York, 1963), pages 245, 249-250.
535. McKenzie, Privatopia, pages 13-18
536. New York Times, September 5, 1995, July 24, 2002, July 27, 2003
537. F. Emerson Andrews, "When Is a Restriction Really a Protection?" House Beautiful, December 1943, page 90.
538. Frederick Law Olmsted, "Deed Restrictions That Affect Houses in Planned Communities," Architectural Record, November 1940, page 34.
539. John M. Gries and James Ford, eds., Planning for Residential Districts (Washington, D.C., 1932), pages 57, 75
540. Susan Mulcahey Chase, "The Process of Suburbanization and the Use of Restrictive Deed Covenants as Private Zoning: Wilmington, Delaware, 1900-1941" (Doctoral dissertation, University of Delaware, 1995), pages 276-279
541. National Association of Home Builders, Home Builders Manual, pages 246-248
542. John H. Beuscher, Robert W. Wright, and Morton Gitelman, Cases and Materials on Land Use (St. Paul, 1976), page 219.
543. Marc N. Goodnow, "Neighborhoods That Can't Be Spoiled," Survey, July 1, 1931, page 353
544. Helen Koues, "Beauty in Community Planning," Good Housekeeping, March 1937, pages 50-51
545. Urban Planning and Land Policies: Volume 2 of the Supplementary Report of the Urbanism Committee to the National Resources Council (Washington, D.C., 1939), pages 88-89.