Imagining zion: Dreams, designs, and realities in a century of Jewish settlement

Imagining Zion: Dreams, Designs, and Realities in a Century of Jewish Settlement

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 1-324

  Troen, S Ilan ^a,b  

^a BEN GURION UNIVERSITY OF THE NEGEV   (Israel)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 84902752746     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (613)

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141. Granovsky, "Land settlement and development in Palestine," 32-33, 62.
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143. Granovsky, "Land settlement and development in Palestine," 33, 62.
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149. Granovsky, "Land settlement and development in Palestine," 54-56.
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151. Paths in utopia (London, 1949).
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157. Emmanuel Yalan, The design of agricultural settlements: Technological aspects of rural community development (Jerusalem, 1975), 16 ff.
158. Richard Kauffmann, Die Begauungsplane der Kleinsiedlungen Kfar-Nahalal und Kfar Yecheskiel (Jerusalem, 1923).
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160. Shmuel Dayan, Man and the soil: The history of the first four decades of Nahalal (Tel Aviv, 1965)
161. Samuel Dayan, Nahalal (Tel Aviv, 1936)
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172. Near, The kibbutz movement, 326
173. Nachumi Har-Zion
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178. Ze'ev Schiff, A history of the Israeli army: 1874 to the present (London, 1987)
179. Edward Luttwak and Dan Horowitz, The Israeli army (London, 1975).
180. Yochanan Ratner, My life and myself (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv, 1978), 249-56.
181. Ratner, My life and myself, 349 ff.
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183. Norman Bentwich, Brigadier Frederick Kisch: Soldier and Zionist (London, 1966).
184. The Rosendorf quartet (New York, 1987), 273
185. Nathan Shaham, The Rosendorf quartet, 276-77.
186. Theodor Herzl, Old-New land (Altneuland), trans. Lotta Levensohn (New York, 1941), 218.
187. Amos Elon, Herzl (New York, 1975), 348.
188. Herzl, Old-New land, 175-76.
189. Herzl, Old-New land, 127.
190. Herzl, Old-New land, 128.
191. Herzl, Old-New land, 195.
192. Daniel Boorstin, The Americans: The national experience (New York, 1965), 113-68.
193. Anthony Sutcliffe, Towards the planned city: Germany, Britain, the United States and France, 1870-1914 (Oxford, 1981)
194. Andrew Lees, Cities perceived: Urban society in European and American thought, 1820-1920 (New York, 1985)
195. Daniel Rodgers, Atlantic crossings: Social politics in a progressive age (Cambridge, Mass., 1998)
196. Selwyn Troen, "The diffusion of an urban social science: France, England and the United States in the nineteenth century," Comparative Social Research, 9 (1986): 247-66
197. Gideon Biger, "European influence on town planning and town building in Palestine, 1850-1920, Urbanism Past and Present, 9 (1984): 30-35.
198. Journal of Historical Geography, 12 (1986): 402-24.
199. Mordechai Naor, ed., Tel-Aviv at its beginnings, 1909-1934 (Hebrew) (Jerusalem, 1984).
200. Clifford Holliday, "Town and Country Planning in Palestine," Palestine & Middle East Economic Magazine, 7-8 (1933): 290-92.
201. Clifford Holliday, "Town and Country Planning in Palestine," Palestine & Middle East Economic Magazine, 7-8 (1933): 290-92.
202. Avraham Zaberski, "Basic Problems in Housing Workers" (Hebrew) Ma'asim u'Magamot (1942): 169-93
203. Walter Preuss, "The socialist urban settlement movement in Austria" (Hebrew) Pinkas, 3 (1924): 22-24
204. Iris Graicer "Social architecture in Palestine: Conceptions in working-class housing, 1920-1938," in Ruth Kark, ed., The land that became Israel: Studies in historical geography (New Haven, 1989), 287-307.
205. Josef Weidenhalzer, "Red Vienna: A new Atlantis?" in Anson Rabinach, ed., The Austrian socialist experiment-Social democracy and Austro-Marxism 1918-1979 (Boulder, Colo., 1985), 195-99
206. Charles A. Gulick, Austria from Habsburg to Hitler (Berkeley, 1948), 391-400.
207. Carl Schorske, Fin-de-siècle Vienna (New York, 1979).
208. Anat Helman, "East or west: Tel-Aviv in the 1920s and 1930s," in Ezra Mendelsohn, ed., Studies in contemporary Jewry (Oxford, 1999), vol. 15, 68-79.
209. Ben-Zion Kedar, Looking twice at the Land of Israel (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv, 1992), 94.
210. Meir Dizengoff, "Concerning the history of Tel Aviv" (Hebrew), Feb. 13, 1931, Tel Aviv Municipal Archives, IV/1305/14-17.
211. Abraham Yaffa, The first twenty years: Literature and art in "Little Tel-Aviv" 1909-1929 (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv, 1980)
212. Meir Dizengoff, And it came to pass on the fiftieth jubilee year (Hebrew), 1929, Tel Aviv Municipal Archives; Dizengoff, On the history of Tel-Aviv.
213. "City advertisement," 1927, Tel Aviv Municipal Archives, IV/14/7.
214. "Municipal Matter" (Hebrew) Yediot Iriyat Tel-Aviv, vol. 2 (December 1932): 6
215. Chaim Nachman Bialik, "Tel-Aviv-The Homeland" (Hebrew), Yediot Iriyat Tel-Aviv, vol. 4 (January 1933): 97.
216. Meir Dizengoff, Small housing estates (Hebrew), Tel Aviv Municipal Archives, n.d., II/6/3.
217. Meir Dizengoff, "The Future of Tel-Aviv" (Hebrew), The city of Tel-Aviv: Its needs and future: A collection of articles for the elections to the fifth city council of the municipality of Tel-Aviv, 1932, Dizengoff Papers (Archives of the Museum of the History of Tel Aviv).
218. Vladimir Jabotinsky, "The meaning of Tel-Aviv," Near East Economic Magazine, vol. 4 (April 9, 1929): 110.
219. Meir Dizengoff, "Credit help for industry and for a small part of middle industry," 1929
220. Meir Dizengoff, "Opportunities for the economic development of Palestine," ca. 1926, Dizengoff Papers, II/6
221. Avraham Esterman, "Build cheap dwellings for those who live in huts!" from Dizengoff, The city of Tel-Aviv, 32.
222. Meir Dizengoff, "Election speech, November 18, 1929" (Hebrew), Dizengoff Papers.
223. Yigal Drori, "The organization of the middle class in Eretz Yisrael: Attempts at political organization in the 1920's" (Hebrew) Cathedra, 44 (June 1987): 116-25
224. Dan Giladi, "Private initiative, national wealth, and the political crystallization of the right" (Hebrew) Avanim, 5 (1965): 90-102
225. Baruch Ben-Avram, Political parties and organization during the British Mandate, 1918-1948 (Hebrew) (Jerusalem, 1978), chap. 3.
226. Erik Cohen, "The city in Zionist ideology," Jerusalem Urban Studies, vol. 1 (1970): 1-62
227. Arieh Schahar, "Israel's development towns: Evaluation of national urbanization policy," Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 37 (1971): 362-72
228. Elisabeth Altman and Betsey Rosenbaum, "Principles of planning and Zionist ideology: The Israeli development town," Journal of the American Institution of Planners (1973): 316-25
229. Yosef Gorny, From Rosh Pina and Degania to Dimona: A history of constructive Zionism (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv, 1989)
230. Haim Gvati, 100 Years of settlement: A history of Jewish settlement in Eretz-Yisrael (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv, 1981)
231. Alexander Bein, Immigration and settlement in Eretz Yisrael (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv, 1982).
232. Avraham Ulitzur, National capital and upbuilding Palestine: Facts and figures (Hebrew) (Jerusalem, 1939), 134.
233. Shlomo Avineri, Arlosoroff (London, 1989), 38-59.
234. Elhanan Orren, "Settlement as a basis for independence, 1878- 1949" (Hebrew), Skirah Hodshit (March-April 1982): 12-33.
235. Gerhard Muenzer, Jewish labour economy in Palestine: The economic activities of the General Federation of Jewish Labour (Hebrew) (Jerusalem, 1943), 122-27, 172- 80
236. David Horowitz and Rita Hinden, Economic survey of Palestine (Jerusalem, 1938), 111-12.
237. 31. A wealth of information can be found in municipal publications. See, for example, "On the question of rentals in Tel-Aviv: Memorandum by the Tel
238. Yediot Tel-Aviv, vol. 2-3, Sept. 15, 1925, 16-20.
239. General Federation of Labor, Collection of essays on workers' housing estates (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv, 1927)
240. Engineers', Architects' and Surveyors' Union of Palestine, Twenty years of building, settlement, housing and institutions for workers (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv, 1940)
241. Leo Kauffmann, "Housing urban workers" (Hebrew), Hameshek HaShitufi, 1 (1933): 42-45, 60-63, 82-85
242. A. Eserov, "The housing problem in Palestine," Palestine and Near East, 1: 8 (1926): 290-92
243. General Federation of Labor, In the thirtieth year: Surveys and summaries (Hebrew), 52, 256 ff.
244. Iris Graicer, "Workers' estates: socio-ideological experimentations in shaping the urban scene in Palestine during the British Mandate" (Hebrew) (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1982).
245. "Memorandum by the Tel-Aviv Municipality on the question of rentals in Tel-Aviv" (Hebrew), 16-18
246. Meir Dizengoff, "Proposals for the solution of the barrack housing problems in Tel Aviv" (Hebrew), Tel Aviv Municipal Archives, IV/1/31/AB, 1931.
247. "The third council of Achdut Ha'Avodah" (Hebrew) Kuntress, 6 (1923), chap. 3.
248. Michael Levine, White city: Architecture in the international style in Israel (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv, 1984)
249. Michael Levine, "Architects who brought the Bauhaus to Israel" (Hebrew) Kav, 2 (1981): 65-72
250. Arieh Sharon, Kibbutz + Bauhaus: Arieh Sharon: The way of an architect; an exhibition organized by the Bauhaus Archive together with the Academy of Arts, Berlin (Stuttgart, 1976)
251. From planning to reality: An exhibition of plans and photographs representing the work of Richard Kauffmann (Jerusalem, 1977).
252. Arieh Sharon, "Planning of cooperative houses," Habinyan-A Magazine of Architecture and Town-Planning (August 1937): 1-3
253. John Mullin, "Ideology, planning theory and the German city in the inter-war years," Town Planning Review, 53 (1982): 115-30, 257-72
254. Peter Marcuse, "The housing policy of social democracy: Determinants and consequences," in Rabinach, ed., The Austrian socialist experiment, 201-21
255. L. Orgad, "Workers' Housing Estates" (Hebrew) in Tel-Aviv, 1931- 1937: Conceptions, planning, construction and comparison with popular housing in Europe (Hebrew) (M.A. thesis in art and art history, Tel Aviv University, 1985).
256. Mullin, "Ideology, planning theory and the German city," 127
257. Helmut Gruber, "Socialist party culture and the realities of working-class life in Red Vienna," in Rabinach, ed., The Austrian socialist experiment, 223-46.
258. "From the meetings of the organizations for workers' neighborhoods" (Hebrew), Davar, April 28, 1927, and "The bridge between the city and the village" (Hebrew), Davar, June 12, 1927.
259. Gideon Kressel, Shchunat Borochov: The history of the first workers' housing estate (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv, 1961), 19-25.
260. Zvi Ganin, Kiryat Hayyim: An experiment in an urban utopia, 1933- 1983 (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv, 1984), 44-45.
261. Muenzer, Jewish labour economy in Palestine, 180.
262. Stanley Buder, Pullman: An experiment in industrial order and community planning, 1880-1930 (New York, 1967)
263. Rosabeth Kanter, Commitment and community: Communes and utopias in sociological perspective (Cambridge, 1972).
264. Shmuel Gelbatz, Urban commune (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv, 1940)
265. Dan Yahav, Communes in Tel-Aviv during the thirties and forties (Hebrew) (Ramat Efal, 1990).
266. Eliezer Brutzkus, "The question of urban settlement" (Hebrew), Handasa Ve'adrichalut, 5 (1944), 13-14
267. Physical planning in Israel: Problems and achievements (Jerusalem, 1964).
268. Arnon Soffer and Baruch Kipnis, eds., Atlas of Haifa and Mount Carmel (Haifa, 1980), 48.
269. S. Ilan Troen, "Higher education in Israel: An historical perspective," Higher education: The International Journal of Higher Education and Educational Planning, 23: 1 (January 1992): 45-63.
270. Gilbert Herbert and Silvina Sosnovsky, Bauhaus on the Carmel and the crossroads of empire (Jerusalem, 1993), 20-33.
271. Yossi Katz, "The founding and beginning of Herzlia neighborhood-The first Hebrew neighborhood on Mt. Carmel" (Hebrew), Ofakim, no. 8 (1983): 49-56.
272. Alex Carmel, "Haifa at the end of the Ottoman period" (Hebrew), in Mordechai Naor and Yossi Ben-Artzi, eds., The development of Haifa 1918-1948 (Jerusalem, 1977), 2-19.
273. Soffer and Kipnis, eds., Atlas of Haifa and Mount Carmel, 52.
274. Yonatan Fein, "The development of the port of Haifa in British policy 1906-1924: Strategic considerations" (Hebrew) Cathedra, 89 (October 1998): 127-54.
275. David Horowitz, "Economic and Geographic Position," in Sophie Udin, ed., Palestine year book 5708 (New York, 1947), 113
276. Herbert Sidebotham, Great Britain and Palestine (London, 1937), 120-28.
277. Samuel Tenenbaum, "The future of Palestine: An interview with Harry Sacher of the Zionist Executive," Jewish Tribune, Oct. 12, 1928.
278. Samuel Tenenbaum, "The future of Palestine: An interview with Harry Sacher of the Zionist Executive," Jewish Tribune, Oct. 12, 1928.
279. S. Ilan Troen, "American experts in the design of Zionist society: The reports of Elwood Mead and Robert Nathan," in Allon Gal, ed., Envisioning Israel: The changing ideals and images of North American Jews (Jerusalem, 1996), 204-18.
280. Abraham Granovsky, "Haifa Bay land policy," Palestine & Near East Economic Magazine, 4: 4-5 (March 20, 1929), 74-75.
281. Report of activities of the Palestine Economic Corporation presented to the Palestine Royal Commission (New York, 1936), 24
282. Kurt Ruppin
283. "Haifa Bay Progress: Garden cities and industries arise on reclaimed wasteland," Palestine & Middle East Economic Magazine, 12: 23 (1940): 336.
284. Kurt Ruppin, "Haifa Bay progress," 333.
285. Richard Kauffmann, "Preliminary regional scheme for opening up the territory of Haifa Bay, Palestine," Town Planning Review, 12: 3 (June 1927): 210
286. Richard Kauffmann, "Problems of the organic development of Haifa," Palestine & Near East Economic Magazine, 4: 4-5 (March 20, 1929): 68-69, 80
287. Richard Kauffmann, "Fundamental problems of Haifa's future development,"Palestine & Near East Economic Magazine, 3: 19 (Oct. 10, 1928): 433-35
288. Clifford Holliday, "Town and country planning in Palestine," Palestine & Middle East Economic Magazine, 7-8 (1933): 290-92.
289. Kauffmann, "Preliminary regional scheme," 206-11.
290. S. Ilan Troen, "The price of partition, 1948: The dissolution of the Palestine Potash Company," Journal of Israeli History, 15: 1 (Spring 1994): 53-83.
291. My Siberian life (London, 1956)
292. Given to salt: The struggle for the Dead Sea concession (London, 1958)
293. Mordechai Naor, ed., The Dead Sea and the Judean desert, 1900- 1967 (Hebrew) (Jerusalem 1990)
294. Israel Brody, The true story of Palestine Potash Ltd. (Jerusalem, 1950).
295. The light of Abraham, light from fire: The electric company and the Haganah, 1920-1948 (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv, 1994), 42-43
296. Eli She'altiel, Pinchas Ruttenberg: The rise and fall of a "strong man" in Eretz Israel, 1879-1942 (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv, 1990).
297. Moshe Novomeysky, The truth about the concession for the Dead Sea (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv, 1950), 7-8.
298. Yehuda Almog and Ben-Zion Eshel, The Sodom region (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv, 1949), 179-80, 270-72, 318-21.
299. Troen, "The price of partition, 1948"
300. Susan Lee Hattis, The bi-national idea in Palestine during the Mandate times (Haifa, 1970).
301. Ya'acov Ardon, "Catching up in Afula," Jerusalem Post, Jan. 26, 1973.
302. Abraham Mash, ed., The city of Jezreel-Afula at twentyfive, 1925-1950 (Hebrew) (Afula, 1950).
303. Abraham Mash, "Towards the development of Afula: The City of the Valley" Davar, Nov. 26, 1947.
304. "Afula; the regional hospital to be established in Afula," Davar, Aug. 26, 1952
305. "The progress of the City of the Valley will be presented," Davar, March 31, 1952.
306. Daniel Boorstin, The Americans: The national experience (New York, 1965, vol. 2.
307. Benedict Anderson, Imagined communities: Reflections on the origins and spread of nationalism (New York, 1991).
308. Herbert Sidebotham, Great Britain and Palestine (London, 1937), 118
309. Shalom Reichman, From foothold to settled territory: The Jewish settlement, 1918-1948: A geographical interpretation and documentation (Hebrew) (Jerusalem, 1979), 80 ff.
310. Michael Levine, White city: International style architecture in Israel: Portrait of an era (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv, 1984).
311. David Horowitz and Rita Hinden, Economic survey of Palestine; with special reference to the years 1936 and 1937 (Jerusalem, 1938), 35.
312. Michael Levine, "Architects who brought the Bauhaus to Israel" (Hebrew) Kav, 2 (1981): 65-72.
313. Arieh Sharon, Kibbutz + Bauhaus: An architect's way in a new land (Stuttgart, 1976).
314. Oskar Beyer, Eric Mendelsohn: Letters of an architect (London, 1967)
315. Arnold Whittick, Eric Mendelsohn (London, 1956).
316. Richard Kauffmann, "Planning of Jewish settlements in Palestine," Town Planning Review, 12 (1926): 93-116
317. Keren Hayesod, From planning to reality: An exhibition of plans and photographs representing the work of Richard Kauffmann (Jerusalem, 1977).
318. Gordon Cherry, The evolution of British town planning (New York, 1974)
319. John Sheail, "Interwar planning in Britain: The wider context," Journal of Urban History, 2 (1985): 335-51.
320. Patrick Geddes, "The Zionist university," Sociological Review, 17 (1925): 223-24
321. The proposed Hebrew University of Jerusalem: A preliminary report 1919, in MS 10613.
322. Patrick Geddes, Town planning report-Jaffa and Tel Aviv, 1925 in CZA Z/34 v4459
323. Town planning handbook of Palestine, 1930 (Jerusalem, 1930).
324. Henry Kendall, Town planning in Uganda: A brief description of the efforts made by Government to control development of urban areas from 1915 to 1955 (Entebbe, 1955), 19-20
325. Henry Kendall, Village development in Palestine during the Mandate (London, 1949)
326. Town planning adviser: Annual report for 1937 (Jerusalem, 1937).
327. Kauffmann, Planning of Jewish settlements in Palestine
328. Keren Hayesod, From planning to reality.
329. Ya'acov Ben-Sira, "My work as the municipal engineer of Tel Aviv (1929-1951)" (Hebrew) Gazit, 33 (1984): 171-74.
330. Karl Baruth, The physical planning of Israel: The legal and technical basis (London, 1949).
331. Leonardo Benevolo, History of modern architecture (Cambridge, 1977), vol. 2, chaps. 19 and 20.
332. Eugen Ratner, "Architecture in Palestine," Palestine & Middle East Economic Magazine, nos. 7-8 (1933): 293-97.
333. Eugen Ratner, "Architecture in Palestine," Palestine & Middle East Economic Magazine, nos. 7-8 (1933): 293-97.
334. Eugen Ratner, "Architecture in Palestine," Palestine & Middle East Economic Magazine, nos. 7-8 (1933): 293-97.
335. Eugen Ratner, "Architecture in Palestine," 296.
336. Eugen Ratner, "Will Israel have a national style of architecture?" Technion Year Book (Haifa, 1950): 234-37.
337. Levin, White city.
338. Meron Benvenisti, Sacred landscape: The buried history of the Holy Land since 1948 (Berkeley, 2000).
339. Benvenisti, Sacred landscape, 12-14.
340. Hanna Bitan, ed., 1948-1998, fifty years of settlement: Atlas of names of settlements and localities in Israel (Hebrew) (Jerusalem, 1999).
341. Eliyahu Ha-Cohen, "General introduction to the songs of the moshavoth during the first aliyah," in The first moshavoth: Chapters in the history of the yishuv, a teachers' guide (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv, 1978), 81-93.
342. Chaim Nachmun Bialik, Birkhat Am: Collected writings of Chaim Nachmun Bialik (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv, 1959), 6-7.
343. Yehuda Erez, "Pathmakers to the Israeli song," in Yehuda Erez, ed., The book of the third aliyah (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv, 1964)
344. Yoram Bar-Gal, Moledet and geography in a hundred years of Zionist education (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv, 1993).
345. Jehoash Hirshberg, Music in the Jewish community of Palestine 1880-1948 (Oxford, 1995), 78-109, 147-48.
346. Eric Hobsbaum, "Inventing tradition," in Eric Hobsbaum and Terence Ranger, eds., The invention of tradition (Cambridge, 1983), 1.
347. Hirschberg, Music in the Jewish community of Palestine 1880-1948, 184-203.
348. Gila Dobkin, Hora songs-Their origins, history and their place in the context of Israeli songs (Hebrew) (M.A. thesis, Department of Musicology, Faculty of Arts, Tel Aviv University, 1985).
349. Dalia Manor, "Biblical Zionism in Bezalel Art," Israel Studies, 6: 1 (Spring 2001): 66.
350. Nurit Shilo-Cohen, ed., Bezalel 1906-1929 (Jerusalem, 1983)
351. Boris Schatz: His life and work (Jerusalem, 1925).
352. Dalia Manor, "Framing the native: Esther Raab's visual poetics," Israel Studies, 4: 1 (Spring 1999): 234-57.
353. Tamar Katriel, Talking straight: Dugri speech in Israeli sabra culture (New York, 1986)
354. Oz Almog, The sabra: The creation of the new Jew (Berkeley, 2000).
355. S. Ilan Troen, "The construction of a secular Jewish identity: European and American influences in Israeli education," in Deborah Dash Moore and S. Ilan Troen, eds., Divergent Jewish cultures: Israel & America (New Haven, 2001), 27-52.
356. Epigraph: Mark Twain, Innocents abroad or the new pilgrim's progress (London, 1916), 449
357. David Ben-Gurion, Like stars and dust: Essays from Israel's Government Year Book (Sede Boker, 1997), 68-69.
358. Amir Bar-Or, "The army's role in Israeli strategic planning: A documentary record," Israel Studies, 1: 2 (Fall 1996): 98-121.
359. Arieh Sharon, Physical planning in Israel (Jerusalem, 1951).
360. Martin Buber, Paths in utopia (London, 1949).
361. Moshe Mossek, Palestine immigration policy under Sir Herbert Samuel: British, Zionist and Arab attitudes (London, 1978), 7, 157-61.
362. Mossek, Palestine immigration policy, 258-60
363. British White Paper, Cmd. 1700, 22-29.
364. British White Paper, Cmd. 1700, 17-21
365. Royal Institute of International Affairs, Great Britain and Palestine, 1915-1945 (London, 1946), 60-70.
366. Robert A. Macalister, A century of excavation in Palestine (London, 1925)
367. David Amiran, "The pattern of settlement in Palestine," Israel Exploration Journal, 3: 2 (1953): 68
368. Statistical abstract of Palestine, 1944-45, 273.
369. Claude R. Conder, "The fertility of ancient Palestine," Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement (July 1876): 32.
370. Charles Warren, The land of promise (London, 1875), 5-6.
371. Ellsworth Huntington, Palestine and its transformation (Boston, 1911), 4-5, 39.
372. Hubert Lamb, Climate: Present, past and future (London, 1972), xxv-xxvi.
373. Huntington, Palestine and its transformation, 281-82.
374. David Ben-Gurion and Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Eretz Israel in the past and in the present (Hebrew), trans. from Yiddish by David Niv (Jerusalem, 1979)
375. Ben-Gurion and Ben-Zvi, Eretz Israel, 223.
376. Ben-Gurion and Ben-Zvi, Eretz Israel, 214-22.
377. Ben-Gurion and Ben-Zvi, Eretz Israel, 227.
378. Adam M. Garfinkle, "On the origin, meaning, use and abuse of a phrase," Middle Eastern Studies, 27: 4 (October 1991), 540-50.
379. William F. Albright, The archaeology of Palestine and the Bible (Cambridge, Mass., 1974).
380. Nelson Glueck, Rivers in the desert: A history of the Negev (New York, 1968), xii, 283.
381. Michael Evenari, "Twenty-five years of research on runoff desert agriculture in the Middle East," in Louis Berkofsky, David Faiman and Joseph Gil, eds., Settling the desert (Sede Boker, 1981), 3-28.
382. Adolf Reifenberg, "The struggle between the 'Desert and the Sown,' " in Desert research: Proceedings, international symposium held in Jerusalem, May 7-14, 1952,
383. Magen Broshi, "The population of western Palestine in the Roman-Byzantine period," Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (1980): 1-10.
384. Aryeh Issar, "Climatic changes as the critical factor in the settlement and abandonment of the desert frontier in Israel," Sede Boker, unpublished paper, November 1987
385. Aryeh Issar and Haim Tsoar, "Who is to blame for the desertification of the Negev, Israel?" S. I. Solomon, M. Beran, and W. Hogg, eds., Proceedings of a conference on: The influence of climatic change and climatic variability on the hydrologic regime and water resources: International Assocation of Hydrological Sciences, publication no. 168 (Vancouver, 1987): 577-83.
386. Walter C. Lowdermilk, Palestine: Land of promise (London, 1944).
387. Jean Gottmann, Megalopolis: The urbanized northeastern seaboard of the United States (New York, 1961)
388. Jean Gottmann, Études sur L'état d'Isräel et le Moyen Orient, 1935-1958 (Paris, 1959).
389. Robert Nathan, Oscar Gass, and Daniel Creamer, Palestine: Problem and promise, an economic study (Washington, D.C., 1946), v-vi.
390. Arthur Ruppin, Arthur Ruppin: Memoirs, diaries, letters, edited by Alex Bein (New York, 1971).
391. Arthur Ruppin, "The selection of the fittest," in Three decades of Palestine (Jerusalem, 1936), 66-80.
392. Arthur Ruppin, "Settling German Jews in Palestine," in Three decades of Palestine, 278.
393. Ruppin, Arthur Ruppin, 307-8.
394. Ruppin, Arthur Ruppin, 283-316.
395. Alfred Bonné, Twenty years of economic research in Palestine (Jerusalem, 1942), 8.
396. "Planning Committee," Box IV (Ben-Gurion Archives, Sede Boker).
397. David Ben-Gurion, The reconstruction programme: An address to the Joint Meeting of the Elected Assembly of Palestine and the Zionist General Council, March 24, 1943, Central Zionist Archives, S25/1943.
398. Weizmann Papers (New Brunswick, N.J., 1979), vol. 22, 78.
399. "Planning Committee,"BoxesIV, X, XI, XXXIV(Ben-Gurion Archives, SedeBoker).
400. Sharon, Physical planning in Israel,
401. Erika Spiegel, New towns in Israel (Stuttgart, 1966).
402. The economic side of the Sharon Plan is examined in a concurrent report: Abraham Gruenbaum, Four year development plan of Israel 1950-1953 (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv, 1950).
403. Regional planning and development (Leiden, 1955)
404. Ra'anan Weitz et al., The Lakhish region: Background study for research in regional development planning (Rehovoth, 1970).
405. Arieh Sharon, Physical planning in Israel (Jerusalem, 1951), 69.
406. Ra'anan Weitz and Avshalom Rokach, Agricultural development: Planning and implementation: Israel case study (Dordrecht, Holland, 1968), xiii.
407. Elisha Efrat, The new towns of Israel (1948-1988) (München, 1989).
408. Shlomo Sevirski and Menachem Sushan, New towns towards a different tomorrow (Hebrew) (Haifa, 1985)
409. Alexander Berler, New towns in Israel (Hebrew) (Jerusalem, 1970)
410. David Amiram and Arieh Shachar, Development towns in Israel (Jerusalem, 1969).
411. Frederic Osborn and Arnold Whittick, The new towns: The answer to megalopolis (London, 1969).
412. Stanley Buder, Visionaries and planners: The garden city movement and the modern community (New York, 1990).
413. Osborn and Whittick, The new towns, 159.
414. Erika Spiegal, New towns in Israel (Stuttgart, 1966), 9.
415. Ann Louise Strong, Planned urban environments: Sweden, Finland, Israel, The Netherlands, France (Baltimore, Md., 1971), xxix-xxx.
416. Eliezer Brutzkus, "Aims and possibilities of national planning" (Hebrew) Habinyan, no. 3 (1938).
417. Eliezer Brutzkus, "The question of urban settlement" (Hebrew) Handasa Ve'adrichalut, no. 5 (1945): 13-14.
418. Eliezer Brutzkus, "The new cities in the framework of national and regional planning," Journal of the Association of Engineers and Architects in Israel (JAEAI), 12: 2 (April-May, 1956): 7-9
419. Eliezer Brutzkus, "New towns in the framework of national and regional planning" (Hebrew) Handasa Ve'adrichalut, 14: 2 (1956): 7-9.
420. Eliezer Brutzkus, Physical planning in Israel: Problems and achievements (Jerusalem, 1964), 17.
421. S. Ilan Troen, "The transformation of Zionist planning policy: From agricultural settlements to an urban network," Planning Perspectives, vol. 3 (January 1988): 3-23
422. S. Ilan Troen "Calculating the 'economic absorptive capacity' of Palestine: A study of the political uses of scientific research," Contemporary Jewry, 10: 2 (1989): 19-38.
423. "Symposium on planning and development problems," Journal of the Association of Engineers and Architects in Palestine (JAEAP), 2: 2 (December 1943).
424. David Horowitz, "The economy of Eretz Yisrael on the conclusion of the war and its opportunities," 5-8
425. Ya'acov Shiffman, "Urban development: The size of the city," JAEAP, 4: 5 (August-September 1943), 8-13
426. Itzhak Rokach, "Tel-Aviv's struggle for expansion," JAEAP, 4: 5 (August-September 1943), 1-2.
427. Thomas Sharp, "The development of the English countryside," JAEAP, 3: 3 (October 1942);
428. B. Krougliakoff, "The reconstruction of London," JAEAP, 2: 3 (October-November 1941)
429. C. Wilson Brown, "The housing problem in the United Kingdom: report submitted to the Government of Palestine," JAEAP, vol. 8 (September 1945).
430. Ministry of Agriculture, Project Beit She'an: Agricultural planning (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv, 1968)
431. "The Gate to the Garden of Eden," Jerusalem Post, Sept. 12, 1973.
432. Keren Hayesod-United Jewish Appeal, Contributions to the history of the settlements in Israel (Hebrew) (Jerusalem, August 1952).
433. "A colony in the making in Beit She'an" (Hebrew) Davar, June 30, 1949.
434. "Beit She'an-The forgotten city" (Hebrew) Dapim, 1954.
435. "Beit She'an-The forgotten city" (Hebrew) Dapim, 1954.
436. Ruth Bondi, "Beit She'an: The forgotten among the cities of Israel" (Hebrew) Davar, Jan. 6, 1955.
437. "Here a city will rise in the north" (Hebrew) Davar, Jan. 16, 1950.
438. Raphael Bashan, 30 Years of Kiryat Malachi 1951-1981 (Hebrew) (RamatGan, 1981).
439. Raphael Bashan, 30 Years of Kiryat Malachi 1951-1981 (Hebrew) (RamatGan, 1981).
440. Bashan, 30 Years of Kiryat Malachi,19-21.
441. Ashkelon: A summary of six years of work 1959-1965 (Hebrew) (Ashkelon, 1965)
442. Ashkelon: New developments (World Zionist Organization, Project Planning Department, 1973) (Central Zionist Archives, File 36267 Gimmel).
443. Ya'acov Ben-Sira, "The problem of physical planning" (Hebrew) Molad, vol. 10 (1952-53): 130-39.
444. Ze'ev Vilnay, New and ancient Ashkelon (Hebrew) (Ashkelon, 1963).
445. World Zionist Organization, Ashkelon reborn (Tel Aviv, 1952).
446. "BeerSheva towards its second quarter century" (Hebrew) Davar, Sept. 24, 1950
447. A.D. Meshulam, "The contribution of the Histadrut to the development of BeerSheva" (Hebrew) Davar, July 22, 1979
448. Mordechai Artzieli, "Sapir-Beer-Sheva's patron" (Hebrew) Ha'aretz, Dec. 28, 1972.
449. Stormy times (Hebrew) (Jerusalem, 1988).
450. Yehuda Gradus and Eli Stern, eds., Beer-Sheva (Hebrew) (Jerusalem, 1979).
451. Frederick A. Lazin, Politics and policy implementation: Project renewal in Israel (New York, 1994).
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453. Arnon Golan, Wartime spatial changes within the State of Israel, 1948-1950 (Hebrew) (Sede Boker, 2001).
454. Arnon Golan, "The transfer to Jewish control of abandoned Arab lands during the War of Independence," in S. Ilan Troen and Noah Lucas, eds., Israel: The first decade of Independence (Albany, N.Y., 1995), 403-40.
455. "Ministry has 30,200 new homes on tap for territories," Ha'aretz, Jan. 9, 1998 (English edition).
456. Yizhar Smilansky, Hirbat Hizha (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv, 1989), 31-78.
457. Golan, Wartime spatial changes.
458. Joseph Weitz, In the course of settling the country (Hebrew) (Jerusalem, 1960)
459. The struggle for the land (Tel Aviv, 1952),
460. My diary and letters to my sons (Hebrew), vols. 2-4 (Ramat Gan, 1965).
461. Benny Morris, The birth of the Palestinian refugee problem, 1947- 1949 (Cambridge, 1987), especially chaps. 4-8
462. 1948 and After: Israel and the Palestinians (Oxford, 1994), chaps. 4-7
463. Arnon Golan, "Changes in the settlement map in areas abandoned by the Arab population as a consequence of the War of Independence, on the area on which the State of Israel was established" (Hebrew) (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Hebrew University, 1993).
464. Abraham Gruenbaum, Four year development plan of Israel 1950-1953 (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv, 1950), 1-15.
465. Benny Morris, Israel's border wars 1949- 1956: Arab infiltration, Israeli retaliation, and the countdown to the Suez war (Oxford, 1993).
466. "Small wars, big wars: Security debates during Israel's first decade," Israel Studies 5: 2 (Fall 2000), 107-27.
467. David Koren, Nahal: Military with added values (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv, 1997).
468. David Ben-Gurion, Like stars and dust: Essays from Israel's government year book (Sede Boker, 1997), 46-47.
469. Moshe Mossek, Palestine immigration policy under Sir Herbert Samuel: British, Zionist and Arab attitudes (London, 1978).
470. Henry Near, Frontiersmen and halutzim: The image of the pioneer in North America and pre-state Jewish Palestine (Haifa, January 1987), 2-8.
471. Eli Tzur, "Mapam and the European and Oriental immigrations," in Troen and Lucas, eds. Israel: First decade of Independence, 543-56.
472. Edwin Samuel, Handbook of the Jewish communal villages in Palestine (Jerusalem, 1945), 10-11.
473. "Ben-Gurion's remarks in the Knesseth, 16 January 1950" (Hebrew), Divrei Haknesseth (Jerusalem, 1950), 536.
474. Ze'ev Tsahor, "I am 'bosh venichlam'-The kibbutz and the absorption of immigrants" (Hebrew), Vision and reckoning: Ben-Gurion: Ideology and politics (Tel Aviv, 1994), 194-210.
475. Yishai Geva, "The settlement tradition after statehood" (Hebrew) Iyunim bekumat Israel, 5 (1985): 262-303
476. Yossi Ben-Artzi, "Changes in settlement preferences with statehood: A historical perspective" (Hebrew), in V. Pilavski, ed., The transition from Yishuv to state, 1947-1949: Continuity and change (Haifa: 1990), 173-85.
477. Livia Appelbaum and H. Margolis, The moshav-Patterns of organizational change (Hebrew) (Rehovoth, 1979)
478. Ovadia Shapiro, Rural settlements of new immigrants in Israel: Development problems of new rural communities (Rehovoth, 1971).
479. Alex Weingrod, Reluctant pioneers: Village development in Israel (Ithaca, N.Y., 1966).
480. Moshe Schwarz, Raphael Bar-El, Rachel Finkel, and Ariela Nesher, Moshav-based industry in Israel (Rehovoth, 1986).
481. Dorothy Willner, Nation building and community in Israel (Princeton, N.J., 1969)
482. Ann Louise Strong, Planned urban environments, 127-201
483. Erika Spiegel, New towns in Israel
484. Arie Schahar, "Israel's development towns: Valuation of national urbanization policy," Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 37 (1971): 362-72.
485. Schwarzx /xetalet al/etalx./x, Moshav-based industry in Israel, 8 ff.
486. Alfred Bonné, "Town and city in the Hebrew Land of Israel," in Martin Buber, ed., Towards the character of the Hebrew village in Eretz Israel (Hebrew) (Jerusalem, 1946), 27.
487. Alfred Bonné, "Town and city in the Hebrew Land of Israel," in Martin Buber, ed., Towards the character of the Hebrew village in Eretz Israel (Hebrew) (Jerusalem, 1946), 33-35.
488. Ya'acov Vardi, "The water resources of Judea and Samaria," Elazar papers: Symposium on Judea and Samaria (Hebrew) 5 (1982), 33-38
489. David Kahan, Agriculture and water resources in the West Bank and Gaza (Jerusalem, 1987).
490. State Comptroller, Report on the administration of water in Israel (Hebrew) (Jerusalem, 1990).
491. Haim Barkai, Growth patterns of the kibbutz economy (Amsterdam, 1977)
492. N. Gutberg, Issues in the problems of industry in settlement (Jerusalem, 1982), in Central Zionist Archives (hereafter, CZA), File 55.906/G.
493. Barkai, Growth patterns, 126-27
494. Raphael Bar-El, ed., Rural industrialization in Israel (Boulder, Colo., 1987).
495. David Newman and Livia Appelbaum, Between village and suburb: New settlement forms in Israel (Hebrew) (Rehovoth, 1989), 46-47.
496. Meron Benvenisti, The shepherds war: Collected essays (1981-1989) (Jerusalem, 1989)
497. Meron Benvenisti and Shlomo Khayat, The West Bank and Gaza atlas (Jerusalem, 1988).
498. The industrial village: An opportunity for aliyah (Jerusalem, 1974), in CZA, File 37303.
499. Community villages (Jerusalem, 1989)
500. Zionism and industry (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv, 1989)
501. Industrialization of rural settlements, Jerusalem, May 1973
502. Ra'anan Weitz Papers, CZA, File 36077/73.
503. Elisha Efrat, Geography and politics in Israel since 1967 (London, 1988)
504. Rehavam Zeevi, "Introduction" (Hebrew)
505. Elazar papers on settlement and security (Tel Aviv, 1980), vol. 3 (1980), 16.
506. David Newman, The impact of Gush Emunim: Politics and settlement in the West Bank (London, 1985).
507. Geoffrey Aronson, Creating facts: Israel, Palestinians and the West Bank (Washington, D.C., 1987).
508. Master plan for settlement of Samaria and Judea: Plan for regional development for the years 1983-86 (Hebrew) (Jerusalem, 1983).
509. Rural settlement for the years 1978-1982 (Jerusalem, 1978).
510. Nadav Shragai, "Building hidden from the Eye" (Hebrew) Ha'aretz, Jan. 28, 1991.
511. S. Ilan Troen, "The diffusion of an urban social science: France, England and the United States in the nineteenth century," Comparative Social Research, 9 (Spring 1986): 247-66.
512. Epigraph: Psalms 137:6
513. "From the summit of Mount Scopus," popular folk song by Avigdor Ha'meiri.
514. Jerusalem in Zionist vision and realization: Collected essays (Hebrew) (Jerusalem, 1989).
515. Yehoshua Ben-Arieh, A city reflected in its times: New Jerusalem-The beginnings (Jerusalem, 1979)
516. Yehoshua Ben-Arieh, Jerusalem in the 19th century: Emergence of the New City (Jerusalem, 1986)
517. Meron Benvenisti, City of stone: The hidden history of Jerusalem (Berkeley, 1996)
518. Martin Gilbert, Jerusalem in the twentieth century (New York, 1996)
519. Amos Elon, Jerusalem: City of mirrors (London, 1990)
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