Revolution, resistance, and reform in village China

Revolution, Resistance, and Reform In Village China

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 1-340

  Friedman, Edward ^a   Pickowicz, Paul G ^b   Selden, Mark ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c Department of Obstetrics Gynecology   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84902624228     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (300)

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3. Kenneth Lieberthal, The Great Leap Forward and the Split in the Yenan Leadership, in MacFarquhar and Fairbank, eds., The People's Republic, Part 1, p. 318.
4. Hebei sheng diming bangong shi, ed., Hebei zheng qu yan ge zhi (Shijiazhuang: Hebei kexue jixu chuban she, 1985), pp. 324-26.
5. Material in this and the following four paragraphs draws on GXF: 1988, pp. 62-69.
6. Geng Xiufeng quoted Zhang during an interview that appears in the documentary film The Mao Years,.
7. Jia Wenping, Zhenli yu mingyun (Beijing: Renmin chuban she, 1995), pp. 139-63.
8. Paul G. Pickowicz, Memories of Revolution and Collectivization in China: The Unauthorized Reminiscences of a Rural Intellectual, in Rubie S. Watson, ed., Memory, History, and Opposition under State Socialism (Santa Fe: School of American Research Press, 1990), pp. 127-47.
9. Lardy, The Chinese Economy, p. 385.
10. Dali Yang, Calamity and Reform in China: State, Rural Society and Institutional Change Since the Great Leap Famine (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996), pp. 73-81
11. The text of the Twelve Articles on People's Communes of November 1960
12. The People's Republic of China (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1979), pp. 516-17.
13. Roderick MacFarquhar, The Origins of the Cultural Revolution: Volume 3, The Coming of the Cataclysm, 1961-1966 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), pp. 41-42.
14. A partial translation of Mao's Sixty Articles on People's Communes is in Selden, The People's Republic of China.
15. This paragraph and the following two paragraphs draw on Lardy, The Chinese Economy, pp. 388-90
16. Beijing dagong bao, June 26, 1963.
17. Uradyn Bulag, The Mongols at China's Edge: History and the Politics of National Unity (Lantham: Rowman and Littlefield, 2001), pp. 134-35.
18. Ma Hong and Sun Shangqing, eds., Studies in the Problems of China's Economic Structure, Beijing, 1981:JPRS-CEA-84-064-I.
19. Jonathan Unger, Education under Mao: Class and Competition in Canton Schools, 1960- 1980 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1982), pp. 49-53.
20. Wolfgang Kubin's reference to Shu Ting in Images of Subjugation and Defiance: Female Characters in the Early Drama of Tian Han, in Tani Barlow, ed., Gender Politics in Modern China (Durham: Duke University Press, 1993), p. 139.
21. Roderick MacFarquhar, The Origins of the Cultural Revolution: Volume 3, The Coming of the Cataclysm, 1961-1966 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), pp. 220-21.
22. Geng Changsuo zouguo de daolu (Tianjin: Hebei renmin chuban she, 1966).
23. Vaclav Smil, China's Environmental Crisis: An Inquiry into the Limits of National Development (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1993), p. 39.
24. Judith Shapiro, Mao's War against Nature (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
25. Kenneth Walker, Food Grain Procurement in China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), p. 15.
26. Beijing dagong bao, December 7, 1963
27. Zhongguo qingnian bao, December 12, 1963.
28. Richard Baum, Prelude to Revolution: Mao, the Party, and the Peasant Question, 1962-66 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975), pp. 1, 11-42
29. Li Zhisui, The Private Life of Chairman Mao (New York: Random House, 1994), p. 398.
30. Byong-jun Ahn, Chinese Politics and the Cultural Revolution (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1976), p. 94.
31. Kenneth Lieberthal, The Great Leap Forward and the Split in the Yenan Leadership, in Roderick MacFarquhar and John K. Fairbank, eds., The Cambridge History of China: Volume 14, The People's Republic of China, 1949-1965 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 337-38.
32. Barry Naughton, The Third Front: Defense Industrialization in the Chinese Interior, The China Quarterly 115 (September 1988), pp. 351-86
33. Yabuki Susumu, China's New Political Economy: The Giant Awakens (Boulder: Westview, 1995), pp. 38-40.
34. Geng Huijuan, Jianjue zou yu gong nong xiang jiehe de daolu, RMRB, September 11, 1968.
35. Roderick MacFarquhar, The Origins of the Cultural Revolution: Volume 3, The Coming of the Cataclysm, 1961-1966 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), pp. 338-39.
36. Nicholas Lardy, The Chinese Economy under Stress, in MacFarquhar and Fairbank, eds., pp. 396-97.
37. Nicholas Lardy, The Chinese Economy under Stress, in MacFarquhar and Fairbank, eds., pp. 381.
38. Geng Changsuo, Chun jie hua jin xi, RMRB, February 10, 1964.
39. The Great Cultural Revolution in China (Hong Kong: Asia Research Committee, 1967), p. 77.
40. Zhongguo yishu yingpian bianmu, 1949-1979 (Beijing: Wenhua yishu chuban she, 1981), vol. 2, pp. 696-97.
41. Zhongguo da baike quanshu: dianying (Beijing, Shanghai: Zhongguo da baike quanshu chuban she, 1991), p. 437.
42. Paul Clark, Chinese Cinema: Culture and Politics Since 1949 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), p. 131.
43. Zhongguo wenxuejia cidian (Beijing: Beijing yuyan xueyuan, 1978), pp. 129-31.
44. Richard Baum, Prelude to Revolution: Mao, the Party, and the Peasant Question, 1962-66 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975), pp. 84-89.
45. Roderick MacFarquhar, The Origins of the Cultural Revolution: Volume 3, The Coming of the Cataclysm, 1961-1966 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), p. 401.
46. Dali Yang, Surviving the Great Leap Famine: The Struggle over Rural Policy, 1958-1962, in Timothy Cheek and Tony Saich, eds., New Perspectives on State Socialism in China (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1997), pp. 283-89.
47. Kenneth Lieberthal, The Great Leap Forward and the Split in the Yenan Leadership, in Roderick MacFarquhar and John K. Fairbank, eds., The Cambridge History of China: Volume 14, The People's Republic of China, 1949-1965 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 343-48.
48. Byong-jun Ahn, Chinese Politics and the Cultural Revolution (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1976), pp. 94, 106
49. Craig Dietrich, People's China: A Brief History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), p. 156.
50. Ho Chin, Harm into Benefit: Taming the Haiho River (Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1975), p. 10.
51. Judith Shapiro, Mao's War against Nature (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), p. 107.
52. her forthcoming book, Fighting Famine in North China: State, Market and Ecological Crisis, 1698-1998.
53. Jun Jing has published a number of seminal studies of water-related relocation and resistance traumas, including Villages Dammed, Villages Repossessed: A Memorial Movement in Northwest China, American Ethnologist 26, no. 2 (1999), pp. 324-43
54. Population Resettlement: Past Lessons for the Three Gorges Dam Project, The China Journal 38 (1997), pp. 65-92
55. Environmental Protests in Rural China, in Elizabeth Perry and Mark Selden, eds., Chinese Society (London: Routledge, 2000), pp. 143-60.
56. Mark Selden, Family Strategies and Structures in Rural North China, in Deborah Davis and Steven Harrell, eds., Chinese Families in the Post-Mao Era (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), pp. 152-57.
57. Geng Changsuo, Xiang shehuizhuyi da dao qianjin: jinian 'Guanyu nongye hezuohua wenti' fabiao shi zhounian, Zhongguo qingnian bao, July 29, 1965.
58. Labor models were explicitly urged to learn from Wugong in late 1963 in the chapter entitled Ban Wugong shi de dadui, dang Geng Changsuo shi de shezhang in QZWG, pp. 53-56.
59. Geng Changsuo, Xiang shehuizhuyi da dao qianjin.
60. Hengshui ribao, March 13, 1978.
61. Geng Changsuo, Shenma chang dusai ziji de erduo? RMRB, October 25, 1965.
62. Geng Changsuo, Shenma chang dusai ziji de erduo?
63. Hebei sheng, Raoyang xian, Wugong gongshe, Wugong dadui wenxue chuangzuo zu, Xie xianjin renwu, zuozhe bixu xianjin, Da gong bao (Beijing), December 13, 1965.
64. Richard Baum, The Cultural Revolution in the Countryside: Anatomy of a Limited Rebellion, in Thomas W. Robinson, ed., The Cultural Revolution in China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971), pp. 367-476.
65. Andrew Walder and Yang Su, The Cultural Revolution in the Countryside, The China Quarterly 173 (2003), pp. 74-99.
66. Joseph Esherick, Paul G. Pickowicz, and Andrew Walder, eds., The Cultural Revolution as History (Stanford: Stanford University Press, forthcoming).
67. Kenneth Lieberthal and Bruce Dickson, A Research Guide to Central Party and Government Meetings in China, 1949-1966 (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1989), pp. 185-87
68. Harry Harding, The Chinese State in Crisis, 1966-69, in Roderick MacFarquhar, ed., The Politics of China, 1949-1989 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 165-72.
69. Hebei sheng diming bangongshi, ed., Hebei zheng qu yan ge zhi (Shijiazhuang: Hebei kexue jixu chuban she, 1985), p. 16
70. William Hinton, Hundred-Day War: The Cultural Revolution at Tsinghua University (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1972), pp. 134-37.
71. Feng Jicai, Voices of Madness, in Zhang Lijia and Calum McLeod, eds., China Remembers (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 137.
72. Christina Gilmartin analyzes the issues surrounding the rise and fall of women leaders in terms of their husbands and the general difficulty of women securing and maintaining leadership positions in the party from the 1920s forward. Gender in the Formation of a Communist Body Politic, Modern China 19, no. 3 (July 1993), pp. 299-329.
73. A rare Chinese reflection on this issue is provided by Liu Binyan in his political reportage The Fifth Man in the Overcoat, in Perry Link, ed., People or Monsters? And Other Stories and Reportage from China after Mao (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1983), pp. 79-97.
74. Wu Mingshi describes the identical torture in his labor camp novel Red Sharks.
75. Yenna Wu, Expressing the 'Inexpressible': Pain and Suffering in Wu Mingshi's Red Sharks (Hong sha), in Philip F. C. Williams and Yenna Wu, eds., Doing Time Behind the Great Wall: Prisoners in Contemporary Chinese Literature and Social Science Research (London: Routledge, forthcoming).
76. Di sishi chuntian (Shijiazhuang: Huashan wenyi chuban she, 1983), p. 138.
77. Anita Chan, Richard Madsen, and Jonathan Unger, Chen Village: The Recent History of a Chinese Community (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), pp. 169-70
78. Liang Heng and Judith Shapiro, Son of the Revolution (New York: Knopf, 1983), pp. 122, 140.
79. This exchange is quoted in GXF: 1979, vol. 5, pp. 30-36.
80. Jianjue anzhao Mao Zhuxi de ganbu zhengce banshi, HBRB, March 29, 1967.
81. This and subsequent paragraphs draw on GFX: 1979, vol. 5, pp. 22-40.
82. GXF: 1979, vol. 5, pp. 12-21. The text is Kang Sheng tongzhi tan Liu Shaoqi ruhe pohuai Zhongguo zou shehuizhuiyi daolu.
83. Lin Tie, Wo yu Geng Changsuo tongzhi he ta chuangban de Wugong dadui, Wugong gongshe de guanxi he jidian kanfa, unpublished memoir prepared for the authors, December 1979.
84. Hengshui ribao, November 29, 1979; CVSS, pp. 122-23.
85. Frederick Teiwes and Warren Sun, eds., The Politics of Agricultural Cooperativization in China: Mao, Deng Zihui, and the High Tide of 1955 (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1993), pp. 8-9.
86. Mark Selden, The Political Economy of Chinese Development (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1994), pp. 26-82.
87. Hebei sheng shixian liangshi zigei, RMRB, January 28, 1968.
88. Geng Huijuan, Jianjue zou yu gong nong xiang jiehe de daolu, RMRB, September 1968.
89. Andrew Walder and Gong Xiaoxia, A Red Guard's Memoir of Traitor Hunting, Compiled by the Office of the Party Committee, Shijiazhuang Region, and the Office of the Party Committee, Hebei, Chinese Sociology and Anthropology 26, no. 1 (fall 1993).
90. William Whitson, The Chinese High Command: A History of Communist Military Politics, 1927-1972 (New York: Praeger, 1973), pp. 359-403.
91. Jurgen Domes, The Role of the Military in the Formation of Revolutionary Committees, 1967-68, The China Quarterly 44 (October-December 1970), p. 123.
92. Hebei de chuan guo zhuming laodong mofan zai wenhua da geming zhong li xingong, RMRB, February 6, 1968.
93. Heng Rui and Ji Ren, Xi kan nongcun da hao xingshi: fang Hebei sheng, Raoyang xian, Wugong dadui, Zhongguo xinwen, February 7, 1968.
94. Hebei de chuan guo zhuming laodong mofan, RMRB, February 6, 1968.
95. Xikan nongcun, Zhongguo xinwen, February 7, 1968.
96. Anita Chan, Richard Madsen, and Jonathan Unger, Chen Village: Under Mao and Deng (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), on the 1968-69 campaign of Chen Boda and Lin Biao to level income by moving to brigade accounting.
97. David Zweig, Agrarian Radicalism in China, 1968-1981 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989), p. 56.
98. David Zweig, Agrarian Radicalism as a Rural Development Strategy, 1968-1978, in William Joseph, Christine Wong, and David Zweig, eds., New Perspectives on the Cultural Revolution (Cambridge: Harvard University Council on East Asian Studies, 1993), p. 67.
99. Geng Changsuo, Laoji Mao Zhuxi de jiaodao henzhua jieji douzheng, RMRB, May 19, 1968.
100. Geng Changsuo, Jianjue suqing zichanjieji silingbu de duhai, RMRB, August 5, 1968.
101. Geng Changsuo, Renmin gongshe wansui, Zhongguo xinwen, August 28, 1968.
102. Geng Changsuo, Women ping xiazhong nong relie huanying he gong nong jiehe de zhishifenzi, RMRB, September 6, 1968.
103. Chan, Madsen, and Unger, Chen Village,
104. Jung Chang, Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991).
105. Geng Huijuan, Jianjue zou yu gong nong xiang jiehe de daolu, RMRB, September 11, 1968.
106. Zhoumo bao (Hong Kong), October 12, 1968.
107. Geng Changsuo, Yongyuan genzhe Mao Zhuxi nao geming, Hongqi, no. 4, October 14, 1968.
108. Harry Harding, The Chinese State in Crisis,
109. Roderick MacFarquhar, The Succession to Mao and the End of Maoism, in Roderick MacFarquhar and John K. Fairbank, eds., The Cambridge History of China: Volume 15, The People's Republic of China, Part 2: Revolutions Within the Chinese Revolution, 1966-1982 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 196-99, 306-12.
110. Thomas Robinson, China Confronts the Soviet Union: Warfare and Diplomacy on China's Inner Asian Frontiers, in Roderick MacFarquhar and John K. Fairbank, eds., The Cambridge History of China: Volume 15, The People's Republic of China, Part 2: Revolutions Within the Chinese Revolution, 1966-1982 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), p. 262
111. Frederick Teiwes and Warren Sun, The Tragedy of Lin Biao: Riding the Tiger During the Cultural Revolution (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1996), chapter 4.
112. Wang Nianyi, 1949-1989 nian de Zhongguo: da dongluan de niandai (Henan: Henan renmin chuban she, 1994), p. 391.
113. Roderick MacFarquhar, The Succession to Mao and the End of Maoism 1969-82, in The Politics of China, 1949-1989 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 249-51.
114. Vaclav Smil, China's Environmental Crisis (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1993), pp. 44-45.
115. Jonathan Pollack, The Opening to America, The Cambridge History of China, vol. 15, part 2, p. 413
116. Zhang Yunsheng, True Account of Maojiawan: Reminiscences of Lin Biao's Secretary, Chinese Law and Government 26, no. 3 (March-April 1996).
117. Barry Naughton, The Third Front: Defense Industrialization in the Chinese Interior, The China Quarterly 115 (1988), pp. 351-86.
118. Hengshui ribao, March 4, 1969.
119. Hebei minbing geming douzheng gushi (Shijiazhuang: Hebei renmin chuban she, 1970).
120. Thomas P. Bernstein, Up to the Mountains and Down to the Villages: The Transfer of Youth from Urban to Rural China (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977).
121. Michael Schoenhals, The Central Case Examination Group, 1966-79, The China Quarterly 145 (March 1996), pp. 87-129.
122. Harry Harding, The Chinese State in Crisis, 1966-9, in Roderick MacFarquhar, ed., The Politics of China, 1949-1989, pp. 243-44
123. A Great Trial in Chinese History: The Trial of the Lin Biao and Jiang Qing Counter-revolutionary Cliques (Beijing: New World Press) p. 21.
124. Committee of Concerned Asian Scholars, China! Inside the People's Republic (New York: Bantam Books, 1972), pp. 338-39.
125. Chen Jian, Mao's China and the Cold War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 201), pp. 256-57.x
126. Roderick MacFarquhar, The Succession to Mao and the End of Maoism, 1969-82, in Roderick MacFarquhar, ed., The Politics of China, 1949-1989 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 259-62.
127. Frederick Teiwes and Warren Sun, The Tragedy of Lin Biao: Riding the Tiger During the Cultural Revolution (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1996).
128. Both the document and the ratification are printed in Jian guo yilai nongye hezuohua shiliao huipian (Beijing: Zhonggong dangshi chuban she, 1992), pp. 831-33.
129. Wolfgang Bartke and Peter Schier, China's New Party Leadership: Biographies and Analysis of the Twelfth Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1985), p. 171
130. Barry Naughton, Industrial Policy During the Cultural Revolution: Military Preparation, Decentralization, and Leaps Forward, in William Joseph, Christine Wong, and David Zweig, eds., New Perspectives on the Cultural Revolution (Cambridge: Harvard University Council on East Asian Studies, 1993), pp. 155, 167.
131. Chris Bramall, Origins of the Agricultural 'Miracle': Some Evidence From Sichuan, The China Quarterly 143 (1975), pp. 731-55.
132. David Zweig, Agrarian Radicalism in China, 1968-1981 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989), pp. 58-62.
133. David Zweig, Agrarian Radicalism as a Rural Development Strategy, in Joseph, Wong, and Zweig, eds., New Perspectives on the Cultural Revolution, p. 72
134. Zweig, Agrarian Radicalism in China, 1968-1981, pp. 41-42.
135. Nicholas Lardy, Agriculture in China's Modern Economic Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), p. 127.
136. Nobuo Murayama, The Investment Cycle in China: Why Overexpansion of Investment Persists, China Newsletter 45 (July-August 1983), p. 12.
137. Rizwanul Islam, Growth of Rural Industries in Post-reform China, Development and Change 22 (1991), pp. 687-724.
138. Geng Changsuo, Zai douzheng zhong xue, zai douzheng zhong yong, Hong qi, September 1970, pp. 14-16.
139. Hebei sheng Raoyang xian Wugong dadui dang zhibu, Yong Mao Zhuxi zhexue sixiang jielu maodun jiejue maodun jixu geming, RMRB, November 20, 1970.
140. Xiaoming Wei, A Study of a Production Team in North China in 1969 and 1970, M.A. thesis, University of Montana, 1992, pp. 49-50.
141. Geng Changsuo, Zuo shishi qiushi de mofan, RMRB, October 24, 1977.
142. Geng Changsuo, Be a Leader in Consciously Implementing Chairman Mao's Revolutionary Line, NCNA, January 29, 1971, in FBIS, February 8, 1971, p. F3.
143. Wolfgang Bartke, Who's Who in the People's Republic of China (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1981), pp. 122-23.
144. Edward Rice, Mao's Way (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972), pp. 504-05.
145. Michael Kau, The Lin Biao Affair (White Plains: International Arts and Sciences Press, 1975, p. 76.
146. MacFarquhar, The Succession to Mao, pp. 268-78.
147. Geng Changsuo, Zuo zijue zhixing Mao Zhuxi geming luxian de daitou ren, RMRB, January 15, 1972.
148. This reform-oriented article had the same title as Geng's fundamentalist article of January 29, 1971, Be a Leader in Consciously Implementing Chairman Mao's Revolutionary Line.
149. Kristin Parris, Local Initiative and National Reform: The Wenzhou Model of Development, The China Quarterly 134 (June 1993), pp. 242-45.
150. Zhongguo yishu yingpian bianmu, 1949-1979 (Beijing: Wenhua yishu chuban she, 1981), vol. 2, pp. 864, 976.
151. Hongqi, no. 5, 1973.
152. Mark Selden, Income Inequality and the State in Rural China, in Mark Selden, The Political Economy of Chinese Development (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1993), pp. 137-60
153. Mark Selden, Family Strategies and Structures in Rural North China, in Deborah Davis and Stevan Harrell, eds., Chinese Families in the Post-Mao Era (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), pp. 139-64.
154. Hebei wenyi, no. 4, 1973, pp. 25-27.
155. Geng Changsuo, Zuzhiqilai de daolu yue zou yue kuanguang, RMRB, August 18, 1973.
156. Di sishi chuntian (Shijiazhuang: Huashan wenyi chuban she, 1983), pp. 162-66.
157. NCNA, Taiyuan, 16 February 1972, The Agriculture and Forestry Sciences and Technical Service Group in Tachai, in FBIS February 24, 1972, p. B3.
158. An Intellectual Enthusiastically Welcomed by the Poor and Lower-Middle Peasants, RMRB, June 13, 1971, in FBIS, July 7, 1971, p. B11.
159. Advances in Anti-Hail Experiments in Xiyang, Kexue shiyan, October 1977, in JPRS 71477, July 17, 1978, p. 59.
160. William Hinton concludes: What they did get and put to use, like the spray irrigation system, Dazhai people paid for in installments over many years.
161. Dwight Perkins, ed., Rural Small-Scale Industry in China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977), p. 76.
162. Di sishi chuntian, pp. 45, 165.
163. Zhang Zaixin, Raoyang xian canjia di shiyi jie Ao yun hui Wang Runlan, Raoyang xian wen shi ziliao, vol. 1, pp. 143-45.
164. Wang Zhilan, Wo de fuqin yi dai wushi Wang Shaoxian, Raoyang xian wen shi ziliao, vol. 1, pp. 146-52.
165. Ji Xuede and Liu Yuhao, Chang Xiangting de 'gai jing nan' Chongqing xi ban, Raoyang xian wen shi ziliao, vol. 1, pp. 130-36.
166. Zhu Guangxun, 'Hu guan gong' Tian Zhenqing, Raoyang xian wen shi ziliao, vol. 1, pp. 139-42.
167. Cui Cunzheng, Lishi ming yi Sun Minqin, Raoyang xian wen shi ziliao, vol. 1, pp. 128-29.
168. Hengshui ribao, November 29, 1973.
169. William Joseph, The Critique of Ultra-Leftism in China (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1984), pp. 136, 140.
170. Beijing Review, no. 8 (1977), pp. 14-16.
171. Zhongguo yishu yingpian bianmu, 1949-1979 (Beijing: Wenhua yishu chuban she, 1981), vol. 2, pp. 1022-23.
172. Roderick MacFarquhar, The Succession to Mao and the End of Maoism, 1969-82, in Roderick MacFarquhar, ed., The Politics of China, 1949-1989 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 290-91.
173. Roderick MacFarquhar, The Succession to Mao and the End of Maoism, 1969-82, in Roderick MacFarquhar, ed., The Politics of China, 1949-1989 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 286-93
174. David Zweig, Agrarian Radicalism in China, 1968-1981 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989), pp. 62-66.
175. Jun Jing chronicles the long and tumultuous history of a branch of the Kong family in Gansu province and its complex relationship to Confucius in The Temple of Memories: History, Power, and Morality in a Chinese Village (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996).
176. Kay Johnson, Women, the Family, and Peasant Revolution in China (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983), pp. 193-207.
177. Jeremy Brown, Staging Xiaojinzhuang: The City in the Countryside, 1974- 1976, in Joseph Esherick, Paul Pickowicz, and Andrew Walder, eds., The Chinese Cultural Revolution as History.
178. Roxane Witke, Comrade Chiang Ch'ing (Boston: Little, Brown, 1977), pp. 460-61, 476
179. Ross Terrill, The White-Boned Demon: A Biography of Madame Mao Zedong (New York: William Morrow, 1984), pp. 331-37
180. Hebei sheng zhongxue shiyong keben: yingyu, 1975, vol. 2, lesson 7.
181. Mark Selden, Family Strategies and Structures in Rural North China, in Deborah Davis and Stevan Harrell, eds., Chinese Families in the Post-Mao Era (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993)
182. William Parrish and Martin Whyte, Village and Family in Contemporary China (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978), pp. 139-64.
183. Jianku fendou de zhengzhi bense yong bu bian, RMRB, June 4, 1975.
184. Tiejun Cheng and Mark Selden, The Construction of Spatial Hierarchies: China's Hukou and Danwei Systems, in Timothy Cheek and Tony Saich, eds., New Perspectives on State Socialism in China (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1997), pp. 23-50
185. E. B. Vermeer, Income Differentials in Rural China, The China Quarterly 89 (1982), pp. 1-33.
186. Zweig, Agrarian Radicalism in China, pp. 66-67.
187. Qin Huailu, Ninth Heaven to Ninth Hell: The History of a Noble Chinese Experiment (New York: Barricade Books, 1995), pp. 447-69.
188. MacFarquhar, The Succession to Mao, pp. 294, 300.
189. MacFarquhar, The Succession to Mao, p. 294.
190. The text of Hua Guofeng's speech, Build Dazhaitype Counties Throughout the Country, is in Mark Selden, The People's Republic of China: A Documentary of Revolutionary Change (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1979), pp. 675-81.
191. Selden, The People's Republic of China, pp. 674-80.
192. MacFarquhar, The Succession to Mao, p. 297.
193. MacFarquhar, The Succession to Mao, pp. 299-301
194. Kenneth Lieberthal and Bruce Dickson, Research Guide to Central Party and Government Meetings in China, 1949-1986 (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1989), pp. 234-35.
195. Paul G. Pickowicz, People, Politics, and Paramedicine in China, in Guenter Risse, ed., Modern China and Traditional Chinese Medicine (Springfield: Charles C. Thomas, 1973), pp. 124-46.
196. Di sishi chuntian (Shijiazhuang: Huashan wenyi chuban she, 1983), pp. 80-81.
197. Xiao Lan, The Tiananmen Poems (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1979)
198. MacFarquhar, The Succession to Mao, pp. 301-05.
199. Quarterly Chronicle and Documentation, The China Quarterly 67 (September 1976), pp. 661-62
200. Roger Garside, Coming Alive! China after Mao (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981), pp. 115-36
201. MacFarquhar, The Succession to Mao, pp. 301-05.
202. Issues and Studies 15, no. 1 (January 1979), p. 101.
203. Chen Yong et al., eds., The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976: An Anatomy of Disaster (New York: Pergamon Press, 1988)
204. Cheng Yongdi, ed., Tangshan dizhen jishi: Xingcun chedi zishu (Taiyuan: Shanxi renmin chuban she, 1991)
205. Liu Huixian, ed., Tangshan da dizhen zhenhai (Beijing: Dizhen chuban she, 1985-86), 4 vols.
206. Liu Huixian, How Chiang Ch'ing Tried to Undermine Tachai, China Reconstructs nos. 26, 2-3 (February-March 1977), p. 36.
207. Joseph Fewsmith, Dilemmas of Reform in China: Political Conflict and Economic Debate (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1994), pp. 19-21.
208. Fewsmith, Dilemmas of Reform in China
209. Daniel Kelliher, Peasant Power in China: The Era of Rural Reform, 1979-1989 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992)
210. Louis Putterman, Continuity and Change in China's Rural Development (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993)
211. David Zweig, Freeing China's Farmers: Rural Restructuring in the Reform Era (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1997)
212. Kate Xiao Zhou, How the Farmers Changed China: Power of the People (Boulder: Westview, 1996)
213. Barry Naughton, Growing Out of the Plan: Chinese Economic Reform, 1978-1993 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995)
214. Mark Selden, The Political Economy of Chinese Development (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1993).
215. Hengshui ribao September 1, 1977
216. Hongqi, August 1977.
217. Kenneth Lieberthal and Bruce Dickson, A Research Guide to Central Party and Government Meetings in China, 1949-1986 (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1989), pp. 249-50
218. Roderick MacFarquhar, The Succession to Mao and the End of Maoism, in MacFarquhar, ed., The Politics of China, 1949-1989 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 314-16.
219. Wolfgang Bartke, Who's Who in the People's Republic of China (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1981), p. 431.
220. Hengshui ribao, August 8, 1978.
221. Zhongguo qingnian bao, February 8, 1978.
222. Hengshui ribao, May 2, 1978.
223. Hengshui ribao, December 4, 1978.
224. Hengshui ribao, December 4, 1978.
225. Hengshui ribao, January 21, 1981.
226. Hengshui ribao, March 28, 1979.
227. Geng Changsuo, Zhi you shehuizhuyi nenggou jiu Zhongguo, Hengshui ribao, May 26, 1979
228. Geng Changsuo, Yao an bianzhengfa ban shi, HBRB, June 9, 1979.
229. Office of the United Nations Disaster Relief Co-ordinator, China, Case Report: Drought and Floods in Hebei/Hubei Provinces, 1980/81, Case report no. 011 (May 1982), especially pp. 28-30.
230. Case Report, Annex 1, Drought and Floods in the People's Republic of China: Delivery of International Famine Relief.
231. Hengshui ribao, October 22, 1979.
232. Chinese Women, no. 1, 1980.
233. Hengshui ribao, June 13, 1981 (reprinted from HBRB).
234. Zhengming 2, 1983, p. 20.
235. Joseph Fewsmith, Dilemmas of Reform in China: Political Conflict and Economic Debate (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1994), p. 107.
236. Mark Selden, The Political Economy of Chinese Development (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1993), p. 33.
237. Hengshui ribao, October 22, 1981.
238. Gongchandang yuan, no. 10, October, 1980.
239. Hengshui ribao, September 11, 1981.
240. David Zweig, Freeing China's Farmers: Rural Restoration in the Reform Era (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1997)
241. Joseph Fewsmith, Dilemmas of Reform in China: Political Conflict and Economic Debate (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1994).
242. Selden, The Political Economy of Chinese Development, pp. 18-22.
243. Kenneth Pomeranz, The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern
244. World Economy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000), pp. 9-107.
245. his Beyond the East-West Binary: Resituating Development Paths in the EighteenthCentury World, Journal of Asian Studies 61 no. 2 (May, 2002), pp. 539-90
246. Hengshui ribao, December 10, 1979.
247. Hengshui ribao, September 24, 1979, October 24, 1979.
248. Hengshui ribao, December 11, 1982.
249. Tyrene White, Domination, Resistance, and Accommodation in China's One-Child Campaign, in Elizabeth J. Perry and Mark Selden, eds., Chinese Society: Change, Conflict, and Resistance (London: Routledge, 2000), pp. 102-19.
250. Paul G. Pickowicz, Peasant Family Tries New Pursuits, China Daily, June 6, 1983, p. 6.
251. Hengshui ribao, December 16, 1980.
252. Hengshui ribao, September 2, 1983.
253. Zhongguo nongmin bao, September 29, 1983.
254. Di sishi chuntian (Shijiazhuang: Huashan wenyi chuban she, 1983).
255. Hengshui ribao, October 21, 1983.
256. Zhai Zhenhua, Red Flower of China (New York: Soho Press, 1993), pp. 171-72.
257. Dorothy Solinger, Contesting Citizenship in Urban China: Peasant Migrants, the State, and the Logic of the Market (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999).
258. Solinger, Contesting Citizenship in Urban China
259. Thomas Bernstein, Farmer Discontent and Regime Responses,
260. Dorothy Solinger, China's Floating Population, in Merle Goldman and Roderick MacFarquhar, eds., The Paradox of China's Post-Mao Reforms (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999), pp. 197-240
261. David Zweig, Jun Jing, Stephan Feuchtwang, Peter Ho, Tyrene White, Sing Lee, and Arthur Kleinman in Elizabeth Perry and Mark Selden, eds., Chinese Society: Change, Conflict, and Resistance, 2nd edition (London: Routledge, 2003).
262. Vaclav Smil, China's Environmental Crisis: An Inquiry into the Limits of National Development (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1993)
263. Judith Shapiro, Mao's War against Nature: Politics and the Environment in Revolutionary China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001)
264. Gavan McCormack, Water Margins: Competing Paradigms in China, Critical Asian Studies 33, no. 1 (March 2001), pp. 5-30.
265. John Gittings, China through the Sliding Door (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1999), p. 92.
266. Dazhai had again become a dirt-poor village.
267. George Black and Robin Munro, Black Hands of Beijing (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1993), p. 118.
268. An article by Jin Zhong in China Daily, January 31, 2000.
269. Lorien Holland, Running Dry, Far Eastern Economic Review, February 3, 2000, pp. 18-19.
270. Timothy Brook, Quelling the People: The Military Suppression of the Beijing Democracy Movement (Toronto: Lester, 1992), pp. 29, 71-72.
271. Zhang Liang (pseud.), compiler, The Tiananmen Papers (New York: Public Affairs press, 2001), p. 81.
272. Zhang Liang (pseud.), compiler, The Tiananmen Papers (New York: Public Affairs press, 2001), p. 79.
273. Zhang Liang (pseud.), compiler, The Tiananmen Papers (New York: Public Affairs press, 2001), p. 104.
274. Zhang Liang (pseud.), compiler, The Tiananmen Papers (New York: Public Affairs press, 2001), p. 215.
275. Brook, Quelling the People, p. 71.
276. Zhang, Tiananmen Papers, p. 227.
277. Zhang, Tiananmen Papers, p. 291.
278. Michel Oksenberg, Lawrence Sullivan, Marc Lambert, eds., Beijing Spring, 1989: Confrontation and Conflict: The Basic Documents (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1990)
279. Tony Saich, ed., The Chinese People's Movement: Perspectives on Spring 1989 (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1990)
280. Tony Saich, eds., Chinese Democracy and the Crisis of 1989: Chinese and American Reflections (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993).
281. The most rigorous attempt to document the deaths at Tiananmen may be Timothy Brook, Quelling the People, pp. 151-69.
282. Zhang, Tiananmen Papers, p. 399.
283. Zhang, Tiananmen Papers, p. 404.
284. Zhang, Tiananmen Papers, p. 407.
285. Zhang, Tiananmen Papers, p. 407-08.
286. Lianjiang Li and Kevin O'Brien, The Struggle over Village Elections, in Goldman and MacFarquhar, eds., The Paradox of China's Post-Mao Reforms, pp. 129-44
287. Daniel Kelliher, The Chinese Debate over Village Self-Government, The China Journal 37, January 1997, pp. 63-90.
288. Bruce Gilley, Model Rebels: The Rise and Fall of China's Richest Village (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), pp. 41, 106, 110.
289. Frank Pieke, Networks, Groups, and the State in the Rural Economy of Raoyang, Hebei, in Edward Vermeer, Frank Pieke, and Woei Lien Chong, eds., Cooperative and Collective in China's Rural Development (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1998)
290. Pieter Brandjes et al., Vegetable Boom and the Question of Sustainability in Raoyang County, North China, International Centre for Development Oriented Research in Agriculture, Wageningen, the Netherlands, 1994.
291. Hebei Drive Reduces Poverty, China Daily, June 29, 1995
292. Shaoguang Wang and Angang Hu, The Political Economy of Uneven Development in China (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1999).
293. Craig Smith, Graft in China Flows Freely, Draining the Treasury, New York Times, October 1, 2000.
294. Richard Madsen, China's Catholics: Tragedy and Hope in an Emerging Civil Society (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998).
295. Richard Madsen, The Catholic Church in China: Cultural Contradictions, Institutional Survival, and Religious Renewal, in Perry Link, Richard Madsen, and Paul G. Pickowicz, eds., Unofficial China: Popular Culture and Thought in the People's Republic (Boulder: Westview Press, 1989), pp. 103-20.
296. New York Times, June 7, 1998.
297. Fighting Falungong, China Rights Forum (spring 2000), p. 53.
298. Paul G. Pickowicz and Liping Wang, Village Voices, Urban Activists: Women, Violence, and Gender Inequality in Rural China, in Perry Link, Richard Madsen, and Paul G. Pickowicz, eds., Popular China: Unofficial Culture in a Globalizing Society (New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002), pp. 57-87.
299. China Daily, October 22, 1996.
300. China Daily, November 26, 1997.