Insect Resistance to Crop Rotation

Insect Resistance Management: Second Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 233-278

  Spencer, Joseph L ^a   Hughson, Sarah A ^b   Levine, Eli ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

Author keywords

(Glycine max); Behavior; Chrysomelidae; Corn; Cyclodiene insecticide; Dispersal; Extended diapause; Insect resistance management; Insecticide; Integrated pest management; Modeling; Movement; Northern corn rootworm (Diabrotica barberi); Organophosphate insecticide; Refuge; Rotation resistance; Soybean; Transgenic corn; Western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera)

Indexed keywords

EID: 84902564388     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-396955-2.00007-2     Document Type: Chapter

References (177)

1. Allen W.A., Rajotte E.G. The changing role of extension entomology in the IPM era. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 1990, 35:379-397.
2. Aspelin A.L. Pesticide usage in the United States: Trends during the 20th century. NSF CIPM Tech. Bull. 2003, 105. Feb 2003.
3. Ball H.J. On the biology and egg-laying habits of the western corn rootworm. J. Econ. Entomol. 1957, 50:126-128.
4. Ball H.J., Weekman G.T. Insecticide resistance in the adult western corn rootworm in Nebraska. J. Econ. Entomol. 1962, 55:4439-4441.
5. Bartelt R.J., Chiang H.C. Field studies involving the sex-attractant pheromones of the western and northern corn rootworm beetles. Environ. Entomol. 1977, 6:853-861.
6. Baum J.A., Bogaert T., Clinton W., Heck G.R., Feldmann P., Ilagan O., et al. Control of coleopteran insect pests through RNA interference. Nat. Biotechnol. 2007, 25:1322-1326.
7. Bigger J.H. Short rotation fails to prevent attack of Diabrotica longicornis say. J. Econ. Entomol. 1932, 25:196-199.
8. Boetel M.A., Walgenbach D.D., Hein G.L., Fuller B.W., Gray M.E. Oviposition site selection of the northern corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 1992, 85:246-249.
9. Branson T.F. The contribution of prehatch and posthatch development to protandry in the chrysomelid, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 1987, 43:205-208.
10. Branson T.F., Krysan J.L. Feeding and oviposition behavior and life cycle strategies of Diabrotica: an evolutionary view with implications for pest management. Environ. Entomol. 1981, 10:826-831.
11. Branson T.F., Ortman E.E. Host range of larvae of the western corn rootworm. J. Econ. Entomol. 1967, 60:201-203.
12. Branson T.F., Ortman E.E. Host range of larvae of the western corn rootworm: further studies. J. Econ. Entomol. 1970, 68:800-803.
13. Branson T.F., Guss P.L., Jackson J.J. Mating frequency of the western corn rootworm. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 1977, 70:506-508.
14. Bullock D.G. Crop rotation. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 1992, 11:309-326.
15. Chiang H.C. Research on corn rootworms. Minn. Farm Home Sci. 1965, 23:10-13.
16. Chiang H.C. Survival of northern corn rootworm eggs through one and two winters. J. Econ. Entomol. 1965, 58:470-472.
17. Chiang H.C. Bionomics of the northern and western corn rootworms. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 1973, 18:47-72.
18. Ciosi M., Miller N.J., Kim K.S., Giordano R., Estoup A., Guillemaud T. Invasion of Europe by the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera: multiple transatlantic introductions with various reductions of genetic diversity. Mole. Ecol. 2008, 17:3614-3627.
19. Ciosi M., Toepfer S., Li H., Haye T., Kuhlmann U., Wang H., et al. European populations of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera are resistant to aldrin, but not methyl-parathion. J. Appl. Entomol. 2009, 133:307-314.
20. Ciosi M., Miller N.J., Toepfer S., Estoup A., Guillemaud T. Stratified dispersal and increasing genetic variation during the invasion of Central Europe by the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera. Evol. Appl. 2011, 4:54-70.
21. Coats S.A., Tollefson J.J., Mutchmor J.A. Study of migratory flight in western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Environ. Entomol. 1986, 15:620-625.
22. Cock M. Plant pests: the biggest threats to food security?. BBC News: Sci. Environ. 2011, 8. Nov. 2011. .
23. Crowder D.W., Onstad D.W., Gray M.E., Pierce C.M.F., Hagar A.G., Ratcliffe S.T., et al. Analysis of the dynamics of adaptation to transgenic for and crop rotation by western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) using a daily time-step model. J. Econ. Entomol. 2005, 98:534-551.
24. Crowder D.W., Onstad D.W., Gray M.E. Planting transgenic insecticidal crops based on economic thresholds: consequences for integrated pest management and insect resistance management. J. Econ. Entomol. 2006, 99:899-907.
25. Cullen E.M., Stute J.K., Raymond K.L., Boyd H.H. Farmers' perspectives on IPM field scouting during a period of insect pest range expansion: a case study of variant western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Wisconsin. Am. Entomol. 2008, 54(3):170-178.
26. Curzi M., Zavala J., Spencer J.L., Seufferheld M.J. Abnormally high digestive enzyme activity and gene expression explains the contemporary evolution of a Diabrotica biotype able to feed on soybeans. Ecol. Evol. 2, 2005-2017. 2012, doi:10.1002/ece3.331.
27. Danks H.V. Long life cycles in insects. Can. Entomol. 1992, 124:167-187.
28. Dobbins, C.L., Miller, W.A., Nielsen, B., Vyn, T.J., Casteel, S., Johnson, B., et al., 2011. 2012 Purdue Crop Costs & Return Guide: October 2011 Estimates. Purdue Extension (ID-166-W), Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN. (accessed 11.04.12.). http://www.agecon.purdue.edu/extension/pubs/id166_2012_AUG29_2011_final.pdf.
29. Dunbar M.W., Gassmann A.J. Effect of soybean varieties on survival and fecundity of western corn rootworm. J. Econ. Entomol. 2012, 105:625-631.
30. Dunbar M.W., Gassmann A.J. Abundance and distribution of western and northern corn rootworm (Diabrotica spp.) and prevalence of rotation resistance in eastern Iowa. J. Econ. Entomol. 2012, [In Press].
31. EPA Office of Pesticide Programs, 2003. Biopesticides Registration Action Document: Event MON863 Bacillus thuringiensis Cry3Bb1 Corn. April 2003. . http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/biopesticides/ingredients/tech_docs/cry3bb1/.
32. EPA Office of Pesticide Programs, 2012. Comment submitted by Patrick Porter, North Central Coordinating Committee NCCC46. March 2012. (accessed 15.04.12.). http://www.regulations.gov/#!searchResults;rpp=10;so=DESC;sb=postedDate;po=0;s=EPA-HQ-OPP-2011-0922.
33. Edwards, C.R., Kiss, J., 2011. Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte in Europe 2011. Online IWGO map: (accessed 11.04.12.). http://extension.entm.purdue.edu/wcr/.
34. Ellsbury M.M., Banken K.R., Clay S.A., Forcella F. Interactions among western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), yellow foxtail, and corn. Environ. Entomol. 2005, 34:627-634.
35. Fisher J.R. Development and survival of pupae of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera and D. undecimpunctata howardi (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) at constant temperatures and humidities. Environ. Entomol. 1986, 15:626-630.
36. Forbes S.A. The corn root-worm. (Diabrotica longicornis, Say) order coleoptera. Family chrysomelidae. Ill. State Entomologist Annu. Rep. 1883, 12:10-31.
37. Galinat W.C. The evolution of corn and culture in North America. Econ. Bot. 1965, 19:350-357.
38. Gassmann A.J. Field-evolved resistance to Bt maize by western corn rootworm: predictions from the laboratory and effects in the field. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 2012, 110:287-293.
39. Gassmann A.J., Petzold-Maxwell J.L., Keweshan R.S., Dunbar M.W. Field-evolved resistance to Bt maize by western corn rootworm. PLoS One 2011, 6(7):e22629. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022629.
40. Gassmann A.J., Petzold-Maxwell J.L., Keweshan R.S., Dunbar M.W. Western corn rootworm and Bt maize: challenges of pest resistance in the field. GM Crops Food 2012, 3:235-244.
41. Gillette C.P. Diabrotica virgifera Lec. as a corn root-worm. J. Econ. Entomol. 1912, 5:364-366.
42. Gloyna K., Thieme T., Zellner M. Miscanthus, a host for larvae of a European poulation of Diabrotica v. virgifera. J. Appl. Entomol. 2011, 135:780-785.
43. Godfrey L.D., Turpin F.T. Comparison of western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) adult populations and economic thresholds in first-year and continuous cornfields. J. Econ. Entomol. 1983, 76:1028-1032.
44. Grant R.H., Seevers K.P. Local and long-range movement of adult western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) as evidenced by washup along southern Lake Michigan shores. Environ. Entomol. 1989, 18:266-272.
45. Grant R.H., Seevers K.P. The vertical movement of adult western corn rootworms (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) relative to the transport of momentum and heat. Agr. For. Meteorol. 1990, 49:191-203.
46. Gray, M.E., 2000. Prescriptive use of transgenic hybrids for corn rootworms: an ominous cloud on the horizon? In: Proceedings of the Crop Protection Technology Conference. University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, pp. 97-103.
47. Gray M.E. Relevance of Traditional Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Strategies for Commercial Corn Producers in a Transgenic Agroecosystem: A Bygone Era?. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2011, 59:5852-5858. doi:10.1021/jf102673s.
48. Gray, M.E., 2011b. Severe root damage to Bt corn observed in Northwestern Illinois. The Bulletin: pest management and crop development information for Illinois, No. 20, August 26, 2011.
49. Gray, M.E., Steffey, K.L., 2004. Development of economic thresholds: show us the science. The Bulletin: pest management and crop development information for Illinois, No. 1, March 18, 2004.
50. Gray M.E., Felsot A.S., Steffey K.L., Levine E. Planting time application of soil insecticides and western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) emergence: implications for long-term management programs. J. Econ. Entomol. 1992, 85:544-553.
51. Gray, M.E., Steffey, K.L., Estes, R. , Schroeder, J.B., Bakken, D.M., 2006. Transgenic corn rootworm hybrids, soil insecticides, and seed treatments: does anything work on the variant western corn rootworm? In: Proceedings of the Crop Protection Technology Conference. University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, pp. 54-61.
52. Gray M.E., Sappington T.W., Miller N.J., Moeser J., Bohn M.O. Adaptation and invasiveness of western corn rootworm: intensifying research on a worsening pest. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 2009, 54:303-321.
53. Guss P.L. The sex pheromone of the western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera). Environ. Entomol. 1976, 5:219-223.
54. Gustin R.D. Effect of two moisture and populaton levels on oviposition of the western corn rootworm. Environ. Entomol. 1979, 8:406-407.
55. Gustin R.D. Effect of crop cover on oviposition of the northern corn rootworm, Diabrotica longicornis barberi Smith and Lawrence. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 1984, 57:515-516.
56. Hammack L. Calling behavior in female western corn rootworm beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 1995, 88:562-569.
57. Heichel, G.H., 1987. Legumes as a source of nitrogen in conservation tillage systems. In: Power J.F. (Ed.) The role of legumes in conservation tillage systems. Proceedings of the National Conservation Tillage Conference., Athens, GA. 27-29 April. Soil Conservation Society of America. Ankeny, IA, p. 29-35.
58. Hill R.E. Mating, oviposition patterns, fecundity and longevity of the western corn rootworm. J. Econ. Entomol. 1975, 68:311-315.
59. Hill R.E., Mayo Z.B. Distribution and abundance of corn rootworm species as influenced by topography and crop rotation in eastern Nebraska. Environ. Entomol. 1980, 9:122-127.
60. Hill R.E., Hixson E., Muma M.H. Corn rootworm control tests with benzene hexachloride, DDT, nitrogen fertilizers and crop rotations. J. Econ. Entomol. 1948, 41:393-401.
61. Hills T.M., Peters D.C. A method of evaluating post-planting insecticide treatments for control of western corn rootworm larvae. J. Econ. Entomol. 1971, 64:764-765.
62. Igrc Barcic J., Bazok R., Edwards C.R., Kos T. Western corn rootworm adult movement and possible egg laying in fields bordering maize. J. Appl. Entomol. 2007, 131:400-405.
63. Isard S.A., Nasser M.A., Spencer J.L., Levine E. The influence of weather on western corn rootworm flight activity at the borders of a soybean field in east central Illinois. Aerobiologia 1999, 15:95-104.
64. Isard S.A., Spencer J.L., Nasser M.A., Levine E. Aerial movement of western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): Diel periodicity of flight activity in soybean fields. Environ. Entomol. 2000, 29:226-234.
65. Isard S.A., Spencer J.L., Mabry T.R., Levine E. Influence of atmospheric conditions on high elevation flight of western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Environ. Entomol. 2004, 33:650-656.
66. Jaffe, G., 2009. Complacency on the farm: significant noncompliance with EPA's refuge requirements threatens the future effectiveness of genetically engineered pest-protected corn. Center for Science in the Public Interest. Washington, D.C., pp. 19 . http://www.cspinet.org.
67. Kang J., Krupke C.H. Influence of weight of male and female western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on mating behaviors. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 2009, 102:326-332.
68. Kang J., Krupke C.H. Likelihood of Multiple Mating in Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 2009, 102:2096-2100.
69. st century. Adv. Agron. 1994, 53:1-45.
70. Keszthelyi S. Immigration of western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) adults into first year corn in Somogy county 2004. Cereal Res. Commun. 2005, 33:747-754.
71. Kirk V.M. Drought cracks as oviposition sites for western and northern corn rootworms (Diabrotica: Coleoptera). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 1979, 52:769-776.
72. Kirk V.M. Earthworm burrows as oviposition sites for western and northern corn rootworms (Diabrotica: Coleoptera). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 1981, 54:68-74.
73. Kirk V.M. Base of corn stalks as oviposition sites for western and northern corn rootworms (Diabrotica: Coleoptera). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 1981, 54:255-262.
74. Kirk V.M., Calkins C.O., Post F.J. Oviposition preferences of western corn rootworms for various soil surface conditions. J. Econ. Entomol. 1968, 61:1322-1324.
75. Kiss J., Edwards C.R., Berger H.K., Cate P., Cean M., Cheek S., et al. Monitoring of western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) in Europe 1992-2003. Western Corn Rootworm: Ecology and Management 2005, 29-39. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK. S. Vidal, U. Kuhlmann, C.R. Edwards (Eds.).
76. Kiss J., Komaromi J., Bayar K., Edwards C.R., Hatala-Zseller I. Western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) and the crop rotation systems in Europe. Western Corn Rootworm: Ecology and Management 2005, 189-220. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK. S. Vidal, U. Kuhlmann, C.R. Edwards (Eds.).
77. Knolhoff L.M., Onstad D.W., Spencer J.L., Levine E. Behavioral differences between rotation-resistant and wild-type Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Environ. Entomol. 2006, 35:1049-1057.
78. Knolhoff L.M., Glass J.J., Spencer J.L., Berenbaum M.R. Ovipostion behaviors in relation to rotation resistance in the western corn rootworm. Environ. Entomol. 2010, 39(6):1922-1928.
79. Knolhoff L.M., Walden K.O., Ratcliffe S.T., Onstad D.W., Robertson H.M. Microarray analysis yields candidate markers for rotation resistance in the western corn rootworm beetle, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera. Evol. Appl. 2010, 3(1):17-27.
80. Krafsur E.S. Gene flow between univoltine and semivoltine northern corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) populations. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 1995, 88:699-704.
81. Krysan J.L. Introduction: biology, distribution, and identification of pest Diabrotica. Methods for the study of pest Diabrotica 1986, 1-24. Springer, New York. J.L. Krysan, T.A. Miller (Eds.).
82. Krysan J.L. Adaptations of Diabrotica to habitat manipulations. Evolution of Insect Pests 1993, 361-373. Wiley, New York. K.C. Kim, B.A. McPheron (Eds.).
83. Krysan J.L., Branson T.F., Castro G.D. Diapause in Diabrotica virgifera (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): a comparison of eggs from temperate and subtropical climates. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 1977, 22:81-89.
84. Krysan J.L., Jackson J.J., Lew A.C. Field termination of egg diapause in Diabrotica with new evidence of extended diapause in D. barberi (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Environ. Entomol. 1984, 13:1237-1240.
85. Krysan J.L., Foster D.E., Branson T.F., Ostlie K.R., Cranshaw W.S. Two years before the hatch: rootworms adapt to crop rotation. Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am. 1986, 32:250-253.
86. Lance D.R., Elliott N.C., Hein G.L. Flight activity of Diabrotica spp. at borders of cornfields and its relation to ovarian stage in D. barberi. Entomol. Experiment. Appl. 1989, 50:61-67.
87. Landis D.A., Levine E., Haas M.J., Meints V. Detection of prolonged diapause of northern corn rootworm in Michigan (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Great Lakes Entomol. 1992, 25:215-222.
88. LeConte J.L. New Coleoptera collected on the survey for the extension of the Union Pacific Railway, E.D. from Kansas to Fort Craig, New Mexico. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 1868, 2:49-59.
89. Levine E., Oloumi-Sadeghi H. Management of diabroticite rootworms in corn. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 1991, 36:229-255.
90. Levine E., Oloumi-Sadeghi H. Western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) larval injury to corn grown for seed production following soybeans grown for seed production. J. Econ. Entomol. 1996, 89:1010-1016.
91. Levine E., Oloumi-Sadeghi H., Ellis C.R. Thermal requirements, hatching patterns, and prolonged diapause in western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) eggs. J. Econ. Entomol. 1992, 85:2425-2432.
92. Levine E., Oloumi-Sadeghi H., Fisher J.R. Discovery of multiyear diapause in Illinois and South Dakota northern corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) eggs and incidence of the prolonged diapause trait in Illinois. J. Econ. Entomol. 1992, 85:262-267.
93. Levine E., Spencer J.L., Isard S.A., Onstad D.W., Gray M.E. Adaptation of the western corn rootworm to crop rotation: evolution of a new strain in response to a management practice. AM Entomol. 2002, 48:94-107.
94. Lew A.C., Ball H.J. The mating behavior of the western corn rootworm Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 1979, 72:391-393.
95. Lew A.C., Ball H.J. Effect of copulation time on spermatozoan transfer of Diabrotica virgifera (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 1980, 73:360-361.
96. Lilly J.H. Soil insects and their control. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 1956, 1:203-222.
97. Mabry, T.R., 2002. The effects of soybean herbivory on the behavior and ecology of the western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) variant. MSc thesis, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL.
98. Mabry T.R., Spencer J.L. Survival and oviposition of a western corn rootworm variant feeding on soybean. Entomol. Experiment. Appl. 2003, 109:113-121.
99. Mabry T.R., Spencer J.L., Levine E., Isard S.A. Western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) behavior is affected by alternating diets of corn and soybean. Environ. Entomol. 2004, 33:860-871.
100. MacRae R.J., Mehuys G.R. The effect of green manuring on the physical properties of temperate-area soils. Adv. Soil Sci. 1985, 3:71-94.
101. Meihls, L.N., 2010. Development and characterization of resistance to transgenic corn in western corn rootworm. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Missouri, Columbia.
102. Meihls L.N., Higdon M.L., Siegfried B.D., Miller N.J., Sappington T.W., Ellersieck M.R., et al. Increased survival of western corn rootworm on transgenic corn within three generations of on-plant greenhouse selection. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 2008, 105:19177-19182.
103. Meinke L.J., Siegfried B.D., Wright R.J., Chandler L.D. Adult susceptibility of Nebraska western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) populations to selected insecticides. J. Econ. Entomol. 1998, 91:594-600.
104. Meinke L.J., Sappington T.W., Onstad D.W., Guillemaud T., Miller N.J., Komaromi J., et al. Western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) population dynamics. Agricult. For. Entomol. 2009, 11:29-46.
105. Meissle M., Romeis J., Bigler F. Bt maize and integrated pest management-a European perspective. Pest. Manag. Sci. 2011, 67:1049-1058.
106. Meloche F., Hermans P. Eastward expansion and discovery of the soybean biotype of western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) in Canada. Can. J. Plant Sci. 2004, 84:305-309.
107. Metcalf R.L. Plants, chemicals, and insects: some aspects of coevolution. Bull. Entomol Soc. Am. 1979, 25:30-35.
108. Metcalf R.L. Insecticides in pest management. Introduction to Insect Pest Management 1982, 217-277. Wiley-Interscience, New York. second ed. R.L. Metcalf, W.H. Luckmann (Eds.).
109. Metcalf R.L. Implications and prognosis of resistance to insecticides. Pest Resistance to Pesticides 1983, 703-733. Plenum Press, New York. G.P. Georghiou, T. Saito (Eds.).
110. Metcalf R.L. Foreword. Methods for the Study of Pest Diabrotica 1986, vii-xv. Springer-Verlag, New York. J.L. Krysan, T.A. Miller (Eds.).
111. Miller N., Estoup A., Toepfer S., Bourguet D., Lapchin L., Derridj S., et al. Multiple transatlantic introductions of the western corn rootworm. Science 2005, 310:992.
112. Murphy A.F., Krupke C.H. Mating success and spermatophore composition in western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Environ. Entomol. 2011, 40:1585-1594.
113. Myers S.W., Hogg D.B., Wedberg J.L. Determining the optimal timing of foliar insecticide applications for control of soybean aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on soybean. J. Econ. Entomol. 2005, 98:2006-2012.
114. Naranjo S.E. Movement of corn rootworm beetles, Diabrotica spp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), at cornfield boundaries in relation to sex, reproductive status, and crop phenology. Environ. Entomol. 1991, 20:230-240.
115. Naranjo S.E. Flight orientation of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera and D. barberi (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) at habitat interfaces. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 1994, 87:383-394.
116. Oleson J.D., Park Y.-L., Nowatzki T.M., Tollefson J.J. Node-injury scale to evaluate root injury by corn rootworms (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 2005, 98:1-8.
117. O'Neal M.E., Gray M.E., Smyth C.A. Population characteristics of a western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) strain in east-central Illinois corn and soybean fields. J. Econ. Entomol. 1999, 92:1301-1310.
118. O'Neal M.E., Gray M.E., Ratcliffe S., Steffey K.L. Predicting western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) larval injury to rotated corn with Pherocon AM traps in soybeans. J. Econ. Entomol. 2001, 94:98-105.
119. O'Neal M.E., DiFonzo C.D., Landis D.A. Western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) feeding on corn and soybean leaves affected by corn phenology. Environ. Entomol. 2002, 31:285-292.
120. Onstad D.W., Joselyn M.G., Isard S.A., Levine E., Spencer J.L., Bledsoe L.W., et al. Modeling the spread of western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) populations adapting to soybean-corn rotation. Environ. Entomol. 1999, 28(2):188-194.
121. Onstad D.W., Spencer J.L., Guse C.A., Levine E., Isard S. Modeling evolution of behavioral resistance by an insect to crop rotation. Entomol. Experiment. Appl. 2001, 100:195-201.
122. Onstad D.W., Crowder D.W., Isard S.A., Levine E., Spencer J.L., O'Neal M.E., et al. Does landscape diversity slow the spread of rotation-resistant western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)?. Environ. Entomol. 2003, 32:992-1001.
123. Onstad D.W., Crowder D.W., Mitchell P.D., Guse C.A., Spencer J.L., Levine E., et al. Economics versus alleles: balancing IPM and IRM for rotation-resistant western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 2003, 96:1872-1885.
124. Ostlie K.R. Extended diapause: northern corn rootworm adapts to crop rotation. Crops Soils Mag. 1987, 39:23-25.
125. Oswald K.J., French B.W., Nielson C., Bagley M. Selection for Cry3Bb1 resistance in a genetically diverse population of nondiapausing western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 2011, 104:1038-1044.
126. Oyediran I.O., Hibbard B.E., Clark T.L. Prairie grasses as alternate hosts of the western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Environ. Entomol. 2004, 33:740-747.
127. Oyediran I.O., Hibbard B.E., Clark T.L., French B.W. Selected grassy weeds as alternate host of northern corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Environ. Entomol. 2004, 33:1497-1504.
128. Petty, H.B., 1965. Insect situation, 1965, In Proceedings of the Seventeenth Illinois Custom Spray Operators' Training School. Extension Service, University of Illinois College of Agriculture, Urbana-Champaign, pp. 48-59.
129. Pierce, C.M.F., 2003. Case study of a variant of western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, in east central Illinois. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL. p. 216.
130. Pierce C.M.F., Gray M.E. Seasonal oviposition of a western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), variant in east central Illinois commercial maize and soybean fields. Environ. Entomol. 2006, 35:676-683.
131. Pierce J.J., Rice C.W. Crop rotation and its impact on efficiency of water and nitrogen use. Cropping Strategies for Efficient Use of Water and Nitrogen 1988, 21-42. Amer. Soc. Agron., Madison, Wisconsin, ASA Spec. Publ. 51. W.L. Hargrove (Ed.).
132. Pike, D.R., Gray, M.E., 1992. A history of pesticide use in Illinois. In Proceedings of Eighteenth Annual Illinois Crop Protection Workshop. University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, pp. 43-52.
133. Porter, P., Cullen, E., Sappington, T., Schaafsma A., Pueppke, S., Andow, D., et al., 2012. Comment submitted by Patrick Porter, North Central Coordinating Committee NCCC46. . http://www.regulations.gov/%23!documentDetail;D=EPA-HQ-OPP-2011-0922-0013.
134. Power J.F. Legumes: their potential role in agricultural production. Am. J. Altern. Agr. 1987, 2(2):69-73.
135. Prasifka, P.L., Tollefson, J.J., Rice, M.E. (2006) Rotation-resistant corn rootworms in Iowa. Iowa State University Integrated Crop Manage ment Newsletter, 496, 209-211 [WWW document. URL (accessed on 11.04.12.). http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/icm//ipm/icm//ipm/icm/issue/6086.
136. Quiring D.T., Timmins P.R. Influence of reproductive ecology on feasibility of mass trapping Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). J. Appl. Ecol. 1990, 27:965-982.
137. Rice, M.E., 2004. Transgenic rootworm corn: Assessing potential agronomic, economic, and environmental benefits. Online. Plant Health Progress. Available from: . doi:10.1094/PHP-2004-0301-01-RV.
138. Rondon S.I., Gray M.E. Captures of western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) adults with Pherocon AM and vial traps in four crops in east central Illinois. J. Econ. Entomol. 2003, 96:737-747.
139. Rondon S.I., Gray M.E. Ovarian development and ovipositional preference of the western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in east central Illinois. J. Econ. Entomol. 2004, 97:390-396.
140. Sappington T.W., Siegfried B.D., Guillemaud T. Coordinated Diabrotica genetics research: accelerating progress on an urgent insect pest problem. Am. Entomol. 2006, 52:90-97.
141. Say T.H. Descriptions of coleopterous insects collected in the late expedition to the Rocky Mountains, performed by order of Mr. Calhoun, Secretary of War, under the command of Major Long. J. Acad. Sci. Phila. 1824, 3:403-462.
142. Schnitkey, G., 2012. Crop Budgets, Illinois, 2012. Department of Agricultural and Consumer Economics, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL. (accessed 11.04.12.). http://www.farmdoc.illinois.edu/manage/2012_crop_budgets.pdf.
143. Schroeder, J.B., Ratcliffe, S.T., 2003. 2003 variant western corn rootworm on-farm survey. (accessed 08.08.12.). http://www.ipm.uiuc.edu/wcrsurvey/2003.html.
144. Schroeder, J.B., Ratcliffe, S.T., 2004. 2004 variant western corn rootworm on-farm survey. (accessed 08.08.12.). http://www.ipm.uiuc.edu/wcrsurvey/index.html.
145. Schroeder J.B., Ratcliffe S.T., Gray M.E. Effect of four cropping systems on variant western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) adult and egg densities and subsequent larval injury in rotated maize. J. Econ. Entomol. 2005, 98:1587-1593.
146. Seiter N.J., Richmond D.S., Holland J.D., Krupke C.H. A novel method for estimating soybean herbivory in western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 2010, 103(4):1464-1473.
147. Shaw J.T., Paullus J.H., Luckmann W.H. Corn rootworm oviposition in soybeans. J. Econ. Entomol. 1978, 71:189-191.
148. Sherwood D.R., Levine E. Copulation and its duration affects female weight, oviposition, hatching patterns, and ovarian development in the western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 1993, 86:1664-1671.
149. Siegfried B.D., Vaughn T.T., Spencer T. Baseline susceptibility of western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) to Cry3Bb1 Bacillus thuringiensis toxin. J. Econ. Entomol. 2005, 98:1320-1324.
150. Sivcev I., Stankovic S., Kostic M., Lakic N., Popovic Z. Population density of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte beetles in Serbia first year and continuous maize fields. J. Appl. Entomol. 2009, 133:430-437.
151. Smith R.F. Distributional patterns of selected western North American insects. The distribution of diabroticites in western North America. Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am. 1966, 12:108-110.
152. Spencer J.L. "What's past is prologue": lessons from the history of corn rootworm management in Illinois and the U.S. Ecología y Control de Plagas Edaficolas 2010, 223-243. Publicación especial del Instituto de Ecología, A.C. México, p. 329. L.A. Rodríguez-del-Bosque, M.A. Morón (Eds.).
153. Spencer J.L., Raghu S. Refuge or reservoir? The potential impacts of the biofuel crop Miscanthus x giganteus on a major pest of maize. PLoS One 2009, 4(12):e8336. December 16, 2009. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008336.
154. Spencer J.L., Mabry T.R., Vaughn T. Use of transgenic plants to measure insect herbivore movement. J. Econ. Entomol. 2003, 96:1738-1749.
155. Spencer J.L., Mabry T.R., Levine E., Isard S.A. Movement, dispersal, and behavior of western corn rootworm adults in rotated corn and soybean fields. Western Corn Rootworm: Ecology and Management 2005, 121-144. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK. S. Vidal, U. Kuhlmann, C.R. Edwards (Eds.).
156. Spencer J.L., Hibbard B.E., Moeser J., Onstad D.W. Behaviour and ecology of the western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte). Agr. For. Entomol. 2009, 11:9-27.
157. Steffey K.L., Gray M.E., Kuhlman D.E. Extent of corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) larval damage in corn after soybeans: Search for the expression of the prolonged diapause trait in Illinois. J. Econ. Entomol. 1992, 85:268-275.
158. Steffey, K.L., Ratcliffe, S.T., Schroeder, J.B., 2003. Results from 2003 on-farm survey for rootworm larval damage in first-year corn. The Bulletin: pest management and crop development information for Illinois No. 23, October 3, 2003.
159. Steffey, K.L., Gray, M.E., Cook, K., 2004. Results of variant western corn rootworm larval-injury survey. The Bulletin: pest management and crop development information for Illinois No. 23, October 8, 2004.
160. Storer N.P., Babcock J.M., Edwards J.M. Field measures of western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) mortality caused by Cry34/35Ab1 proteins expressed in maize event 59122 asnd implications for trait durability. J. Econ. Entomol. 2006, 99:1381-1387.
161. Szalai M., Koszegi J., Toepfer S., Kiss J. Colonisation of first-year maize fields by western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) from adjacent infested maize fields. Acta Phytophathol. Hun. 2011, 46:213-223.
162. Tallamy D.W., Hibbard B.E., Clark T.L., Gillespie J.J. Western corn rootworm, cucurbits and cucurbitacins. Western Corn Rootworm: Ecology and Management 2005, 67-93. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK. S. Vidal, U. Kuhlmann, C.R. Edwards (Eds.).
163. Tauber M.J., Tauber C.A., Masaki S. Variability and genetics of seasonal adaptations. Seasonal Adaptations of Insects 1986, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 192-217.
164. Thomas C. New corn insect-Diabrotica longicornis Say. Ill. State Entomologist Annu. Rep. 1881, 10:44-46.
165. Thomas C. The corn-root worm (Diabrotica longicornis, Say). Ill. State Entomologist Annu. Rep. 1882, 11:65-72.
166. Toepfer S., Levay N., Kiss J. Adult movement of newly introduced alien Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Coleptera: Chrysomelidae) from non-host habitats. Bull. Entomol. Res. 2006, 96:327-335.
167. Tollefson J.J. A pest adapts to the cultural control of crop rotation. Proc. Br. Crop Prot. Conf. 1988, 3:1029-1033.
168. United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service, 2003. ARMS briefing room. Online. . http://www.e.usda.gov/Briefing/ARMS.
169. United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service, 2006, Soil Management and Conservation (Section 4.2) In Agricultural Resources and Environmental Indicators. Wiebe, K. Gollehon N. (Eds.). Economic Information Bulletin No. (EIB-16). (accessed 11.04.12.). http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/arei/eib16/.
170. United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Statistics Service, 2010. Field crop chemical insecticide treatments as percent of planted corn acres. (accessed 13.04.12.). http://quickstats.nass.usda.gov/?sector_desc=ENVIRONMENTAL.
171. United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service, 2013. Adoption of genetically engineered crops in the U.S.: Corn. Online. (accessed 8.2.13). http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/adoption-of-genetically-engineered-crops-in-the-us.aspx#.UfwWelNKJ0Q.
172. VanWoerkom G.J., Turpin F.T., Barret J.R. Wind effect on western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) flight behavior. Environ. Entomol. 1983, 12:196-200.
173. Vaughn T., Cavato T., Brar G., Coombe T., DeGooyer T., Ford S., et al. A method of controlling corn rootworm feeding using a Bacillus thuringiensis protein expressed in transgenic maize. Crop. Sci. 2005, 45:931-938.
174. Wesseler J., Fall E.H. Potential damage costs of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera infestation in Europe-the 'no control' scenario. J. Appl. Entomol. 2010, 134:385-394.
175. Wilson T.A., Rice M.E., Tollefson J.J., Pilcher C.D. Transgenic corn for control of the European corn borer and corn rootworms: a survey of Midwestern farmers' practices and perceptions. J. Econ. Entomol. 2005, 98:237-247.
176. Witkowski J.F., Owens J.C., Tollefson J.J. Diel activity and vertical flight distribution of adult western corn rootworms in Iowa cornfields. J. Econ. Entomol. 1975, 68:351-352.
177. Yates F. The analysis of experiments containing different crops. Biometrics 1954, 10:324-346.