Knowledge sources of entrepreneurship: Firm formation by academic, user and employee innovators

Research Policy

Volumn 43, Issue 7, 2014, Pages 1109-1133

  Agarwal, Rajshree ^a   Shah, Sonali K ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

Academic entrepreneurship; Employee entrepreneurship; Industry evolution; Innovation; New venture performance; User entrepreneurship

Indexed keywords

INNOVATION;

ACADEMIC ENTREPRENEURSHIP; ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT; INDUSTRY EVOLUTION; MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS; NEW VENTURE PERFORMANCE; PERFORMANCE OUTCOME; THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK; USER ENTREPRENEURSHIP;

INDUSTRY;

EID: 84902547748     PISSN: 00487333     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2014.04.012     Document Type: Article

References (149)

1. W.J. Abernathy, and J.M. Utterback Patterns of industrial innovation Technology Review 80 1978 40 47
2. R. Adner, and R. Kapoor Value creation in innovation ecosystems: how the structure of technological interdependence affects firm performance in new technology generations Strategic Management Journal 31 2010 306 333
3. R. Agarwal, and B.L. Bayus The market evolution and sales takeoff of product innovations Management Science 48 2002 1024 1041
4. R. Agarwal, M.B. Sarkar, and R. Echambadi The conditioning effect of time on firm survival: an industry life cycle approach Academy of Management Journal 45 2002 971 994
5. R. Agarwal, R. Echambadi, A.M. Franco, and M. Sarkar Knowledge Transfer through inheritance: spin-out generation, development, and survival Academy of Management Journal 47 2004 501 522
6. R. Agarwal, D. Audretsch, and M.B. Sarkar The process of creative construction: knowledge spillovers, entrepreneurship, and economic growth Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal 1 2007 263 286
7. R. Agarwal, M. Ganco, and R.H. Ziedonis Reputations for toughness in patent enforcement: implications for knowledge spillovers via inventor mobility Strategic Management Journal 30 2009 1349 1374
8. R. Agarwal, D. Audretsch, and M.B. Sarkar Knowledge spillovers and strategic entrepreneurship Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal 4 2010 271 283
9. R. Agarwal, B. Campbell, A. Franco, and M. Ganco What do I take with me? The mediating effect of spin-out team size and tenure on the founder-firm performance relationship. University of Maryland working paper 2013
10. T.T. Aldridge, and D. Audretsch The Bayh-Dole act and scientist entrepreneurship Research Policy 40 2011 1058 1067
11. C. Anderson The Long Tail, Revised and Updated Edition: Why the Future of Business Is Selling Less of More 2008 Hyperion New York
12. N. Argyres, and L. Bigelow Modularity, innovation, and vertical de-integration: evidence from the early U.S. Auto industry Organization Science 21 2010 842 853
13. A. Arora, and A. Nandkumar Cash-out or flameout! Opportunity cost and entrepreneurial strategy: theory, and evidence from the information security industry Management Science 57 2011 1844 1860
14. A. Arora, A. Fosfuri, and A. Gambardella Markets for technology and their implications for corporate strategy Industrial and Corporate Change 10 2001 419 451
15. K. Arrow Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources for Invention. Rand Corporation working paper 1959 Santa Monica, CA
16. K. Arrow Economic welfare and the allocation of resources for invention R.R. Nelson, The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity: Economic and Social Factors 1962 Princeton University Press New Jersey 609 625
17. D.B. Audretsch, and M.P. Feldman R&D spillovers and the geography of innovation and production American Economic Review 86 1996 630 640
18. D.B. Audretsch, and P.E. Stephan Company-scientist locational links: the case of biotechnology American Economic Review 86 1996 641 652
19. C. Baldwin, C. Hienerth, and E. von Hippel How user innovations become commercial products: a theoretical investigation and case study Research Policy 35 2006 1291 1313
20. W.J. Baumol The Free Market Innovation Machine: Analyzing the Growth Miracle of Capitalism 2002 Princeton University Press
21. J. Bercovitz, and M. Feldman Entpreprenerial universities and technology transfer: a conceptual framework for understanding knowledge-based economic development Journal of Technology Transfer 31 2006 175 188
22. J. Bercovitz, and M. Feldman Academic entrepreneurs: organizational change at the individual level Organization Science 19 2008 69 89
23. D. Bonardo, S. Paleari, and S. Vismara The M&A dynamics of European science-based entrepreneurial firms Journal of Technology Transfer 35 2010 141 180
24. J.W. Brittain, and J. Freeman Entrepreneurship in the semiconductor industry 46th Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management New Orleans 1986
25. G. Buenstorf Evolution on the shoulders of giants: entrepreneurship and firm survival in the German laser industry Review of Industrial Organization 30 2007 179 202
26. G. Buenstorf, and S. Klepper Heritage and agglomeration: the Akron tyre cluster revisited Economic Journal 119 2009 705 733
27. B.A. Campbell, M. Ganco, A.M. Franco, and R. Agarwal Who leaves, where to, and why worry?. Employee mobility, entrepreneurship and effects on source firm performance Strategic Management Journal 33 2012 65 87
28. S. Carnahan, R. Agarwal, and B.A. Campbell Heterogeneity in turnover: the effect of relative compensation dispersion of firms on the mobility and entrepreneurship of extreme performers Strategic Management Journal 33 2012 1411 1430
29. G.R. Carroll, L.S. Bigelow, M.D.L. Seidel, and L.B. Tsai The fates of de novo and de alio producers in the American automobile industry 1885-1981 Strategic Management Journal 17 1996 117 137
30. R.E. Caves, and M.E. Porter From entry barriers to mobility barriers: conjectural decisions and contrived deterrence to new competition Quarterly Journal of Economics 91 1977 241 261
31. A.K. Chatterji Spawned with a silver spoon? Entrepreneurial performance and innovation in the medical device industry Strategic Management Journal 30 2009 185 206
32. P.L. Chen, C. Williams, and R. Agarwal Growing pains: pre-entry experience and the challenge of transition to incumbency Strategic Management Journal 33 2012 252 276
33. H. Chesbrough, and R.S. Rosenbloom The role of the business model in capturing value from innovation: evidence from Xerox Corporation's technology spin-off companies Industrial and Corporate Change 11 2002 529 555
34. C. Christensen The Innovator's Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail 1997 Harvard Business School Press Cambridge, MA
35. B. Clarysse, J. Bruneel, and M. Wright Explaining growth paths of young technology based firms: structuring resource portfolios in different competitive environments Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal 5 2011 137 157
36. B. Clarysse, V. Tartari, and A. Salter The impact of entrepreneurial capacity, experience and organizational support on academic entrepreneurship Research Policy 40 2011 1084 1093
37. B. Clarysse, M. Wright, and E. Van de Velde Entrepreneurial origin, technological knowledge, and the growth of spin off companies Journal of Management Studies 48 2011 1420 1442
38. I.M. Cockburn, and M.J. MacGarvie Patents, thickets and the financing of early-stage firms: evidence from the software industry Journal of Economics & Management Strategy 18 2009 729 773
39. I.M. Cockburn, and M.J. MacGarvie Entry and patenting in the software industry Management Science 57 2011 915 933
40. E. Cox, and S.K. Shah Whose Startups Innovate? The Effects of Entrepreneurial Origins on Innovation in the Minimally Invasive Surgical Device Industry 2013 University of Washington Seattle (working paper)
41. M. Dahl, and T. Reichstein Are you experienced? Prior experience and the survival of new organizations Industry & Innovation 14 2007 497 511
42. D. Di Gregorio, and S. Shane Why do some universities generate more start-ups than others? Research Policy 32 2003 209 227
43. G. Dosi Sources, procedures, and microeconomic effects of innovation Journal of Economic Literature 26 1988 1120 1171
44. A.B. Dzeguze The devil in the details: a critique of KSR's unwarranted reinterpretation of "person having ordinary skill" Columbia Science and Technology Law Review 10 2009 1 267
45. S. Ellis, I. Drori, and Z. Shapira Genealogy as evolutionary dynamics. Working paper 2008
46. M.D. Ensley, and K.M. Hmieleski A comparative study of new venture top management team composition, dynamics and performance between university-based and independent start-ups Research Policy 34 2005 1091 1105
47. H. Etzkowitz, and L. Leydesdorff The dynamics of innovation: from National Systems and "Mode 2" to a Triple Helix of university-industry-government relations Research Policy 29 2000 109 123
48. E. Fauchart, and M. Gruber Darwinians, communitarians, and missionaries: the role of founder identity in entrepreneurship Academy of Management Journal 54 2011 935 957
49. M. Feldman, I. Feller, J. Bercovitz, and R. Burton Equity and the technology transfer strategies of American research universities Management Science 48 2002 105 121
50. M. Feldman, J. Francis, and J. Bercovitz Creating a cluster while building a firm: entrepreneurs and the formation of industrial clusters Regional Studies 39 2005 129 141
51. R. Fontana, and F. Malerba Demand as a source of entry and the survival of new semiconductor firms Industrial and Corporate Change 19 2010 1629 1654
52. R. Fontana, P. Adams, and F. Malerba The magnitude of innovation by demand in a sectoral system: the role of industrial users in semiconductors Research Policy 42 2013 1 14
53. A.M. Franco, and D. Filson Spin-outs: knowledge diffusion through employee mobility RAND Journal of Economics 37 2006 841 860
54. N. Franke, and S. Shah How communities support innovative activities: an exploration of assistance and sharing among end-users Research Policy 32 2003 157 178
55. N. Franke, and E. von Hippel Satisfying heterogeneous user needs via innovation toolkits: the case of Apache security software Research Policy 32 2003 1199 1215
56. S.J. Franklin, M. Wright, and A. Lockett Academic and surrogate entrepreneurs in university spin-out companies Journal of Technology Transfer 26 2001 127 141
57. P. Freiberger, and M. Swaine Fire in the Valley: The Making of the Personal Computer 1999 McGraw-Hill Professional
58. M. Ganco Cutting the Gordian knot: the effect of knowledge complexity on employee mobility and entrepreneurship Strategic Management Journal 34 6 2013 666 686
59. J.S. Gans, and S. Stern The product market and the market for ideas: commercialization strategies for technology entrepreneurs Research Policy 32 2003 333 350
60. M. Ganco, R.H. Ziedonis, and R. Agarwal Job hopping in the shadow of patent enforcement. Working paper 2013
61. D.A. Garvin Spin-offs and the new firm formation process California Management Review 25 1983 3 20
62. M. Gort, and S. Klepper Time paths in the diffusion of product innovations Economic Journal 92 1982 630 653
63. S. Haefliger, P. Jager, and G. Von Krogh Under the radar: industry entry by user entrepreneurs Research Policy 39 2010 1198 1213
64. B.H. Hall, and R.H. Ziedonis The patent paradox revisited: an empirical study of patenting in the US semiconductor industry, 1979-1995 Rand Journal of Economics 32 2001 101 128
65. M.T. Hannan, and J. Freeman Organizational Ecology 1989 Harvard University Press Cambridge, MA
66. D. Harhoff, J. Henkel, and E. von Hippel Profiting from voluntary information spillovers: how users benefit by freely revealing their innovations Research Policy 32 2003 1753 1769
67. F.A. Hayek The use of knowledge in society American Economic Review 35 1945 519 530
68. D. Holbrook, W.M. Cohen, D.A. Hounshell, and S. Klepper The nature, sources, and consequences of firm differences in the early history of the semiconductor industry Strategic Management Journal 21 2000 1017 1041
69. D. Hsu, and T. Bernstein Managing the university technology licensing process: findings from case studies Journal of the Association of University Technology Managers 9 1997 1 33
70. A.B. Jaffe The US patent system in transition: policy innovation and the innovation process Research Policy 29 2000 531 557
71. R. Jensen, and M. Thursby Proofs and prototypes for sale: the licensing of university inventions American Economic Review 91 2001 240 259
72. R. Katila, and S. Shane When does lack of resources make new firms innovative? Academy of Management Journal 48 2005 814 829
73. M. Kenney, and D. Patton Does inventor ownership encourage university research-derived entrepreneurship? A six university comparison Research Policy 40 2011 1100 1112
74. J. Kim, and G. Marschke Labor mobility of scientists, technological diffusion, and the firm's patenting decision Rand Journal of Economics 36 2005 298 317
75. I.M. Kirzner Entrepreneurial discovery and the competitive market process: an Austrian approach Journal of Economic Literature 35 1997 60 85
76. E.W. Kitch Nature and function of the patent system Journal of Law and Economics 20 1977 265
77. S. Klepper Entry, exit, growth, and innovation over the product life cycle American Economic Review 86 1996 562 583
78. S. Klepper Employee startups in high-tech industries Industrial & Corporate Change 10 2001 639 674
79. S. Klepper The capabilities of new firms and the evolution of the US automobile industry Industrial and Corporate Change 11 2002 645 666
80. S. Klepper Disagreements, spinoffs, and the evolution of Detroit as the capital of the US automobile industry Management Science 53 2007 616 631
81. S. Klepper, and K.L. Simons Dominance by birthright: entry of prior radio producers and competitive ramifications in the US television receiver industry Strategic Management Journal 21 2000 997 1016
82. S. Klepper, and S. Sleeper Entry by spinoffs Management Science 51 2005 1291 1306
83. R. Kline, and T. Pinch Users as agents of technological change: the social construction of the automobile in the rural United States Technology and Culture 37 1996 763 795
84. S. Kortum, and J. Lerner What is behind the recent surge in patenting? Research Policy 28 1999 1 22
85. R.N. Langlois, and P.L. Robinson Networks and innovation in a modular system: lessons from the microcomputer and stereo component industries Research Policy 21 1992 297 313
86. R.C. Levin, W.M. Cohen, and D.C. Mowery R & D appropriability, opportunity, and market structure: new evidence on some Schumpeterian hypotheses American Economic Review 75 1985 20 24
87. A. Lockett, and M. Wright Resources, capabilities, risk capital and the creation of university spin-out companies Research Policy 34 2005 1043 1057
88. A. Lockett, D. Siegel, M. Wright, and M.D. Ensley The creation of spin-off firms at public research institutions: managerial and policy implications Research Policy 34 2005 981 993
89. A. Lockett, M. Wright, and A. Wild The co-evolution of third stream activities in UK higher education Business History 55 2 2013 236 258
90. R.A. Lowe Invention, innovation, and entrepreneurship: the commercialization of university research by inventor-founded firms (Ph.D. dissertation) 2002 University of California Berkeley, CA
91. R.A. Lowe, and A.A. Ziedonis Overoptimism and the performance of entrepreneurial firms Management Science 52 2006 173 186
92. F. Malerba, P. Adams, and R. Fontana User-Industry Spin-outs: Downstream Knowledge as a Source of Entry and Survival 2013 Bocconi University (Working Paper)
93. M. Marx, J. Singh, and L. Fleming Does non-compete enforcement create a 'Brain Drain'?. MIT working paper 2013
94. D.G. McKendrick, J.B. Wade, and J. Jaffee A good riddance? Spin-offs and the technological performance of parent firms Organization Science 20 2009 979 992
95. J.P. Meara Just who is the person having ordinary skill in the art-patent law's mysterious personage Washington Law Review 77 2002 267
96. R.P. Merges, and R.R. Nelson On the complex economics of patent scope Columbia Law Review 90 1990 839 916
97. W. Mitchell Dual clocks: entry order influences on incumbent and newcomer market share and survival when specialized assets retain their value Strategic Management Journal 12 1991 85 100
98. D.G. Mitton Bring on the clones: a longitudinal study of the proliferation, development, and growth of the biotech industry in San Diego Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research 1990 1990 344 358
99. C. Mody Corporations, universities, and instrumental communities: commercializing probe microscopy, 1981-1996 Technology and Culture 47 2006 56 80
100. M. Moeen, and R. Agarwal Modes of value capture in ecosystems of nascent industries: evidence from agricultural biotechnology. University of Maryland working paper 2013
101. G. Moore, and K. Davis Learning the Silicon Valley way T. Bresnahan, A. Gambardella, Building High-Tech Clusters: Silicon Valley and Beyond 2004 Cambridge University Press Cambridge, MA
102. S. Mosey, and M. Wright From human capital to social capital: a longitudinal study of technology-based academic entrepreneurs Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 31 2007 909 935
103. D.C. Mowery The Bayh-Dole Act and high-technology entrepreneurship in US universities: chicken, egg, or something else? advances in the study of entrepreneurship Innovation & Economic Growth 16 2005 39 68
104. F. Murray, and S. Stern Do formal intellectual property rights hinder the free flow of scientific knowledge? An empirical test of the anti-commons hypothesis Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 63 2007 648 687
105. R. Nelson The simple economics of basic scientific research Journal of Political Economy 67 1959 297 306
106. A. Nerkar, and S. Shane When do start-ups that exploit patented academic knowledge survive? International Journal of Industrial Organization 21 2003 1391 1410
107. S. Ogawa Does sticky information affect the locus of innovation? Evidence from the Japanese convenience-store industry Research Policy 26 1998 777 790
108. D.J. Phillips A genealogical approach to organizational life chances: the parent-progeny transfer among Silicon Valley law firms, 1946-1996 Administrative Science Quarterly 47 2002 474 506
109. G. Pisano Profiting from innovation and the intellectual property revolution Research Policy 35 2006 1122 1130
110. L. Qian, R. Agarwal, and G. Hoetker Configuration of value chain activities: the effect of pre-entry capabilities, transaction hazards, and industry evolution on decisions to internalize Organization Science 23 2012 1330 1349
111. W. Riggs, and E. von Hippel Incentives to innovate and the sources of innovation: the case of scientific instruments Research Policy 23 1994 459 469
112. F.T. Rothaermel Incumbent's advantage through exploiting complementary assets via interfirm cooperation Strategic Management Journal 22 2001 687 699
113. F.M. Scherer Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance 2nd ed. 1980 Rand McNally College Publishing Co. Chicago
114. F.M. Scherer Inter-industry technology flows and productivity growth Review of Economics and Statistics 64 1982 627 634
115. J. Schumpeter The theory of Economic Development 1934 Harvard University Press Cambridge, MA
116. V.A. Scott Google. Corporations that Changed the World 2008 Greenwood Publishing Group Westwood, CT
117. S.K. Shah Open beyond software C. Dibona, D. Cooper, M. Stone, Open Sources 2: The Continuing Evolution 2005 O'Reilly Media Sebastopol, CA 339 360
118. S.K. Shah, and C.M. Mody Creating a context for entrepreneurship: examining how users' technological & organizational innovations set the stage for entrepreneurial activity B. Frischmann, M. Madison, K. Strandburg, Governing Knowledge Commons 2014 Oxford University Press New York
119. S.K. Shah, and A. Torrance Reconceptualizing the PHOSITA: reexamining non-obviousness in light of recent developments in innovation research. Working paper 2013
120. S.K. Shah, and M. Tripsas The accidental entrepreneur: the emergent and collective process of user entrepreneurship Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal 1 2007 123 140
121. S.K. Shah, S. Winston Smith, and E.J. Reedy Who are user entrepreneurs? Findings on innovation, founder characteristics and firm characteristics. Kauffman Foundation report 2012 Kauffman Foundation Kansas City, MO
122. S. Shane Technology regimes and new firm formation Management Science 47 2001 1173 1190
123. S.A. Shane Academic Entrepreneurship: University Spinoffs and Wealth Creation 2004 Edward Elgar Publishing Northampton, MA
124. S. Shane, and R. Khurana Bringing individuals back in: the effects of career experience on new firm founding Industrial Corporate Change 12 2003 519 543
125. S. Shane, and T. Stuart Organizational endowments and the performance of university start-ups Management Science 48 2002 154 170
126. S. Sheryl Winston, and S.K. Shah Do innovative users generate more useful insights? An analysis of CVC investment in the medical device industry Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal 7 2 2013 151 167
127. T. Simons, and P.W. Roberts Local and non-local pre-founding experience and new organizational form penetration: the case of the Israeli wine industry Administrative Science Quarterly 53 2008 235 265
128. J.B. Sorensen, and M.A. Fassiotto Organizations as fonts of entrepreneurship Organization Science 22 2011 1322 1331
129. O. Sorenson, and P.G. Audia The social structure of entrepreneurial activity: geographic concentration of footwear production in the United States, 1940-1989 American Journal of Sociology 106 2000 424 462
130. G.J. Stigler The division of labor is limited by the extent of the market Journal of Political Economy 59 1951 185 193
131. D.E. Stokes Pasteur's Quadrant: Basic Science and Technological Innovation 1997 Brookings Inst Press Washington, DC
132. T.E. Stuart, and W.W. Ding When do scientists become entrepreneurs? The social structural antecedents of commercial activity in the academic life sciences American Journal of Sociology 112 2006 97 144
133. T.E. Stuart, and O. Sorenson The geography of opportunity: spatial heterogeneity in founding rates and the performance of biotechnology firms Research Policy 32 2003 229 253
134. T.E. Stuart, and O. Sorenson Liquidity events and the geographic distribution of entrepreneurial activity Administrative Science Quarterly 48 2003 175 201
135. T.E. Stuart, S.Z. Ozdemir, and W.W. Ding Vertical alliance networks: the case of university-biotechnology-pharmaceutical alliance chains Research Policy 36 2007 477 498
136. D.J. Teece Profiting from technological innovation: implications for integration, collaboration, licensing and public policy Research Policy 15 1986 285 305
137. M. Tripsas Customer preference discontinuities: a trigger for radical technological change Managerial and Decision Economics 29 2008 79 97
138. M.J. Tyre, and E. von Hippel The situated nature of adaptive learning in organizations Organization Science 8 1997 71 83
139. S. Venkataraman The distinctive domain of entrepreneurship research, an editor's perspective J. Katz, R. Brockhaus, Advances in Entrepreneurship, Firm Emergence, and Growth 1997 JAI Press Greenwich, CT 119 138
140. A. Vohora, M. Wright, and A. Lockett Critical junctures in the development of university high-tech spinout companies Research Policy 33 2004 147 175
141. E. von Hippel The Sources of Innovation 1988 Oxford University Press New York
142. E. von Hippel "Sticky information" and the locus of problem solving: implications for innovation Management Science 40 1994 429 439
143. E. von Hippel, and G. Von Krogh Open source software and the private-collective: innovation model: issues for organization science Organization Science 14 2003 209 223
144. K. Wennberg Knowledge combinations and the survival of financial services ventures Journal of Evolutionary Economics 19 2009 259 276
145. K. Wennberg, J. Wiklund, and M. Wright The effectiveness of university knowledge spillovers: performance differences between university spinoffs and corporate spinoffs Research Policy 40 2011 1128 1143
146. R. Wenting Spinoff dynamics and the spatial formation of the fashion design industry, 1858-2005 Journal of Economic Geography 8 2008 593 614
147. R.H. Ziedonis Don't fence me in: fragmented markets for technology and the patent acquisition strategies of firms Management Science 50 2004 804 820
148. L.G. Zucker, M.R. Darby, and M.B. Brewer Intellectual human capital and the birth of U.S. biotechnology enterprises American Economic Review 88 1998 290 306
149. L.G. Zucker, M.R. Darby, and J.S. Armstrong Commercializing knowledge: university science, knowledge capture, and firm performance in biotechnology Management Science 48 2002 138 153