Characean internodal cells as a model system for the study of cell organization

International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology

Volumn 311, Issue , 2014, Pages 307-364

  Foissner, Ilse ^a   Wasteneys, Geoffrey O ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SALZBURG   (Austria)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Chara; Characeae; Cytoskeleton; Nitella; Organelle interactions; Plant cell; Plasma membrane domains; Wound response

Indexed keywords

MYOSIN;

ACIDITY; ACTIN FILAMENT; ALKALINITY; ANOXIA; ARTICLE; CELL GROWTH; CELL MATURATION; CELL MEMBRANE; CELL NUCLEUS; CELL ORGANELLE; CELL VACUOLE; CELL WALL; CENTRIFUGATION; CHARASOME; CHEMICAL INJURY; CHLOROPLAST; CYTOARCHITECTURE; CYTOLOGY; CYTOPLASM; CYTOSKELETON; DYNAMICS; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; ENDOSOME; GIANT INTERNODAL CELL; GOLGI COMPLEX; GREEN ALGA; INTRACELLULAR MEMBRANE; LIGATION; MICROTUBULE; MITOCHONDRION; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; MORPHOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PEROXISOME; PH; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; PLANT CELL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TRANS GOLGI NETWORK; ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION; WOUND; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; CHARA; ENVIRONMENT; METABOLISM; ULTRASTRUCTURE;

CHARA; CYTOPLASM; ENVIRONMENT; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL;

EID: 84902449147     PISSN: 19376448     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-800179-0.00006-4     Document Type: Chapter

References (246)

1. Allard J.F., Wasteneys G.O., Cytrynbaum E.N. Mechanisms of self-organization of cortical microtubules in plants revealed by computational simulations. Mol. Biol. Cell 2010, 21:278-286.
2. Arens K. Physiologische Multipolarität der Zelle von Nitella während der Photosynthese. Protoplasma 1939, 33:295-300.
3. Arsovski A.A., Haughn G.W., Western T.L. Seed coat mucilage cells of Arabidopsis thaliana as a model for plant cell wall research. Plant Signal. Behav. 2010, 5(7):796-801.
4. Barton R. An unusual organelle in the peripheral cytoplasm of Chara cells. Nature 1965, 205:201.
5. Barton R. Occurrence and structure of intranuclear crystals in Chara cells. Planta 1967, 77:203-211.
6. Bauhin, C., 1623. Pinax theatri botanici. Basileae Helvetia.
7. Beilby M.J., Bisson M.A. Chara plasmalemma at high pH, voltage dependence of the conductance at rest and during excitation. J. Membr. Biol. 1992, 125:25-39.
8. Beilby M.J., Casanova M.T. The Physiology of Characean Cells 2014, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
9. Beilby M.J., Shepherd V.A. Cytoplasm-enriched fragments of Chara, structure and electrophysiology. Protoplasma 1989, 148:150-163.
10. Beilby M.J., Shepherd V.A. The electrophysiology of cytoplasm-enriched fragments of Nitella, effect of vacuole formation and nodal conductance. CR Acad. Sci. Paris 1991, 313:327-332.
11. Beilby M.J., Mimura T., Shimmen T. Perfusion of charophyte cells, a critical analysis of the method. J. Exp. Bot. 1997, 48:157-172.
12. Beilby M.J., Cherry C.A., Shepherd V.A. Dual turgor regulation response to hypotonic stress in Lamprothamnium papulosum. Plant Cell Environ. 1999, 22:347-359.
13. Berecki G., Eijken M., Van Iren F., Van Duijn B. Membrane orientation of droplets prepared from Chara corallina internodal cells. Protoplasma 2001, 218(1-2):76-82.
14. Berestovsky G.N., Ternovsky V.I., Kataev A.A. Through pore diameter in the cell wall of Chara corallina. J. Exp. Bot. 2001, 52(359):1173-1177.
15. Bisson M.A., Kirst G.O. Osmotic acclimation and turgor pressure regulation in algae. Naturwissenschaften 1995, 82:461-471.
16. Bisson M.A., Siegel A., Chau R., Gelsomino S.A., Herdic S.L. Distribution of charasomes in Chara-banding-pattern and effect of photosynthetic inhibitors. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 1991, 18:81-93.
17. Blackman L.M., Overall R.L. Immunolocalisation of the cytoskeleton to plasmodesmata of Chara corallina. Plant J. 1998, 14:733-741.
18. Blackman L.M., Gunning B.E.S., Overall R.L. A 45 kDa protein isolated from the nodal walls of Chara corallina is localised to plasmodesmata. Plant J. 1998, 15:401-411.
19. Bolte S., Talbot C., Boutte Y., Catrice O., Read N.D., Satiat-Jeunemaitre A. FM-dyes as experimental probes for dissecting vesicle trafficking in living plant cells. J. Microsc. 2004, 214:159-173.
20. Boot K.J., Libbenga K.R., Hille S.C., Offringa R., van Duijn B. Polar auxin transport, an early invention. J. Exp. Bot. 2012, 63:4213-4218.
21. Boyer J.S. Cell wall biosynthesis and the molecular mechanism of plant enlargement. Funct. Plant Biol. 2009, 36(5):383-394.
22. Braun M., Wasteneys G.O. Reorganization of the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton throughout blue-light-induced differentiation of characean protonemata into multicellular thalli. Protoplasma 1998, 202(1-2):38-53.
23. Braun M., Wasteneys G.O. Actin in characean rhizoids and protonemata. Actin, a Dynamic Framework for Multiple Plant Cell Functions 2000, 237-258. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht. C.J. Staiger, F. Baluska, D. Volkmann, P.W. Barlow (Eds.).
24. Braun M., Foissner I., Lühring H., Schubert H., Thiel G. Characean algae, still a valid model system to examine fundamental principles in plants. Progr. Bot. 2007, 68:193-220.
25. Bucher O. Die Amitose der tierischen und menschlichen Zelle 1959, 156. Springer, Vienna.
26. Bulychev A.A., Cherkashin A.A., Rubin A.B., Vredenberg W.J., Zykov V.S., Muller S.C. Comparative study on photosynthetic activity of chloroplasts in acid and alkaline zones of Chara corallina. Bioelectrochemistry 2001, 53(2):225-232.
27. Bulychev A.A., Polezhaev A.A., Zykov S.V., Pljusnina T.Y., Riznichenko G.Y., Rubin A.B., Janto W., Zykov V.S., Muller S.C. Light-triggered pH banding profile in Chara cells revealed with a scanning pH microprobe and its relation to self-organization phenomena. J. Theor. Biol. 2001, 212:275-294.
28. Bulychev A.A., Zykov S.V., Rubin A.B., Muller S.C. Transitions from alkaline spots to regular bands during pH pattern formation at the plasmalemma of Chara cells. Eur. Biophys. J. 2003, 32(2):144-153.
29. Bulychev A.A., van den Wijngaard P.W., de Boer A.H. Spatial coordination of chloroplast and plasma membrane activities in Chara cells and its disruption through inactivation of 14-3-3 proteins. Biochemistry (Mosc.) 2005, 70:55-61.
30. Burr F.A., Evert R.F. Protein bodies in Bryopsis hypnoides, their relationship to wound healing and branch septum development. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 1971, 35:476-498.
31. Casanova M.T., Brock M.A. Life histories of charophytes from permanent and temporary wetlands in eastern Australia. Aust. J. Bot. 1999, 47:383-397.
32. Chau R., Bisson M.A., Siegel A., Elkin G., Klim P., Straubinger R.M. Distribution of charasomes in Chara-reestablishment and loss in darkness and correlation with banding and inorganic carbon uptake. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 1994, 21:113-123.
33. Cook M.E., Graham L.E. Structural similarities between surface layers of selected charophycean algae and bryophytes and the cuticles of vascular plants. Int. J. Plant Sci. 1998, 159:780-787.
34. Cook M.E., Graham L.E., Botha C.E.J., Lavin C.A. Comparative ultrastructure of plasmodesmata of Chara and selected bryophytes, toward an elucidation of the evolutionary origin of plant plasmodesmata. Am. J. Bot. 1997, 84:1169-1178.
35. Cook M.E., Graham L.E., Lavin C.A. Cytokinesis and nodal anatomy in the charophycean green alga Chara zeylanica. Protoplasma 1998, 203(1):65-74.
36. Corti, B., 1774. Osservazioni microscopiche sulla tramella e sulla circulazione del fluido in una pianta aquajuola. Lucca.
37. Crawley J.C.W. A cytoplasmic organelle associated with the cell walls of Chara and Nitella. Nature 1965, 205:200-201.
38. De Mey J., Lambert A.M., Bajer A.S., Moeremans M., De Brabander M. Visualization of microtubules in interphase and mitotic plant cells of Haemanthus endosperm with the immuno-gold staining method. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 1982, 79:1898-1902.
39. Delaux P.M., Xie X., Timme R.E., Puech-Pages V., Dunand C., Lecompte E., Delwiche C.F., Yoneyama K., Becard G., Sejalon-Delmas N. Origin of strigolactones in the green lineage. New Phytol. 2012, 195:857-871.
40. +-ATPase activity is required for endocytic and secretory trafficking in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 2006, 18(3):715-730.
41. Dodonova S.O., Bulychev A.A. Cyclosis-related asymmetry of chloroplast-plasma membrane interactions at the margins of illuminated area in Chara corallina cells. Protoplasma 2011, 248(4):737-749.
42. Dorn A., Weisenseel M.H. Growth and the current pattern around internodal cells of Nitella flexilis L. J. Exp. Bot. 1984, 35:373-383.
43. Eremin A., Bulychev A., Krupenina N.A., Mair T., Hauser M.J.B., Stannarius R., Muller S.C., Rubin A.B. Excitation-induced dynamics of external pH pattern in Chara corallina cells and its dependence on external calcium concentration. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 2007, 6(1):103-109.
44. Eren E.C., Dixit R., Gautam N. A three-dimensional computer simulation model reveals the mechanisms for self-organization of plant cortical microtubules into oblique arrays. Mol. Biol. Cell 2010, 21:2674-2684.
45. Faulkner C.R., Blackman L.M., Cordwell S.J., Overall R.L. Proteomic identification of putative plasmodesmatal proteins from Chara corallina. Proteomics 2005, 5:2866-2875.
46. Faulkner C.R., Blackman L.M., Collings D.A., Cordwell S.J., Overall R.L. Anti-tropomyosin antibodies co-localise with actin microfilaments and label plasmodesmata. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 2009, 88:357-369.
47. Fisahn J., Lucas W.J. Effects of microtubule agents on the spatial and electrical properties of the plasma membrane in Chara corallina. Planta 1990, 182:506-512.
48. Fisahn J., Lucas W.J. Inversion of extracellular current and axial voltage profile in Chara and Nitella. J. Membr. Biol. 1990, 113:23-30.
49. Fisahn J., Lucas W.J. Autonomous local area control over membrane transport in Chara internodal cells. Plant Physiol. 1991, 95:1138-1143.
50. Foissner I. Licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen an Riesenmitochondrien von Nitella flexilis. Phyton (Austria) 1981, 21:39-51.
51. Foissner I. Inhibitor studies on formation of giant mitochondria in Nitella flexilis. Phyton (Austria) 1983, 23:19-29.
52. Foissner I. The relationship of echinate inclusions and coated vesicles on wound-healing in Nitella flexilis (Characeae). Protoplasma 1988, 142(2-3):164-175.
53. Foissner I. Chlortetracycline-induced formation of wall appositions (callose plugs) in internodal cells of Nitella flexilis (Characeae). J. Phycol. 1988, 24(4):458-467.
54. Foissner I. Ph-dependence of chlortetracycline(CTC)-induced plug formation in Nitella flexilis (Characeae). J. Phycol. 1989, 25(2):313-318.
55. Foissner I. Wall appositions induced by ionophore A 23187, CaCl2, LaCl3, and nifedipine in characean cells. Protoplasma 1990, 154:80-90.
56. Foissner I. Induction of exocytosis in characean internodal cells by locally restricted application of chlortetracycline and the effect of cytochalasin B, depolarizing and hyperpolarizing agents. Plant Cell Environ. 1991, 14:907-915.
57. Foissner I. Effects of dichlorobenzonitrile on the formation of cell wall appositions (plugs) in internodal cells of Chara corallina Klein ex. Willd, em. R.D.W. and Nitella flexilis (L.) Ag. New Phytol. 1992, 121:447-455.
58. Foissner I. Localization of calcium ions in wounded characean internodal cells. New Phytol. 1998, 139(3):449-458.
59. Foissner I. Microfilaments and microtubules control the shape, motility, and subcellular distribution of cortical mitochondria in characean internodal cells. Protoplasma 2004, 224:145-157.
60. Foissner I. Fluorescent phosphocholine-a specific marker for the endoplasmic reticulum and for lipid droplets in Chara internodal cells. Protoplasma 2009, 238:47-58.
61. Foissner I., Wasteneys G.O. Injury to Nitella internodal cells alters microtubule organization but microtubules are not involved in the wound response. Protoplasma 1994, 182:102-114.
62. Foissner I., Wasteneys G.O. A cytochalasin-sensitive actin filament meshwork is a prerequisite for local wound wall deposition in Nitella internodal cells. Protoplasma 1997, 200(1):17-30.
63. Foissner I., Wasteneys G.O. Microtubules at wound sites of Nitella internodal cells passively co-align with actin bundles when exposed to hydrodynamic forces generated by cytoplasmic streaming. Planta 1999, 208:480-490.
64. Foissner I., Wasteneys G.O. Actin in characean internodal cells. Actin, a Dynamic Framework for Multiple Plant Cell Functions 2000, 259-274. Kluwer Academic Publisher, Dordrecht, Boston, London. C. Staiger, D.F. Baluska, D. Volkmann, P. Barlow (Eds.).
65. Foissner I., Wasteneys G.O. Microtubule disassembly enhances reversible cytochalasin-dependent disruption of actin bundles in characean internodes. Protoplasma 2000, 214(1-2):33-44.
66. Foissner I., Wasteneys G.O. Nuclear crystals, lampbrush-chromosome-like structures, and perinuclear cytoskeletal elements associated with nuclear fragmentation in characean internodal cells. Protoplasma 2000, 212(3):146-161.
67. Foissner I., Wasteneys G.O. The characean internodal cell as a model system for studying wound healing. J. Microsc. 2012, 247(1):10-22.
68. Foissner I., Lichtscheidl I.K., Wasteneys G.O. Actin-based vesicle dynamics and exocytosis during wound wall formation in characean internodal cells. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 1996, 35(1):35-48.
69. Foissner I., Lichtscheidl I.K., Wasteneys G.O. Actin-based vesicle dynamics and exocytosis during wound wall formation. Video supplement. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 1998, 39(4):346-347.
70. Foissner I., Menzel D., Wasteneys G.O. Microtubule-dependent motility and orientation of the cortical endoplasmic reticulum in elongating characean internodal cells. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2009, 66:142-155.
71. Forsberg C. Nutritional studies of Chara in axenic cultures. Physiol. Plant. 1965, 18:275-290.
72. Forsberg C. Axenic culture of Chara globularis Thuill. and Chara zeylanica. Life Sci. 1965, 4:225-226.
73. Forsberg C. Sterile germination of oospores of Chara and seeds of Najas marina. Physiol. Plant. 1965, 18(1):128-137.
74. Franceschi V.R., Lucas W.J. Structure and possible function(s) of charasomes; complex plasmalemma-cell wall elaborations present in some characean species. Protoplasma 1980, 104:253-271.
75. Franceschi V.R., Lucas W.J. The charasome periplasmic space. Protoplasma 1981, 107:269-284.
76. Franceschi V.R., Lucas W.J. The glycosome of Chara, ultrastructure, development, and composition. J. Ultrastr. Res. 1981, 75:218-228.
77. Franceschi V.R., Lucas W.J. The relationship of the charasome to chloride uptake in Chara corallina, physiological and histochemical investigations. Planta 1982, 154:525-537.
78. Fry S.C., Mohler K.E., Nesselrode B., Frankova L. Mixed-linkage beta-glucan, xyloglucan endotransglucosylase, a novel wall-remodelling enzyme from Equisetum (horsetails) and charophytic algae. Plant J. 2008, 55(2):240-252.
79. Gertel E.T., Green P.B. Cell growth pattern and wall microfibrillar arrangement, experiments with Nitella. Plant Physiol. 1977, 60:247-254.
80. Gillet C., Lefebvre J. Observations sur l'evolution d'une formation chromatique filamenteuse a l'interier des noyaux des cellules internodiales de Nitella. Rev. Cytol. Biol. Veg. 1963, 26:349-358.
81. - channel in the Chara tonoplast. J. Membr. Biol. 2002, 188:107-113.
82. Grant M.C. Phylum Chlorophyta, Class Charophyceae, Order Charales. Handbook of Protoctista 1990, 641-648. Jones & Bartlett Publishers, Boston. L. Margulis, J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, D.J. Chapman (Eds.).
83. Grant M.C., Proctor V.W. Chara vulgaris and C. contraria, patterns of reproductive isolation for two cosmopolitan species complexes. Evolution 1972, 26:262-281.
84. Grant M.C., Proctor V.W. Electrophoretic analysis of genetic variation in the Charophyta. I. Gene duplication via polyploidy. J. Phycol. 1980, 16:109-115.
85. Green P.B. The spiral growth pattern of the cell wall in Nitella axillaris. Am. J. Bot. 1954, 41:403-409.
86. Green P.B. Wall structure and helical growth in Nitella. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1959, 36:536-538.
87. Green P.B. Multinet growth in the cell wall of Nitella. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 1960, 7:289-296.
88. Green P.B. Mechanism for plant cellular morphogenesis. Science 1962, 138:1404-1405.
89. Green P.B. Cinematic observations on growth and division of chloroplasts in Nitella. Am. J. Bot. 1964, 51:334-342.
90. Green P.B., Chen J.C.W. Concerning the role of wall stresses in the elongation of the Nitella cell. Z. Wiss. Mikrosk. 1960, 64:482-488.
91. 2+-sensitive streaming in the alga Chara, detection of two polypeptides reacting with a monoclonal anti-myosin and their localization in the streaming endoplasm. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 1988, 47:22-31.
92. Hara-Nishimura I., Matsushima R., Shimada T., Nishimura M. Diversity and formation of endoplasmic reticulum-derived compartments in plants. Are these compartments specific to plant cells?. Plant Physiol. 2004, 136(3):3435-3439.
93. Hardham A.R., Takemoto D., White R.G. Rapid and dynamic subcellular reorganization following mechanical stimulation of Arabidopsis epidermal cells mimics responses to fungal and oomycete attack. BMC Plant Biol. 2008, 8:63.
94. Härtel O. Die Stachelkugeln von Nitella. Protoplasma 1951, 40:526-540.
95. Hertel A., Steudle E. The function of water channels in Chara. Planta 1997, 202(3):324-335.
96. Higashi-Fujime S. Active movement in vitro of bundles of microfilaments isolated from Nitella cell. J. Cell Biol. 1980, 87:569-578.
97. Hoepflinger M.C., Geretschlaeger A., Sommer A., Hoeftberger M., Nishiyama T., Sakayama H., Hammerl P., Tenhaken R., Ueda T., Foissner I. Molecular and biochemical analysis of the first ARA6 homologue, a RAB5 GTPase, from green algae. J. Exp. Bot. 2013, 64(18):5553-5568.
98. Homblé F., Richter C., Dainty J. Leakage of pectins from the cell wall of Chara corallina in the absence of divalent cations. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 1989, 27:465-468.
99. Homblé F., Jaiornikoff A., Lannoye R. Correlation between the banding pattern and the cell wall composition in Chara corallina, a Fourier transform. J. Plant Physiol. 1990, 135:686-691.
100. Hotchkiss A.T., Brown R.M. The association of rosette and globule terminal complexes with cellulose microfibril assembly in Nitella translucens. J. Phycol. 1987, 23:229-237.
101. Islam M.S., Niwa Y., Takagi S. Light-dependent intracellular positioning of mitochondria in Arabidopsis thaliana mesophyll cells. Plant Cell Physiol. 2009, 50(6):1032-1040.
102. Ito K., Ikebe M., Kashiyama T., Mogami T., Kon T., Yamamoto K. Kinetic mechanism of the fastest motor protein Chara Myosin. J. Biol. Chem. 2007, 282(27):19534-19545.
103. Ito E., Fujimoto M., Ebine K., Uemura T., Ueda T., Nakano A. Dynamic behavior of clathrin in Arabidopsis thaliana unveiled by live imaging. Plant J. 2012, 69(2):204-216.
104. Jarosch R. Das Characeen-Protoplasma und seine Inhaltskörper. Protoplasma 1961, 53:34-56.
105. Jarosch R. Dynamic behaviour of the actin fibrils of Nitella based on rapid filament rotation. Biochem. Physiol. Pflanz. 1976, 170:111-131.
106. Jin Q., Scherp P., Heimann K., Hasenstein K.H. Auxin and cytoskeletal organization in algae. Cell Biol. Int. 2008, 32:542-545.
107. Kachar B., Reese T.S. The mechanism of cytoplasmic streaming in characean algal cells, sliding of endoplasmic reticulum along actin filaments. J. Cell Biol. 1988, 106(5):1545-1552.
108. Kalin M., Smith M.P. Germination of Chara vulgaris and Nitella flexilis oospores, what are the relevant factors triggering germination?. Aquat. Bot. 2007, 87(3):235-241.
109. Kamitsubo E. A "window technique" for detailed observation of characean cytoplasmic streaming. Exp. Cell Res. 1972, 74:613-616.
110. Kamiya N., Kuroda K. Cell operation in Nitella. II. Behaviour of isolated endoplasm. Proc. Japan Acad. 1957, 33:201-205.
111. 2+ channels of plasma membrane in mechanoperception in Chara. Plant Cell Physiol. 2005, 46(1):130-135.
112. Karol K.G., McCourt R.M., Cimino M.T., Delwiche C.F. The closest living relatives of land plants. Science 2001, 294(5550):2351-2353.
113. Kashiyama T., Kimura N., Mimura T., Yamamoto K. Cloning and characterization of a myosin from characean alga, the fastest motor protein in the world. J. Biochem (Tokyo) 2000, 127:1065-1070.
114. Kazmierczak A., Stepinski D. GA3 content in young and mature antheridia of Chara tomentosa estimated by capillary electrophoresis. Folia Histochem. Cytobiol. 2005, 43:65-67.
115. Kisser J. Amitose, Fragmentation und Vakuolisierung pflanzlicher Zellkerne. Sitzungsber. Österr. Akad. Wiss. 1922, 131:105-128.
116. Klima A., Foissner I. FM dyes label sterol-rich plasma membrane domains and are internalized independently of the cytoskeleton in characean internodal cells. Plant Cell Physiol. 2008, 49(10):1508-1521.
117. Klima A., Foissner I. Actin-dependent deposition of putative endosomes and endoplasmic reticulum during early stages of wound healing in characean internodal cells. Plant Biol. 2011, 13(4):590-601.
118. Knight A.E., Kendrick-Jones J. A myosin-like protein from a higher plant. J. Mol. Biol. 1993, 231:148-154.
119. Königer M., Bollinger N. Chloroplast movement behavior varies widely among species and does not correlate with high light stress tolerance. Planta 2012, 236(2):411-426.
120. Kranz H.D., Miks D., Siegler M.L., Capesius I., Sensen C.W., Huss V.A.R. The origin of land plants-phylogenetic relationships among charophytes, bryophytes, and vascular plants inferred from complete small-subunit ribosomal-RNA gene sequences. J. Mol. Evol. 1995, 41:74-84.
121. Kropf D.L., Williamson R.E., Wasteneys G.O. Microtubule orientation and dynamics in elongating characean internodal cells following cytosolic acidification, induction of ph bands, or premature growth arrest. Protoplasma 1997, 197:188-198.
122. Kwiatkowska M. Plasmodesmal changes are related to different developmental stages of antheridia of Chara species. Protoplasma 2003, 222:1-11.
123. Ledbetter M.C., Porter K.R. A "microtubule" in plant cell fine structure. J. Cell Biol. 1963, 19:239-250.
124. Leliaert F., Smith D.R., Moreau H., Herron M.D., Verbruggen H., Delwiche C.F., De Clerck O. Phylogeny and molecular evolution of the green algae. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 2012, 31(1):1-46.
125. Li J., Xu Y.Y., Chong K. The novel functions of kinesin motor proteins in plants. Protoplasma 2012, 249:95-100.
126. Limbach C., Staehelin L.A., Sievers A., Braun M. Electron tomographic characterization of a vacuolar reticulum and of six vesicle types that occupy different cytoplasmic domains in the apex of tip-growing Chara rhizoids. Planta 2008, 227:1101-1114.
127. + Influx?. Plant Physiol. 1979, 63(2):248-254.
128. 3 assimilation. J. Membr. Biol. 1977, 32:75-94.
129. Lucas W.J., Franceschi V.R. Characean charasome-complex and plasmalemma vesicle development. Protoplasma 1981, 107:255-267.
130. Lucas W.J., Smith F.A. The formation of alkaline and acid regions at the surface of Chara corallina cells. J. Exp. Bot. 1973, 24:1-14.
131. +. J. Membr. Biol. 1983, 73:263-274.
132. Lucas W.J., Keifer D.W., Pesacreta T.C. Influence of culture-medium pH on charasome development and chloride transport in Chara corallina. Protoplasma 1986, 130(1):5-11.
133. 3 in Chara corallina. Protoplasma 1989, 151(2-3):106-114.
134. Lühring H., Witzemann V. Internodal cells of the giant green alga Chara as an expression system for ion channels. FEBS Lett. 1995, 361(1):65-69.
135. Markham K.R., Porter L.J. Flavonoids in the green algae (Chlorophyta). Phytochemistry 1969, 8:1777-1781.
136. McConnaughey T.A., Falk R.H. Calcium-proton exchange during algal calcification. Biol. Bull. 1991, 180(1):185-195.
137. McCourt R.M., Delwiche C.F., Karol K.G. Charophyte algae and land plant origins. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2004, 19:661-666.
138. McLean B., Juniper B.E. The plasma membrane of young Chara internodal cells revealed by rapid freezing. Planta 1986, 169:153-161.
139. McLean B., Juniper B.E. The arrangement of actin bundles and chloroplasts in the nodal regions of Characean internodal cells. Eur. J. Phycol. 1993, 28:33-37.
140. McLean B., Whatley J.M., Juniper B.E. Continuity of chloroplast and endoplasmic-reticulum membranes in Chara and Equisetum. New Phytol. 1988, 109(1):59-65.
141. Menzel D. How do giant plant cells cope with injury?-The wound response in siphonous green algae. Protoplasma 1988, 144:73-91.
142. Métraux J.-P., Richmond P.A., Taiz L. Control of cell elongation in Nitella by endogenous cell wall pH gradients. Plant Physiol. 1980, 65:204-210.
143. + pumps in the plasma membrane and tonoplast of characean cells. J. Plant Res. 1995, 108:249-2567.
144. Morimatsu M., Nakamura A., Sumiyoshi H., Sakaba N., Taniguchi H., Kohama K., Higashi-Fujime S. The molecular structure of the fastest myosin from green algae, Chara. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2000, 270(1):147-152.
145. Morrison J.C., Greve L.C., Richmond P.A. Cell wall synthesis during growth and maturation of Nitella internodal cells. Planta 1993, 189:321-328.
146. Murata T., Sonobe S., Baskin T.I., Hyodo S., Hasezawa S., Nagata T., Horio T., Hasebe M. Microtubule-dependent microtubule nucleation based on recruitment of gamma-tubulin in higher plants. Nat. Cell Biol. 2005, 7:961-968.
147. Nagai R., Rebhun L.I. Cytoplasmic microfilaments in streaming Nitella cells. J. Ultrastr. Res. 1966, 14:57-589.
148. Neville A.C., Levy S. Helicoidal orientation of cellulose microfibrils in Nitella opaca internode cells ultrastructure and computed theoretical effects of strain reorientation during wall growth. Protoplasma 1984, 162:370-384.
149. Ni C.Z., Wang H.Q., Xu T., Qu Z., Liu G.Q. AtKP1, a kinesin-like protein, mainly localizes to mitochondria in Arabidopsis thaliana. Cell Res. 2005, 15(9):725-733.
150. Nothnagel E.A., Sanger J.W., Webb W.W. Effects of exogenous proteins on cytoplasmic streaming in perfused Chara cells. J. Cell Biol. 1982, 93:735-742.
151. Oehlkers J. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Kernteilung bei den Characeen. Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 1916, 34:223-227.
152. Offler C.E., McCurdy D.W., Patrick J.W., Talbot M.J. Transfer cells, cells specialized for a special purpose. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 2003, 54:431-454.
153. Oikawa A., Matsuda F., Kikuyama M., Mimura T., Saito K. Metabolomics of a single vacuole reveals metabolic dynamism in an alga Chara australis. Plant Physiol. 2011, 157(2):544-551.
154. Overton E. Beiträge zur Histologie und Physiologie der Characeen. Bot. Centralbl. 1890, 44:1-10. and 33-38.
155. Padmasree K., Padmavathi L., Raghavendra A.S. Essentiality of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism for photosynthesis, optimization of carbon assimilation and protection against photoinhibition. Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2002, 37(2):71-119.
156. Palevitz B.A., Hepler P.K. Identification of actin in situ at the ectoplasm-endoplasm interface of Nitella. Microfilament-chloroplast association. J. Cell Biol. 1975, 65:29-38.
157. Peaucelle A., Braybrook S., Höfte H. Cell wall mechanics and growth control in plants, the role of pectins revisited. Front. Plant Sci. 2012, 3:121.
158. Pesacreta T.C., Lucas W.J. Plasma-membrane coat and a coated vesicle-associated reticulum of membranes-their structure and possible interrelationship in Chara corallina. J. Cell Biol. 1984, 98(4):1537-1545.
159. Pickett-Heaps J.D. Ultrastructure and differentiation in Chara sp. I. Vegetative cells. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 1967, 20:539-551.
160. Pickett-Heaps J.D. Green Algae 1975, Sinauer Ass. Inc., Sunderland, Mass.
161. Plieth C., Tabrizi H., Hansen U.P. Relationship between banding and photosynthetic activity in Chara corallina as studied by spatially different induction curves of chlorophyll fluorescence observed by an image analysis system. Physiol. Plant. 1994, 91:205-211.
162. Popper Z.A., Fry S.C. Primary cell wall composition of bryophytes and charophytes. Ann. Bot. 2003, 91(1):1-12.
163. Price G.D., Badger M.R., Bassett M.E., Whitecross M.I. Involvement of plasmalemmasomes and carbonic anhydrase in photosynthetic utilization of bicarbonate in Chara corallina. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 1985, 12:241-256.
164. Probine M.C. Cell growth and the structure and mechanical property of the wall in internodal cells of Nitella opaca. III. Spiral growth and cell wall structure. J. Exp. Bot. 1963, 14:101-113.
165. Probine M.C., Preston R.D. Cell growth and the structure and mechanical properties of the wall in internodal cells of Nitella opaca. I. Wall structure and growth. J. Exp. Bot. 1961, 12:261-282.
166. Probine M.C., Preston J. Cell growth and the structure and mechanical properties of the wall in internodal cells of Nitella opaca. II. Mechanical properties of the walls. J. Exp. Bot. 1962, 13:111.
167. Proseus T.E., Boyer J.S. Calcium pectate chemistry controls growth rate of Chara corallina. J. Exp. Bot. 2006, 57(15):3989-4002.
168. Proseus T.E., Boyer J.S. Calcium deprivation disrupts enlargement of Chara corallina cells, further evidence for the calcium pectate cycle. J. Exp. Bot. 2012, 63(10):3953-3958.
169. Proseus T.E., Zhu G.-L., Boyer J.S. Turgor, temperature and the growth of plant cells, using Chara corallina as a model system. J. Exp. Bot. 2000, 51(350):1481-1494.
170. Raven J.A., Smith F.A., Walker N.A. Biomineralization in the Charophyceae sensu lato. The Systematics Association, Special Volume No 30 1986, 125-139. Clarendon Press, Oxford. B.S.C. Leadbeater, R. Riding (Eds.).
171. Ray S., Klenell M., Choo K.S., Pedersen M., Snoeijs P. Carbon acquisition mechanisms in Chara tomentosa. Aquat. Bot. 2003, 76:141-154.
172. Richmond P.A., Metraux J.P., Taiz L. Cell expansion patterns and directionality of wall mechanical properties in Nitella. Plant Physiol. 1980, 65:211-217.
173. Roelofsen P.A. The Plant Cell Wall 1959, Borntraeger, Berlin-Nikolassee.
174. Sainsbury F., Collings D.A., Mackun K., Gardiner J., Harper J.D.I., Marc J. Developmental reorientation of transverse cortical microtubules to longitudinal directions, a role for actomyosin-based streaming and partial microtubule-membrane detachment. Plant J. 2008, 56(1):116-131.
175. Sakano K., Tazawa M. Intracellular distribution of free amino acids between the vacuolar and extravacuolar compartments in internodal cells of Chara australis. Plant Cell Physiol. 1984, 25(8):1477-1486.
176. Schmit A.C. Acentrosomal microtubule nucleation in higher plants. Int. Rev. Cytol. 2002, 220:257-289.
177. Schmölzer P.M., Höftberger M., Foissner I. Plasma membrane domains participate in pH banding of Chara internodal cells. Plant Cell Physiol. 2011, 52(8):1274-1288.
178. Schuetz K., Tyerman S.D. Water channels in Chara corallina. J. Exp. Bot. 1997, 48:1511-1518.
179. Schulte C., Kirst G.O., Winter U. Source-sink characteristic of photoassimilate transport in fertile and sterile plants of Chara vulgaris L. Bot. Acta 1994, 107:362-368.
180. Shen E.Y.F. Amitosis in Chara. Cytologia 1967, 32:481-488.
181. Shen E.Y.F. Microspectrophotometric analysis of nuclear DNA in Chara zeylanica. J. Cell Biol. 1967, 35:377-384.
182. Shepherd V.A., Shimmen T., Beilby M.J. Mechanosensory ion channels in Chara, the influence of cell turgor pressure on touch-activated receptor potentials and action potentials. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 2001, 28(7):551-566.
183. Shepherd V.A., Beilby M.J., Al Khazaaly S.A.S., Shimmen T. Mechano-perception in Chara cells, the influence of salinity and calcium on touch-activated receptor potentials, action potentials and ion transport. Plant Cell Environ. 2008, 31(11):1575-1591.
184. Shibata Y., Hu J., Kozlov M.M., Rapoport T.A. Mechanisms shaping the membranes of cellular organelles. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 2009, 25:329-354.
185. Shimmen T. The sliding theory of cytoplasmic streaming: fifty years of progress. J. Plant Res. 2007, 120(1):31-43.
186. Shimmen T. Electrophysiological characterization of the node in Chara corallina. Functional differentiation for wounding response. Plant Cell Physiol. 2008, 49(2):264-272.
187. Shimmen T., Yamamoto A. Induction of a new alkaline band at a target position in internodal cells of Chara corallina. Plant Cell Physiol. 2002, 43(9):980-983.
188. Shimmen T., Yokota E. Cytoplasmic streaming in plants. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 2004, 16(1):68-72.
189. Silverberg B.A., Sawa T. A cytochemical and ultrastructural study of the echinate cytoplasmic inclusion in Nitella flexilis (Characeae). Can. J. Bot. 1974, 52:159-165.
190. Smith J.R., Walker N.A. Membrane conductance of Chara measured in the acid and basic zones. J. Membr. Biol. 1983, 73:193-202.
191. Sokol R.C., Stross R.G. Phytochrome-mediated germination of very sensitive oospores. Plant Physiol. 1992, 100(3):1132-1136.
192. Sorensen I., Pettolino F.A., Bacic A., Ralph J., Lu F., O'Neill M.A., Fei Z., Rose J.K.C., Domozych D.S., Willats W.G.T. The charophycean green algae provide insights into the early origins of plant cell walls. Plant J. 2011, 68:201-211.
193. Sparkes I.A., Frigerio L., Tolley N., Hawes C. The plant endoplasmic reticulum, a cell-wide web. Biochem. J. 2009, 423:145-155.
194. Spear D.G., Barr J.K., Barr C.E. Localization of hydrogen ion and chloride ion fluxes in Nitella. J. Gen. Physiol. 1969, 54:397-414.
195. Stabenau H., Winkler U. Glycolate metabolism in green algae. Physiol. Plant. 2005, 123(3):235-245.
196. Stabenau H., Saftel W., Winkler U. Microbodies of the alga Chara. Physiol. Plant. 2003, 118(1):16-20.
197. Staehelin L.A. The plant ER, a dynamic organelle composed of a large number of discrete functional domains. Plant J. 1997, 11:1151-1165.
198. Steudle E., Tyerman S.D. Determination of permeability coefficients, reflection coefficients, and hydraulic conductivity of Chara corallina using the pressure probe, effects of solute concentrations. J. Membr. Biol. 1983, 75:85-96.
199. Sugimoto K., Williamson R.E., Wasteneys G.O. New techniques enable comparative analysis of microtubule orientation, wall texture, and growth rate in intact roots of Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 2000, 124:1493-1506.
200. Sumiyoshi H., Ooguchi M., Ooi A., Okagaki T., Higashi-Fujime S. Insight into the mechanism of fast movement of myosin from Chara corallina. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2007, 64(2):131-142.
201. Taiz L., Metraux J.-P., Richmond P.A. Control of cell expansion in the Nitella internode. Cytomorphogenesis in Plants 1981, 231-264. Springer, New York. O. Kiermayer (Ed.).
202. + pumps, past and present. J. Plant Res. 2003, 116(5):399-400.
203. + pump. J. Plant Res. 2003, 116(5):419-442.
204. Tazawa M., Shimmen T. Cell motility and ionic relations in characean cells as revealed by internal perfusion and cell models. Int. Rev. Cyt. 1987, 109:259-312.
205. Tazawa M., Shimmen T. How characean cells have contributed to the progress of plant membrane biophysics. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 2001, 28:523-539.
206. Tominaga M., Kimura A., Yokota E., Haraguchi T., Shimmen T., Yamamoto K., Nakano A., Ito K. Cytoplasmic streaming velocity as a plant size determinant. Dev. Cell 2013, 27(3):345-352.
207. Toole G.A., Gunning P.A., Parker M.L., Smith A.C., Waldron K.W. Fracture mechanics of the cell wall of Chara corallina. Planta 2001, 212(4):606-611.
208. Toole G.A., Smith A.C., Waldron K.W. The effect of physical and chemical treatment on the mechanical properties of the cell wall of the alga Chara corallina. Planta 2002, 214:468-475.
209. Trontelj Z., Thiel G., Jazbinsek V. Magnetic measurements in plant electrophysiology. Plant Electrophysiology, Theory and Methods 2006, 187-220. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. A.G. Volkov (Ed.).
210. Turmel M., Pombert J.F., Charlebois P., Otis C., Lemieux C. The green algal ancestry of land plants as revealed by the chloroplast genome. Int. J. Plant Sci. 2007, 168(5):679-689.
211. Umrath K. Über Potentialmessungen an Nitella mucronata mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Erregungserscheinungen. Protoplasma 1929, 5:576-597.
212. Underwood W. The plant cell wall, a dynamic barrier against pathogen invasion. Front. Plant Sci. 2012, 3:85.
213. Van Gestel K., Verbelen J.P. Giant mitochondria are a response to low oxygen pressure in cells of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). J. Exp. Bot. 2002, 53(371):1215-1218.
214. Van Gestel K., Kohler R.H., Verbelen J.P. Plant mitochondria move on F-actin, but their positioning in the cortical cytoplasm depends on both F-actin and microtubules. J. Exp. Bot. 2002, 53(369):659-667.
215. Villalba-Breva S., Martin-Closas C. A characean thallus with attached gyrogonites and associated fossil charophytes from the Maastrichtian of the Eastern Pyrenees (Catalonia, Spain). J. Phycol. 2011, 47:131-143.
216. Votava A. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Inhaltskörper und der Membran der Characeen. Öst. Bot. Zeitschrift 1914, 64:442-455.
217. Vouilloud A.A., Caceres E.J., Leonardi P.I. Amitosis, including nucleolar behaviour during fragmentation, in both axial and corticating cells of Chara contraria (Charales, Charophyta). Phycologia 2007, 46(2):178-186.
218. Wada M. Chloroplast movement. Plant Sci. 2013, 210:177-182.
219. Wada M., Kagawa T., Sato Y. Chloroplast movement. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 2003, 54:455-468.
220. Wang F., Liu P., Zhang Q., Zhu J., Chen T., Arimura S., Tsutsumi N., Lin J. Phosphorylation and ubiquitination of dynamin-related proteins (AtDRP3A/3B) synergically regulate mitochondrial proliferation during mitosis. Plant J. 2012, 72(1):43-56.
221. Wasteneys G.O. The characean cytoskeleton, spatial control in the cortical cytoplasm. The Cytoskeleton of the Algae 1992, 273-295. CRC PRess, Boca Raton. D. Menzel (Ed.).
222. Wasteneys G.O. Microtubule organization in the green kingdom, chaos or self-order?. J. Cell Sci. 2002, 115:1345-1354.
223. Wasteneys G.O., Ambrose J.C. Spatial organization of plant cortical microtubules, close encounters of the 2D kind. Trends Cell Biol. 2009, 19:62-71.
224. Wasteneys G.O., Williamson R.E. Microtubule orientation in developing internodal cells of Nitella-a quantitative analysis. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 1987, 43:14-22.
225. Wasteneys G.O., Williamson R.E. Reassembly of microtubules in Nitella tasmanica-assembly of cortical microtubules in branching clusters and its relevance to steady-state microtubule assembly. J. Cell Sci. 1989, 93:705-714.
226. Wasteneys G.O., Williamson R.E. Reassembly of microtubules in Nitella tasmanica-quantitative analysis of assembly and orientation. Eur. J. Biol. 1989, 50:76-83.
227. Wasteneys G.O., Williamson R.E. Endoplasmic microtubules and nucleus-associated actin rings in Nitella internodal cells. Protoplasma 1991, 162:86-98.
228. Wasteneys G.O., Williamson R.E. Microtubule organization differs between acid and alkaline bands in internodal cells of Chara but bands can develop in the absence of microtubules. Planta 1992, 188:99-105.
229. Wasteneys G.O., Williamson R.E. Cortical microtubule organization and internodal cell maturation in Chara corallina. Bot. Acta 1993, 106:136-142.
230. Wasteneys G.O., Jablonsky P.P., Williamson R.E. Assembly of purified brain tubulin at cortical and endoplasmic sites in perfused internodal cells of the alga Nitella tasmanica. Cell Biol. Int. Rep. 1989, 13:513-528.
231. Wasteneys G.O., Gunning B.E.S., Hepler P.K. Microinjection of fluorescent brain tubulin reveals dynamic properties of cortical microtubules in living plant cells. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 1993, 24:205-213.
232. Wasteneys G.O., Collings D.A., Gunning B.E.S., Hepler P.K., Menzel D. Actin in living and fixed characean internodal cells. Identification of a cortical array of fine actin strands and chloroplast actin rings. Protoplasma 1996, 190:25-38.
233. Wayne R. The excitability of plant cells, with a special emphasis on characean internodal cells. Bot. Rev. 1994, 60:265-367.
234. Wei C.F., Lintilhac P.M. Loss of stability, a new look at the physics of cell wall behavior during plant cell growth. Plant Physiol. 2007, 145(3):763-772.
235. Williamson R.E. Actin in the alga, Chara corallina. Nature 1974, 248:801-802.
236. Williamson R.E. Cytoplasmic streaming in Chara-cell model activated by ATP and inhibited by cytochalasin-B. J. Cell Sci. 1975, 17(3):655-668.
237. Williamson R.E. Immobilisation of organelles and actin bundles in the cortical cytoplasm of the alga Chara corallina Klein ex. Wild. Planta 1985, 163:1-8.
238. 2+ and cytoplasmic streaming in the alga Chara. Nature 1982, 296(5858):647-651.
239. Williamson R.E., Hurley U.A. Growth and regrowth of actin bundles in Chara-bundle assembly by mechanisms differing in sensitivity to cytochalasin. J. Cell Sci. 1986, 85:21-32.
240. Williamson R.E., Hurley U.A., Perkin J.L. Regeneration of actin bundles in Chara, polarized growth and orientation by endoplasmic flow. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 1984, 34:221-228.
241. Williamson R.E., Grolig F., Hurley U.A., Jablonski P.P., Mccurdy D.W., Wasteneys G.O. Methods for studying the plant cytoskeleton. Plant Fibers 1989, vol. 10:203-218. Springer, Berlin. H.F. Linskens, J.F. Jackson (Eds.).
242. Wodniok S., Brinkmann H., Glockner G., Heidel A., Philippe H., Melkonian M., Becker B. Origin of land plants, do conjugating green algae hold the key?. BMC Evol. Biogeosci. 2011, 11(1):104.
243. Wood R.D., Imahori K. Monograph of the Characeae 1965, Cramer, Weinheim.
244. Yang X.Y., Chen Z.W., Xu T., Qu Z., Pan X.D., Qin X.H., Ren D.T., Liu G.Q. Arabidopsis kinesin KP1 specifically interacts with VDAC3, a mitochondrial protein, and regulates respiration during seed germination at low temperature. Plant Cell 2011, 23(3):1093-1106.
245. Ye Q., Kim Y.M., Steudle E. A re-examination of the minor role of unstirred layers during the measurement of transport coefficients of Chara corallina internodes with the cell pressure probe. Plant Cell Environ. 2006, 29(5):964-980.
246. Zimmermann U., Steudle E. The hydraulic conductivity and volumetric elastic modulus of cells and isolated cell walls of Nitella and Chara spp., Pressure and volume effects. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 1975, 2:1-12.