A day in the life of fish larvae: Modeling foraging and growth using quirks

PLoS ONE

Volumn 9, Issue 6, 2014, Pages

  Huebert, Klaus B ^a   Peck, Myron A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HAMBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ATLANTIC COD; ATLANTIC HERRING; BIOMASS ALLOCATION; BODY GROWTH; BODY SIZE; COMPARATIVE STUDY; COMPUTER MODEL; COMPUTER PROGRAM; CONTROLLED STUDY; DRY MASS; ENGRAULIS ENCRASICOLUS; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS; ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE; FISH; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; GROWTH RATE; HEAT TOLERANCE; LARVA; MARINE SPECIES; MORPHOLOGY; NATURAL SELECTION; NONHUMAN; OPTIMAL FORAGING; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; PREDATION; PREY; PREY CONCENTRATION; PUBLISHING; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; SPRATTUS SPRATTUS; STOCHASTIC MODEL; TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE; TURBULENT FLOW; UNCERTAINTY; VALIDATION PROCESS; ANIMAL; ECOSYSTEM; FOOD CHAIN; PHYSIOLOGY; REPRODUCIBILITY; THEORETICAL MODEL;

ANIMALS; ECOSYSTEM; FISHES; FOOD CHAIN; LARVA; MODELS, THEORETICAL; PREDATORY BEHAVIOR; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS;

EID: 84902438532     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098205     Document Type: Article

References (115)

1. Durant JM, Hjermann DØ, Ottersen G, Stenseth NC (2007) Climate and the match or mismatch between predator requirements and resource availability. Clim Res 33: 271. doi:10.3354/cr033271.
2. Houde ED (2008) Emerging from Hjort's Shadow. Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science 41: 53-70. doi:10.2960/J.v41.m634.
3. Peck MA, Huebert KB, Llopiz JK (2012) Intrinsic and extrinsic factors driving match-mismatch dynamics during the early life history of marine fishes. Adv Ecol Res 47: 177-302. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-398315-2.00003-X.
4. Miller TJ (2007) Contribution of individual-based coupled physical-biological models to understanding recruitment in marine fish populations. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 347: 127-138. doi:10.3354/meps06973.
5. Peck MA, Hufnagl M (2012) Can IBMs tell us why most larvae die in the sea? Model sensitivities and scenarios reveal research needs. J Mar Syst 93: 77-93. doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2011.08.005.
6. R Development Core Team (2013) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available: http://www.R-project.org/.
7. Follows MJ, Dutkiewicz S (2011) Modeling Diverse Communities of Marine Microbes. Ann Rev Mar Sci 3: 427-451. doi:10.1146/annurev-marine-120709-142848.
8. Record NR, Pershing AJ, Maps F (2013) Emergent copepod communities in an adaptive trait-structured model. Ecol Modell 260: 11-24. doi:10.1016/j. ecolmodel.2013.03.018.
9. Letcher BH, Rice JA, Crowder LB, Rose KA (1996) Variability in survival of larval fish: disentangling components with a generalized individual-based model. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 53: 787-801. doi:10.1139/f95-241.
10. Kooijman SALM (2009) Dynamic energy budget theory for metabolic organisation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 532 p.
11. van der Veer HW, Kooijman SALM, van der Meer J (2003) Body size scaling relationships in flatfish as predicted by Dynamic Energy Budgets (DEB theory): implications for recruitment. J Sea Res 50: 257-272. doi:10.1016/j.seares.2003. 05.001.
12. Laurel BJ, Hurst TP, Copeman LA, Davis MW (2008) The role of temperature on the growth and survival of early and late hatching Pacific cod larvae (Gadus macrocephalus) . J Plankton Res 30: 1051-1060. doi:10.1093/plankt/fbn057.
13. Peck MA, Kühn W, Hinrichsen HH, Pohlmann T (2009) Inter-annual and inter-specific differences in the drift of fish eggs and yolksac larvae in the North Sea: A biophysical modeling approach. Sci Mar 73: 23-36. doi:10.3989/scimar.2009.73s1023.
14. Miller TJ, Crowder LB, Rice JA, Marschall EA (1988) Larval size and recruitment mechanisms in fishes: toward a conceptual framework. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 45: 1657-1670. doi:10.1139/f88-197.
15. Munk P (1992) Foraging behavior and prey size spectra of larval herring Clupea harengus. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 80: 149-158.
16. Buckley LJ, Durbin EG (2006) Seasonal and inter-annual trends in the zooplankton prey and growth rate of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) larvae on Georges Bank. Deep Sea Res Part II Top Stud Oceanogr 53: 2758-2770. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.08.009. (Pubitemid 44854533)
17. Geffen AJ (2002) Length of herring larvae in relation to age and time of hatching. J Fish Biol 60: 479-485. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2002.tb00295.x.
18. Palomera I, Morales-Nin B, Lleonart J (1988) Larval growth of anchovy, Engraulis encrasicolus, in the Western Mediterranean Sea. Mar Biol 99: 283-291. doi:10.1007/BF00391991.
19. Peck MA, Clemmesen C, Herrmann JP (2005) Ontogenic changes in the allometric scaling of the mass and length relationship in Sprattus sprattus. J Fish Biol 66: 882-887. doi:10.1111/j.0022-1112.2005.00651.x. (Pubitemid 40428299)
20. Brander KM (1994) The Location and Timing of Cod Spawning Around the British Isles. ICES J Mar Sci 51: 71-89. doi:10.1006/jmsc.1994.1007.
21. Munk P, Nielsen JG, editors (2005) Eggs and Larvae of North Sea Fishes. Frederiksberg, Denmark: Biofolia. 215 p.
22. Baumann H, Malzahn AM, Voss R, Temming A (2009) The German Bight (North Sea) is a nursery area for both locally and externally produced sprat juveniles. J Sea Res 61: 234-243. doi:10.1016/j.seares.2009.01.004.
23. Hufnagl M, Peck MA (2011) Physiological individual-based modelling of larval Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) foraging and growth: insights on climate-driven life-history scheduling. ICES J Mar Sci 68: 1170-1188. doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsr078.
24. Locarnini RA, Mishonov AV, Antonov JI, Boyer TP, Garcia HE, et al. (2010) World Ocean Atlas 2009, Volume 1: Temperature. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 68. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 184.
25. Bivand R, Lewin-Koh N (2013) maptools: Tools for reading and handling spatial objects. Available: http://CRAN.R-project.org/package =maptools.
26. Daewel U, Peck MA, Schrum C (2011) Life history strategy and impacts of environmental variability on early life stages of two marine fishes in the North Sea: an individual-based modelling approach. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 68: 426-443. doi:10.1139/f10-164.
27. Gerritsen J, Strickler JR (1977) Encounter probabilities and community structure in zooplankton: a mathematical model. J Fish Res Board Can 34: 73-82. doi:10.1139/f77-008.
28. Eldridge MB, Echeverria T, Whipple JA (1977) Energetics of Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) embryos and larvae exposed to low concentrations of benzene, a monoaromatic component of crude oil. Trans Am Fish Soc 106: 452-461. doi:10.1577/1548-8659(1977)106<452:EOPHCH>2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 8240637)
29. Brett JR, Groves TDD (1979) Physiological Energetics. Fish Physiology 8: 279-352.
30. Boehlert GW, Yoklavich MM (1984) Carbon assimilation as a function of ingestion rate in larval pacific herring, Clupea harengus pallasi Valenciennes. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 79: 251-262. doi:10.1016/0022-0981(84)90199-0.
31. Laurence GC, Lough RG (1985) Growth and survival of larval fishes in relation to the trophodynamics of Georges Bank cod and haddock. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-F/NEC-36: 1-150.
32. Theilacker GH (1987) Feeding ecology and growth energetics of larval northern anchovy, Engraulis mordax. Fish Bull (Wash D C) 85: 213-228.
33. Arrhenius F, Hansson S (1996) Growth and seasonal changes in energy content of young Baltic Sea herring (Clupea harengus L.). ICES J Mar Sci 53: 792-801. doi:10.1006/jmsc.1996.0100.
34. Platt T, Denman K (1977) Organisation in the pelagic ecosystem. Helgol Mar Res 30: 575-581. doi:10.1007/BF02207862.
35. Sheldon RW, Prakash A, Sutcliffe WH Jr (1972) The size distribution of particles in the ocean. Limnol Oceanogr: 327-340. doi:10.4319/lo.1972.17.3.0327.
36. Kerr SR, Dickie LM (2001) The Biomass Spectrum: A Predator-Prey Theory of Aquatic Production. New York: Columbia University Press. 352 p.
37. Irigoien X, Fernandes JA, Grosjean P, Denis K, Albaina A, et al. (2009) Spring zooplankton distribution in the Bay of Biscay from 1998 to 2006 in relation with anchovy recruitment. J Plankton Res 31: 1-17. doi:10.1093/plankt/ fbn096.
38. Brown JH, Gillooly JF, Allen AP, Savage VM, West GB (2004) Toward a metabolic theory of ecology. Ecology 85: 1771-1789. doi:10.1890/03-9000. (Pubitemid 39188101)
39. Uye S, Sano K (1995) Seasonal reproductive biology of the small cyclopoid copepod Oithona davisae in a temperate eutrophic inlet. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 118: 121-128. (Pubitemid 26446508)
40. Hay SJ, Evans GT, Gamble JC (1988) Birth, growth and death rates for enclosed populations of calanoid copepods. J Plankton Res 10: 431-454. doi:10.1093/plankt/10.3.431. (Pubitemid 19325745)
41. Ruzicka JJ, Gallager SM (2006) The importance of the cost of swimming to the foraging behavior and ecology of larval cod (Gadus morhua) on Georges Bank. Deep Sea Res Part II Top Stud Oceanogr 53: 2708-2734. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2006. 08.014. (Pubitemid 44869017)
42. Menden-Deuer S, Lessard EJ (2000) Carbon to volume relationships for dinoflagellates, diatoms, and other protist plankton. Limnol Oceanogr 45: 569-579. (Pubitemid 30247467)
43. Stephens DW, Krebs JR (1986) Foraging Theory. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 262 p.
44. Kolmogorov AN (1991) The local structure of turbulence in incompressible viscous fluid for very large reynolds numbers. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 434: 9-13. doi:10.1098/rspa.1991.0075.
45. Pope SB (2000) Turbulent Flows. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 802 p.
46. Sreenivasan KR (1995) On the universality of the Kolmogorov constant. Phys Fluids (1994) 7: 2778. doi:10.1063/1.868656.
47. Yeung PK, Zhou Y (1997) Universality of the Kolmogorov constant in numerical simulations of turbulence. Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics 56: 1746. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.56.1746.
48. Hill PS, Nowell ARM, Jumars PA (1992) Encounter rate by turbulent shear of particles similar in diameter to the Kolmogorov scale. J Mar Res 50: 643-668. doi:10.1357/002224092784797539.
49. MacKenzie BR, Kiørboe T (2000) Larval fish feeding and turbulence: A case for the downside. Limnol Oceanogr 45: 1-10. doi:10.4319/lo.2000.45.1. 0001. (Pubitemid 30065594)
50. Rosenthal H (1969) Untersuchungen über das Beutefangverhalten bei Larven des Herings Clupea harengus. Mar Biol 3: 208-221. doi:10.1007/BF00360953.
51. Catalán IA, Folkvord A, Palomera I, Qui'lez-Badía G, Kallianoti F, et al. (2010) Growth and feeding patterns of European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) early life stages in the Aegean Sea (NE Mediterranean). Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 86: 299-312. doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2009.11.033.
52. Kiørboe T, Munk P, Richardson K (1987) Respiration and growth of larval herring Clupea harengus : relation between specific dynamic action and growth efficiency. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 40: 1-10.
53. Dulčić J (1998) Larval growth of sprat, Sprattus sprattus phalericus, larvae in the Northern Adriatic. Fish Res 36: 117-126. doi:10.1016/S0165-7836(98)00108-8.
54. Burchard H, Bolding K, Rippeth TP, Stips A, Simpson JH, et al. (2002) Microstructure of turbulence in the Northern North Sea: A comparative study of observations and model simulations. J Sea Res 47: 223-238. doi:10.1016/S1385- 1101(02)00126-0. (Pubitemid 34817035)
55. MacKenzie BR, Kiørboe T (1995) Encounter rates and swimming behavior of pause-travel and cruise larval fish predators in calm and turbulent laboratory environments. Limnol Oceanogr 40: 1278-1289. (Pubitemid 3016474)
56. Puvanendran V, Brown JA (2002) Foraging, growth and survival of Atlantic cod larvae reared in different light intensities and photoperiods. Aquaculture 214: 131-151. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00045-5. (Pubitemid 35224591)
57. Otterlei E, Nyhammer G, Folkvord A, Stefansson SO (1999) Temperature-and size-dependent growth of larval and early juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua): a comparative study of Norwegian coastal cod and northeast Arctic cod. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 56: 2099-2111. doi:10.1139/f99-168. (Pubitemid 30656153)
58. Houde ED (1987) Fish early life dynamics and recruitment variability. Am Fish S S 2: 17-29.
59. Takasuka A, Aoki I, Mitani I (2003) Evidence of growth-selective predation on larval Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus in Sagami Bay. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 252: 223-238. doi:10.3354/meps252223. (Pubitemid 36599448)
60. Takasuka A, Aoki I, Oozeki Y (2007) Predator-specific growth-selective predation on larval Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus . Mar Ecol Prog Ser 350: 99-107. doi:10.3354/meps07158.
61. Peck MA, Daewel U (2007) Physiologically based limits to food consumption, and individual-based modeling of foraging and growth of larval fishes. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. doi:10.3354/meps06976.
62. Rosenthal H, Hempel G (1970) Experimental studies in feeding and food requirements of herring larvae (Clupea harengus L.). In: Steele JH, editor. Marine Food Chains. Berkeley: University of California Press. 344-364.
63. Munk P, Kiørboe T (1985) Feeding behaviour and swimming activity of larval herring (Clupea harengus) in relation to density of copepod nauplii. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 24: 15-21.
64. Kiørboe T, Munk P (1986) Feeding and growth of larval herring, Clupea harengus, in relation to density of copepod nauplii. Environ Biol Fishes 17: 133-139. doi:10.1007/BF00001743.
65. Munk P (1995) Foraging behaviour of larval cod (Gadus morhua) influenced by prey density and hunger. Mar Biol 122: 205-212. doi:10.1007/BF00348933.
66. Hunt von Herbing I, Gallager SM (2000) Foraging behavior in early Atlantic cod larvae (Gadus morhua) feeding on a protozoan (Balanion sp.) and a copepod nauplius (Pseudodiaptomus sp.). Mar Biol 136: 591-602. doi:10.1007/s002270050719.
67. Galbraith PS, Browman HI, Racca RG, Skiftesvik AB, Saint-Pierre JF (2004) Effect of turbulence on the energetics of foraging in Atlantic cod Gadus morhua larvae. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 281: 241-257. doi:10.3354/meps281241. (Pubitemid 39569287)
68. Hunter JR (1972) Swimming and feeding behavior of larval anchovy Engraulis mordax. Fish Bull (Wash D C) 70: 821-838.
69. Houde ED, Schekter RC (1980) Feeding by marine fish larvae: developmental and functional responses. Environ Biol Fishes 5: 315-334. doi:10.1007/ BF00005186.
70. Chesney EJ (2008) Foraging behavior of bay anchovy larvae, Anchoa mitchilli. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 362: 117-124. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2008.06.011.
71. Fransz HG, Colebrook JM, Gamble JC, Krause M (1991) The zooplankton of the north sea. Neth J Sea Res 28: 1-52. doi:10.1016/0077-7579(91)90003-J.
72. Chesson J (1978) Measuring preference in selective predation. Ecology: 211-215. doi:10.2307/1936364.
73. Paulsen M, Hammer C, Malzahn AM, Polte P, von Dorrien C, et al. (2013) Nutritional situation for larval Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus L.) in two nursery areas in the western Baltic Sea. ICES J Mar Sci. doi:10.1093/icesjms/ fst168.
74. Rothschild BJ, Osborn TR (1988) Small-scale turbulence and plankton contact rates. J Plankton Res 10: 465-474. doi:10.1093/plankt/10.3.465. (Pubitemid 19325704)
75. MacKenzie BR, Miller TJ, Cyr S, Leggett WC (1994) Evidence for a Dome-Shaped Relationship Between Turbulence and Larval Fish Ingestion Rates. Limnol Oceanogr 39: 1790-1799. doi:10.4319/lo.1994.39.8.1790.
76. Werner FE, Perry RI, Lough GR, Naimie CE (1996) Trophodynamic and advective influences on Georges Bank larval cod and haddock. Deep Sea Res Part II Top Stud Oceanogr 43: 1793-1822. doi:10.1016/S0967-0645(96)00042-2.
77. Fiksen Ø, Utne ACW, Aksnes DI, Eiane K, Helvik JV, et al. (1998) Modelling the influence of light, turbulence and ontogeny on ingestion rates in larval cod and herring. Fish Oceanogr 7: 355-363. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2419.1998. 00068.x. (Pubitemid 29020264)
78. Kato Y, Takebe T, Masuma S, Kitagawa T, Kimura S (2008) Turbulence effect on survival and feeding of Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis larvae, on the basis of a rearing experiment. Fish Sci 74: 48-53. doi:10.1111/j.1444-2906. 2007.01495.x. (Pubitemid 351197306)
79. Kimura S, Nakata H, Margulies D, Suter JM, Hunt SL (2004) Effect of oceanic turbulence on the survival of yellowfin tuna larvae. Nippon Suisan Gakk 70: 175-178. doi:10.2331/suisan.70.175. (Pubitemid 38717989)
80. Oshima M, Kato Y, Masuda R, Kimura S, Yamashita Y (2009) Effect of turbulence on feeding intensity and survival of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus pelagic larvae. J Fish Biol 75: 1639-1647. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649. 2009.02390.x.
81. Pécseli HL, Trulsen J, Fiksen Ø (2012) Predator-prey encounter and capture rates for plankton in turbulent environments. Prog Oceanogr 101: 14-32. doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2011.12.001.
82. Kiørboe T, MacKenzie B (1995) Turbulence-enhanced prey encounter rates in larval fish: effects of spatial scale, larval behaviour and size. J Plankton Res 17: 2319-2331. doi:10.1093/plankt/17.12.2319. (Pubitemid 3022490)
83. Fiksen Ø, MacKenzie B (2002) Process-based models of feeding and prey selection in larval fish. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 243: 151-164. doi:10.3354/meps243151. (Pubitemid 35436656)
84. Govoni JJ, Boehlert GW, Watanabe Y (1986) The physiology of digestion in fish larvae. Environ Biol Fishes 16: 59-77. doi:10.1007/BF00005160.
85. Pörtner HO, Peck MA (2010) Climate change effects on fishes and fisheries: towards a cause-and-effect understanding. J Fish Biol 77: 1745-1779. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02783.x.
86. Tudela S, Palomera I, Quílez G (2002) Feeding of anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus larvae in the north-west Mediterranean. J Mar Biolog Assoc UK 82: 349-350. doi:10.1017/S0025315402005568.
87. Broughton EA, Lough RG (2010) General trends and interannual variability in prey selection by larval cod and haddock from the southern flank of Georges Bank, May 1993-1997. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE-217: 1: 32.
88. Voss R, Köster FW, Dickmann M (2003) Comparing the feeding habits of co-occurring sprat (Sprattus sprattus) and cod (Gadus morhua) larvae in the Bornholm Basin, Baltic Sea. Fish Res 63: 97-111. doi:10.1016/S0165-7836(02) 00282-5. (Pubitemid 36725814)
89. Kühn W, Peck MA, Hinrichsen HH, Daewel U, Moll A, et al. (2008) Defining habitats suitable for larval fish in the German Bight (southern North Sea): An IBM approach using spatially-and temporally-resolved, size-structured prey fields. J Mar Syst 74: 329-342. doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.02.002.
90. Finn RN, Fyhn HJ, Evjen MS (1995) Physiological energetics of developing embryos and yolk-sac larvae of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). I. Respiration and nitrogen metabolism. Mar Biol 124: 355-369. doi:10.1007/BF00363909. (Pubitemid 26287443)
91. Houde ED, Schekter RC (1983) Oxygen uptake and comparative energetics among eggs and larvae of three subtropical marine fishes. Mar Biol 72: 283-293. doi:10.1007/BF00396834.
92. Lough RG, Buckley LJ, Werner FE, Quinlan JA, Pehrson Edwards K (2005) A general biophysical model of larval cod (Gadus morhua) growth applied to populations on Georges Bank. Fish Oceanogr 14: 241-262. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2419. 2005.00330.x.
93. Regner S (1985) Ecology of planktonic stages of the anchovy, Engraulis encrasicolus (Linnaeus, 1758), in the central Adriatic. Acta Adriat.
94. Yin MC, Blaxter JHS (1987) Temperature, salinity tolerance, and buoyancy during early development and starvation of Clyde and North Sea herring, cod, and flounder larvae. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 107: 279-290. doi:10.1016/0022-0981(87) 90044-X.
95. Peck MA, Baumann H, Bernreuther M, Clemmesen C, Herrmann JP, et al. (2012) The ecophysiology of Sprattus sprattus in the Baltic and North Seas. Prog Oceanogr 103: 42-57. doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2012.04.013.
96. Pedersen BH (1984) The intestinal evacuation rates of larval herring (Clupea harengus L.) predating on wild plankton. Dana 3: 21-30.
97. Pepin P, Penney R (2000) Feeding by a larval fish community: impact on zooplankton. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 204: 199-212. doi:10.3354/meps204199.
98. Tilseth S, Ellertsen B (1984) Food consumption rate and gut evacuation processes of first feeding cod larvae (Gadus morhua L.). Flodevigen Rapportserie 1: 167-182.
99. Ré P (1987) Ecology of the planktonic phase of the anchovy, Engraulis encrasicolus (Linnaeus, 1758), within Mira Estuary (Portugal). Invest Pesq 51.
100. Blaxter JHS (1965) The feeding of herring larvae and their ecology in relation to feeding. CalCOFI Reports 10: 79-88.
101. Houde ED, Zastrow CE (1993) Ecosystem-and taxon-specific dynamic and energetics properties of larval fish assemblages. Bull Mar Sci 53: 290-335. (Pubitemid 24417136)
102. Checkley DM Jr (1984) Relation of growth to ingestion for larvae of Atlantic herring Clupea harengus and other fish. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 18: 215-224.
103. Ruzicka JJ, Gallager SM (2006) The saltatory search behavior of larval cod (Gadus morhua). Deep Sea Res Part II Top Stud Oceanogr 53: 2735-2757. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.09.003. (Pubitemid 44854532)
104. Buskey EJ, Coulter C, Strom S (1993) Locomotory Patterns of Microzooplankton: Potential Effects on Food Selectivity of Larval Fish. Bull Mar Sci 53: 29-43. (Pubitemid 24416147)
105. Titelman J, Kiørboe T (2003) Motility of copepod nauplii and implications for food encounter. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 247: 123-135. doi:10.3354/meps247123. (Pubitemid 36229863)
106. Regner S (1996) Effects of environmental changes on early stages and reproduction of anchovy in the Adriatic Sea. Sci Mar 60: 167-177.
107. García A, Cortés D, Ramírez T (1998) Daily larval growth and RNA and DNA content of the NW Mediterranean anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus and their relations to the environment. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 166: 237-245. doi:10.3354/meps166237.
108. Sabatés A, Salat J, Palomera I, Emelianov M, Fernández de Puelles ML, et al. (2007) Advection of anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) larvae along the Catalan continental slope (NW Mediterranean). Fish Oceanogr 16: 130-141. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2419.2006.00416.x.
109. Laurence GC (1978) Comparative growth, respiration and delayed feeding abilities of larval cod (Gadus morhua) and Haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) as influenced by temperature during laboratory studies. Mar Biol 50: 1-7. doi:10.1007/BF00390536.
110. Caldarone EM, St Onge-Burns JM, Buckley LJ (2003) Relationship of RNA/DNA ratio and temperature to growth in larvae of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 262: 229-240. doi:10.3354/meps262229. (Pubitemid 37496519)
111. Johannessen A, Blom G, Folkvord A (2000) Differences in growth pattern between spring and autumn spawned herring (Clupea harengus L.) larvae. Sarsia 85: 461-466.
112. Folkvord A, Johannessen A, Moksness E (2004) Temperature-dependent otolith growth in Norwegian spring-spawning herring (Clupea harengus L.) larvae. Sarsia 89: 297-310. doi:10.1080/00364820410002532. (Pubitemid 39483990)
113. Alshuth S (1988) Daily growth increments on otoliths of laboratory-reared sprat, Sprattus sprattus L., larvae. Meeresforschung 32: 23-29.
114. Munk P (1993) Differential growth of larval Sprat Sprattus sprattus across a tidal front in the eastern North Sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 99: 17-27.
115. ICES (2013) Report of the Herring Assessment Working Group for the Area South of 62 N (HAWG).