Plunging into Haiti: Clinton, Aristide, and the defeat of diplomacy

Plunging into Haiti: Clinton, Aristide, and the Defeat of Diplomacy

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 1-312

  Pezzullo, Ralph ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84902420654     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (211)

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2. Pezzullo and Pezzullo, At the Fall of Somoza (University of Pittsburgh Press, 1993), 218.
3. Earl Caldwell, "The Prez Begins to Do Right by Haiti," New York Daily News, March 19, 1993.
4. Robert Lawless, Haiti's Bad Press (Rochester, VT: Schenkman Books, 1992), iv.
5. Christopher Caldwell, "Haiti Mongers," American Spectator, July 1994, 32.
6. Gwen Ifill, "Haitian Is Offered Clinton's Support," New York Times, March 17, 1993, 1.
7. Dwight Worker, "Haiti on the Brink of Ecocide," E: The Environmental Magazine, July 1994, 38.
8. William Booth, "Bad Voodoo," GQ, October 1993.
9. Jorgen Leth and Amanda Mitchison, "The Wrecking Crew," Independent Magazine, April 23, 1994, 32.
10. Peter Katel, "Looking Out for Their Own Skin," Newsweek, August 30, 1993, 43.
11. Herbert Gold, The Best Nighmare on Earth: A Life In Haiti (New York: Prentice Hall, 1991), 258.
12. Bernard Diederich and Al Burt, Papa Doc: Haiti and Its Dictator (Maplewood, NJ: Waterfront Press, 1991), 215.
13. Robert Louis Stern, The French Slave Trade in the Eighteenth Century (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1979), 85.
14. Edward Reynolds, Stand the Storm: A History of the Atlantic Slave Trade (London: Allison & Busby, 1985), 33.
15. Carolyn Fisk, The Making of Haiti (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1990), 26.
16. Wade Davis, The Serpent and the Rainbow (New York: Warner Books, 1985), 235.
17. Elizabeth Bishop, Haiti: The Duvaliers and Their Legacy (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1988), 13.
18. Cited in Robert Heinl and Nancy Heinl, Written in Blood (Boston: Houghon Mifflin, 1978), 37.
19. Thomas Ott, The Haitian Revolution (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1973), 37.
20. Martin Ros, Night of Fire: Black Napoleon and the Battle for Haiti (New York: Saredon, 1991), 168.
21. Cited in Ian Thomson, Bonjour Blanc (London: Huchinson, 1992), 52.
22. Ros, Night of Fire, 166.
23. Thomson, Bonjour Blanc, 52.
24. Jorgen Leth and Amanda Mitchison, "Wrecking Crew," Independent Magazine, April 24, 1993.
25. Maya Deren, Divine Horsemen: The Living Gods of Haiti (New York: McPherson & Co., 1953), 41.
26. Carole Cleaver, "Carnival Rum, Uneasy Calm: The Other Side of Haiti," The New Leader, March 8, 1993, 11.
27. Howard French, "U.S. Prepares to Get Tough with Haiti's Generals," New York Times, April 21, 1993.
28. Howard French, "Haiti Army Spurns Offer of Amnesty," New York Times, April 17, 1993.
29. Howard French, "Haiti Pays Dearly for Military Coup," New York Times, December 25, 1991, 1.
30. Ludwell Lee Montague, Haiti and the United States (New York: Russell & Russell, 1966), 34.
31. Winthrop Jordan, The White Man's Burden: Historical Origins of Racism in the United States (London: Oxford Press, 1974), 147.
32. Elizabeth Abbott, Haiti: The Duvaliers and Their Legacy (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1988), 17.
33. James Franklin, The Present State of Hayti (London: John Murray, 1928), 25.
34. Michel-Rolph Trouillot, Haiti: State against Nation (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1990), 49.
35. Paul Farmer, The Uses of Haiti (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 1994), 75.
36. For an account of the early U.S. dilemma regarding Haiti, see Gordon S. Brown, Toussaint's Clause: The Founding Fathers and the Haitian Revolution (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2005).
37. Don Bohning, "U.S. Backs UN Police for Haiti," Miami Herald, May 9, 1991.
38. Howard French, "500 Foreign Police Readied for Haiti," New York Times, May 19, 1993, 3.
39. Herbert Gold, The Best Nightmare on Earth (New York: Prentice Hall, 1991), 62.
40. "Haiti's Premier Quits," New York Times, June 9, 1993, 13.
41. L'actualité en question, Haiti 1993 (Le Nouvelliste: Port-au-Prince, 1994), 135.
42. Jorgen Leth and Amanda Mitchison, "The Wrecking Crew," Independent Magazine, April 23, 1994, 28.
43. Frances Maclean, "They Didn't Speak Our Language, We Didn't Speak Theirs," Smithsonian, January 1993, 45.
44. Michael Rolph-Trouillot, Haiti: State against Nation, Origins and Legacy of Duvalierism (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1990), 27.
45. Francis Maclean, Smithsonian, January 1993, 47.
46. Herbert Gold, The Best Nightmare on Earth (New York: Prentice Hall, 1991), 17.
47. Paul Farmer, The Uses of Haiti (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 1994), 99.
48. Hans Schmidt, The U.S. Occupation of Haiti (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1971), 150.
49. Carolyn Fowler, A Knot in the Thread (Washington, DC: Howard University Press, 1980), 15.
50. J. P. Sartre, "Orpheé Noir," Anthologie de la Nouvelle Poésie Négre (Paris: PUF, 1948), xiii.
51. Michael Rolph-Trouillot, Haiti: State Against Nation, Origins and Legacy of Duvalierism (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1990), 103.
52. Maclean, Smithsonian, 57.
53. Mark Danner, "A Reporter at Large: Haiti," New Yorker, December 4, 1989, 114.
54. Elizabeth Abbott, The Duvaliers and Their Legacy (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1988), 66.
55. Abbott, The Duvaliers and Their Legacy, 96.
56. Gold, The Best Nightmare on Earth, 17.
57. Anthony P. Maingot, "Haiti: The Political Rot Within," Current History, February 1995, 60.
58. Abbott, The Duvaliers and Their Legacy, 157.
59. Howard French, "Haiti's Military Leaders Reported Unyielding at Talks," New York Times, June 29, 1993, 3.
60. Howard French, "Haiti's Military Leaders Reported Unyielding at Talks," New York Times, June 29, 1993, 3.
61. L'Atualité en Question: Haiti 1993 (Le Nouvelliste, 1994), 151.
62. James Morrell, "The Governors Island Accord on Haiti," International Policy Report, September 1993.
63. Jean-Bertrand Aristide, Aristide: An Autobiography (New York City: Orbis, 1993), 31.
64. Mark Danner, "The Prophet Aristide," New York Review of Books, November 11, 1993, 30.
65. Elizabeth Abbott, The Duvaliers and Their Legacy (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1988), 252.
66. Aristide, Aristide: An Autobiography, 43.
67. Aristide, Aristide: An Autobiography, 62.
68. Danner, "Haiti: Beyond the Mountains, Part 1," New Yorker, November 27, 1989, 60.
69. Amy Wilentz, The Rainy Season (New York City: Simon & Schuster, 1989), 132.
70. Danner, "Haiti: Beyond the Mountains, Part 1," 94.
71. Danner, "Haiti: Beyond the Mountains, Part 3," New Yorker, December 11, 1989, 120.
72. Wilentz, The Rainy Season, 391.
73. Paul Farmer, The Uses of Haiti (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 1994), 150.
74. Herbert Gold, The Best Nightmare on Earth (New York: Prentice Hall, 1991), 17.
75. Howard French, "Haitian Military and Aristide Sign Pact to End Crisis," New York Times, July 4, 1993, 1.
76. Larry Hohter, "Haitian General Begins a Selling Job," New York Times, July 5, 1998, 4.
77. L'actualité en question (Port-au-Prince, Haiti: Le Nouvelliste, 1994), 160.
78. L'actualité en Question (Port-au-Prince, Haiti: Le Nouvelliste, 1994), 166.
79. Richard Bernstein, "Haitians Approve Political Truce," New York Times, July 18, 1993, 7.
80. Mark Danner, "The Fall of the Prophet," New York Review of Books, December 2, 1993, 47.
81. Jean-Bertrand Aristide, Aristide: An Autobiography (Mary Knoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1992), 115.
82. "Haiti: A Whiff of the Bad Old Days," Economist 316, no. 7664 (July 21, 1990): 44.
83. Danner, "The Fall of the Prophet," 47.
84. Council of Freely Elected Heads of Government, The 1990 General Elections in Haiti, 1991, 47.
85. Don Bohning, Miami Herald, November 26, 1990.
86. Howard French, "Front-Running Priest a Shock to Haiti," New York Times, December 13, 1990.
87. Henry F. Carey, "Electoral Observation and Democratization in Haiti," Electoral Observation and Democratization in Latin America, ed. Kevin Middlebrook (San Diego, CA: Center for U.S. Mexican Studies, 1998), 147.
88. Danner, "The Fall of the Prophet," 48.
89. Radio Métropole broadcast, January 8, 1991.
90. The 1990 General Elections in Haiti, 1991, 88.
91. Raymond Alcide Joseph, "Father Aristide and Other Haitian Myths," Forbes Media Critic 1, no. 3 (1994): 30.
92. Aristide, Aristide: An Autobiography, 126.
93. Howard French, "Ex-backers of Ousted Haitian Say He Alienated His Allies," New York Times, October 22, 1991, 10.
94. Radio Métropolitan, August 5, 1991.
95. Bella Stumbo, "A Place Called Fear," Vanity Fair, February 1994, 117.
96. David Adams, "Haiti's Rich Families Financed Coup That Toppled Aristide," San Francisco Chronicle, October 22, 1991.
97. Radio National, September 27, 1991.
98. Amy Wilentz, "The Oppositionist," New Republic, October 28, 1991.
99. Aristide, Aristide: An Autobiography, 156.
100. "Haiti: Why the Coup Matters," Newsweek, October 14, 1991, 34.
101. Bella Stumbo, "A Place Called Fear," Vanity Fair, February 1994, 75.
102. Ambrose Evans-Pritchard, "Getting to Know the General," National Review, November 29, 1995, 25.
103. Vanity Fair, February 1994, 75.
104. Aristide, Aristide: An Autobiography, 158.
105. "Haiti's Military Assumes Power after Troops Arrest the President," New York Times, October 1, 1991, 1.
106. L'actualité en question (Port-au-Prince, Haiti: Le Nouvelliste, 1994), 175.
107. David Binder, "Clinton Urges Haitian Leader to Appoint a New Premier," New York Times, July 23, 1993, 8.
108. Howard French, "Reluctant Politician Dives into Haiti's Hot Water," New York Times, August 4, 1993, 4.
109. Fax from Despouy, August 23, 1995.
110. French, "Reluctant Politician Dives into Haiti's Hot Water," 4.
111. David Binder, "Haiti's Premier Is Installed," New York Times, August 30, 1993, 3.
112. Howard French, "Hospital Mirrors Country," New York Times, May 2, 1993, 19.
113. "Prominent Backer of Aristide Slain after Mass," New York Times, September 12, 1993, 8
114. United Nations General Assembly, 48th Session, "The Situation on Democracy and Human Rights in Haiti," November 18, 1993, A/48/532/Add.1, 12-13.
115. State Department, "Report to Congress on the Participation or Involvement of Members of the Haitian Government in Human Rights Violations between 12/15/90 and 12/15/94," 10.
116. UN General Assembly, "The Situation on Democracy," 2.
117. Christopher Caldwell, "Haiti-Mongers," American Spectator, July 1994, 5.
118. Confidential memo from Robert Malval to President Aristide, September 15, 1993.
119. Steven A. Holmes, "Aristide Asks for Removal of Army and Police Chiefs," New York Times, September 22, 1993, 3.
120. White House Press Release, "UN Passes SC Resolution Authorizing Deployment," September 24, 1993.
121. "L'actualité en question," Le Nouvelliste, 234.
122. "Haiti: Mission Impossible," New York Times, October 10, 1993, 14.
123. Howard French, "First Foreign Troops Arrive under Peace Plan for Haiti," New York Times, October 7, 1993, 12.
124. Howard French, "Unrest Continues in Haiti's Capital," New York Times, October 6, 1993, 5.
125. Gary Pierre-Pierre, "Standoff in Haiti: Terror of Duvalier Years Is Haunting Haiti Again," New York Times, October 18, 1993, 6.
126. Bella Stumbo, "A Place Called Fear," Vanity Fair, February 1994, 120.
127. Walter E. Kretchik, "Planning for Intervention: The Strategic and Operational Setting for Upholding Democracy," U.S. Army Command General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 41.
128. George J. Church, "In and Out with the Tide," Time, October 25, 1993, 27.
129. Kretchik, "Planning for Intervention," 43.
130. Steven Homes, "Bid to Restore Haiti's Leader Is Derailed," New York Times, October 13, 1993, 1.
131. MacNeil-Lehrer NewsHour, October 12, 1993.
132. Gwen Ifill, "U.S. Presses New Haitian Plan," New York Times, October 15, 1993, 1.
133. Gary Pierre-Pierre, "Rights Monitors Are Pulled Out of Haiti," New York Times, October 16, 1993, 4.
134. Gary Pierre-Pierre, "Standoff in Haiti: Port-au-Prince, City of Many Divides," New York Times, October 17, 1993, 14.
135. Howard French, "Standoff in Haiti: Haiti General Refuses to Budge," New York Times, October 18, 1993, 6.
136. Gary Pierre-Pierre, "Amid Strife, Haiti Parliament Struggles with Itself," New York Times, October 31, 1993, 12.
137. Bella Stumbo, "Haiti: A Place Called Fear," Vanity Fair, February 1994, 120.
138. Paul Lewis, "Aristide Asks UN to Place Total Embargo on Haiti," New York Times, October 29, 1993, 6.
139. Douglas Farah, "Haitian Military Senses Victory over Sanctions," Washington Post, November 11, 1993.
140. Steven Holmes, "Admistration Is Fighting Itself on Haiti Policy," New York Times, October 23, 1993, 1
141. Note from Mike Kozak, June 4, 1998.
142. R. Jeffrey Smith and John M. Goshko, "CIA's Aristide Profile Spurs Hill Concern," Washington Post, October 22, 1993.
143. Thomas Friedman, "Standoff in Haiti: Dole to Offer Bill to Limit President on GI Role in Haiti," New York Times, October 18, 1993, 1.
144. Frank McCloskey, "Christopher, Resign," New York Times, October 24, 1993, 15.
145. Howard French, "As Aristide Fails to Return, His Foes Celebrate in Haiti," New York Times, October 31, 1993, 12.
146. John M. Goshko, "Haitian Premier Cancels Plans for Reconciliation Conference," Washington Post, December 16, 1993, A37.
147. Howard French, "Premier of Haiti Criticizes Aristide," New York Times, December 20, 1993, 1.
148. Howard French, "Study Shows Haiti Sanctions Kill Up to 1,000 Children a Month," New York Times, November 11, 1993, 1.
149. "Thousands of Haitians Ask Asylum in the U.S.," New York Times, December 9, 1993, 7.
150. Steven Holmes, "Pressure Builds over Return of Boat People to Haiti," New York Times, December 17, 1993, 17.
151. Daniel Williams, "Aristide Rejects New U.S. Effort to Jump-Start Talks," Washington Post, December 22, 1993, 2.
152. Steven Holmes, "Exiled Haitian Rebuffs Diplomats," New York Times, December 22, 1993, 3.
153. Kenneth Fried, "U.S. Said to Drop Bid to Reinstate Haiti President," Los Angeles Times, December 21, 1993, 1.
154. "The Haitian Deadlock," Washington Post, December 22, 1993.
155. Steven Greenhouse, "Aristide Organizes Haiti Conference," New York Times, December 24, 1993, 3.
156. Mary McGrory, "The Trouble with Haiti," Washington Post, January 6, 1994, A2.
157. Robert D. Novak, "Adieu to Aristide," Washington Post, January 6, 1994, A27.
158. Howard French, "Aristide Seeks to Rally Support," New York Times, January 18, 1994, 10.
159. French, "Aristide Seeks to Rally Support," 10.
160. Howard French, "UN Sanctions against Haiti Are Hampering Relief Efforts," New York Times, January 11, 1994, 1.
161. Steven Holmes, "Spread of Hunger Denied," New York Times, December 2, 1993, 2.
162. Howard French, "Gonvaives Journal: The Bogeyman's Back," New York Times, January 21, 1994, 4.
163. "U.S., Aristide Fight Bitter War of Words," Baltimore Sun, February 11, 1994.
164. Norman Kemster, "America Urges Aristide to Agree to Plan for Coalition Government," Los Angeles Times, February 18, 1994, 1.
165. Christopher Marquis, "White House Defends Haiti Policy," Miami Herald, February 24, 1994, 20.
166. "Aristide Faulted by US," Boston Globe, February 19, 1994, 4.
167. John Milne, "Aristide Renews Call to Tighten Embargo," Boston Globe, February 25, 1994, 2.
168. Joseph Kennedy I.I., "What Should Be Done about Haiti?" Boston Sunday Globe, February 27, 1994.
169. Derrick Z. Jackson, "Clinton's Inaction Hurting Haiti," Boston Globe, March 1, 1994.
170. Susan Benesch, "Firms Run Out of Hope, Cash," Miami Herald, February 24, 1994, 20.
171. Christopher Marquis, "Aristide Rips Repatriation," Miami Herald, February 9, 1994, 1.
172. Testimony of Michael Barnes before the Senate Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere Affairs, March 8, 1994.
173. Testimony of Father Richard Ryscavage, Executive Director of the U.S. Catholic Conference Office of Migration and Refugee Services before the Senate Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere Affairs, March 8, 1994.
174. Stephanis Nebehay, "Aristide Calls for Democracy, Rejects New U.S. Plan," Reuters News Service, March 2, 1994.
175. Derrick Z. Jackson, "Clinton's Inaction Hurting Haiti," Boston Globe, March 1, 1994.
176. Mary McCrory, "Buoying Haiti in Whitewater," Washington Post, March 15, 1994, 2A.
177. "Haiti: The Plan No One Wants," New York Times, March 15, 1994.
178. De Wayne Wickham, "Regaining Power a Lost Cause for Aristide," USA Today, March 14, 1994.
179. Opening remarks of Senator Christopher Dodd before the Senate Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere Affairs, March 8, 1994.
180. Testimony before the Senate Subcommittee, March 8, 1994.
181. "Aristide Unbending in Talks with UN Chief," New York Times, March 6, 1994, 6.
182. Ron Howell, "U.S. Outraged at Aristide's Slap," New York Newsday, April 4, 1994, 3.
183. Transcript of Vice President Gore's meeting with President Aristide, March 25, 1994.
184. Letter from President Aristide to Anthony Lake, March 30, 1994.
185. Christopher Marquis, "Aristide Says He'll End U.S. Immigration Pact," Miami Herald, April 6, 1994, 18.
186. Michael Norton, "Aristide's Supporters' Fate Worsens," Washington Times, April 8, 1994.
187. Richard Cohen, "Haiti: Time for Muscle," Washington Post, April 7, 1994, 27.
188. William Raspbery, "Equality for Haitians," Washington Post, April 8, 1994, 21.
189. Murray Kempton, "Blindness in Haiti," New York Newsday, May 6, 1994.
190. Elaine Sciolino, "Embassy in Haiti Doubts Aristide's Rights Reports," New York Times, May 9, 1994, 3.
191. Randall Robinson, "Haiti's Agony, Clinton's Shame," New York Times, April 17, 1994.
192. Steven Greenhouse, "Aristide Condemns Clinton's Haiti Policy," New York Times, April 22, 1994.
193. Daniel Williams, "U.S. Advisor on Haiti Is Ousted," Washington Post, April 27, 1994.
194. "Choices in Haiti," Washington Post, April 25, 1994.
195. Laura Blumenfeld, "Haiti's Fast Friend," Washington Post, May 4, 1994, C1.
196. Paul Anderson and Christopher Marquis, "Activist's Fast Galvanizes Opposition to Haiti Policy," Miami Herald, May 5, 1994, 6A.
197. Blumenfeld, "Haiti's Fast Friends," C1.
198. Larry Rohter, "US Lets 400 Haitians in Florida," New York Times, April 23, 1994.
199. Ron Howell, "Force in Haiti?" Newsday, May 4, 1994, A21.
200. Andrew Downie, "Aristide Foe Installed as Haiti's President," Washington Post, May 12, 1994, 13A.
201. Reprinted in the Congressional Record, September 29, 1994, H10357.
202. Larry Rohter, "Haitian Military Greets Invasion Vote with Defiance," New York Times, August 2, 1994, A3.
203. Elaine Sciolino, "Top U.S. Officials Divided in Debate on Invading Haiti," New York Times, August 4, 1994, 1.
204. Bill Lambrecht, "Politics of Terror Claiming Victims," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 23, 1994, 4A.
205. Douglas Jehl, "Your Time Is Up," New York Times, September 16, 1994, 1.
206. Larry Rohter, "In Port-au-Prince, Signs of Invasion Are in the Air," New York Times, September 15, 1994, A8.
207. Rick Bragg, "Varying Views on Role of Haiti General's Wife," New York Times, September 26, 1994.
208. New York Times, September 26, 1994.
209. ABC News Nightline, "From Invasion to Intervention," September 22, 1994.
210. ABC News Nightline, September 22, 1994.
211. "Clinton Tells Nation a Three-Year Objective Has Been Attained," New York Times, September 19, 1994, A8.