Revisiting those fists some forty years hence

Reconstructing Fame: Sport, Race, and Evolving Reputations

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 102-126

  Hill, Urla ^a  

^a SAN JOSE STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84902406889     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (63)

1. Yehuda Amichai, Even a Fist Was Once an Open Palm with Fingers (New York: Harper Perennial, 1991).
2. Ken Regan, American Photographer, 1996, p. 71.
3. Douglas Hartmann, Race, Culture, and the Revolt of the Black Athlete: The 1968 Olympic Protests and Their Aftermath (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 9-10.
4. Hartmann, Race, Culture, 12.
5. Rage Against the Machine, Freedom Fighter of the Month, http://www.ratm.com/new/freedom/main.html (12 January 2006).
6. Back Cover, Black Men, no. 65, August 2006.
7. Duncan MacKay, "Black Power Talking," Athletics Weekly, 55, no. 20 16 May 2001: 23.
8. Hartmann, Race, Culture, 50.
9. Alan Tomlinson and Garry Whannel, Five Ring Circus: Money, Power and Politics at the Olympic Games, (London: Pluto Press, 1984), 40.
10. Urla Hill, "Speed City: The Civil Rights Years" (master's thesis, San Francisco State University, 2005), 40.
11. Harry Edwards, The Revolt of the Black Athlete, (New York: Free Press, 1970), 42.
12. "A Declaration of Rights at San José," San Francisco Chronicle, 22 September 1967: 1A.
13. Hartmann, Race, Culture, 50.
14. Hartmann, Race, Culture, 50.
15. Hartmann, Race, Culture, 50.
16. Robert D. Clark, "Activism on Campus," Peninsula Herald, 19 October 1968: 65.
17. Edwards, Revolt, 43.
18. Jeffrey O. G. Ogbar, Black Power: Radical Politics ad African American Identity (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004), 227.
19. Kevin B. Witherspoon, "Protest at the Pyramid: The 1968 Mexico City Olympics and the Politi-cization of the Olympic Games." PhD diss., Florida State University, 2003, 69.
20. Witherspoon, "Protest at the Pyramid," 41.
21. George Wright, interview by author, Chico, California, April 21, 2004. Wright is a retired political science professor from California State University at Chico.
22. Edwards, Revolt, 58-59.
23. Edwards, Revolt, 44.
24. "Activism on Campus 1960s and 1970s" Citizen News, Hollywood, CA, 25 November 1967.
25. Hartmann, Race, Culture, 64.
26. Edwards, Revolt, 58.
27. Gottfriend Korff, "From Brotherly Handshake to Militant Clenched Fist: On Political Metaphors for the Worker's Hand," International Labor and Working-Class History, no. 42 (Fall 1992): 71-72.
28. Phil Patton, "Not Your Grandparents' Clenched Fist," Voice: AIGA Journal of Design, 10 January 2006, http://voice.aiga.org/content.cfm? ContentAlias=-getfullarticle&aid=1402490 (21 April 2006).
29. Steven Hilliard Stern, Fists of Freedom: The Story of the '68 Summer Games, HBO Sports. Directed by George Roy (Black Canyon Productions, 1999).
30. George Willis, "2 Raised Fists Still Breaking Down Barriers," New York Post On-Line, 22 August 1999, http://promotions.nypost.com (22 August 2001).
31. Hartmann, Race, Culture, 174.
32. Martin Duberman, "Black Power and the American Radical Tradition" in Left Out: The Politics of Exclusions/Essays 1964-1999, ed. Martin Duberman (Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 2002), 169.
33. Duberman, "Black Power" 169.
34. Algernon Austin, "Cultural Black Nationalism and the Meaning of Black Power" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Atlanta, GA, August 16, 2003)
35. Algernon Austin, Achieving Blackness: Race, Black Nationalism, and Afrocentrism in the Twentieth Century (New York: New York University Press, 2006).
36. Peniel E. Joseph, Waiting 'til the Midnight Hour: A Narrative History of Black Power in America (New York: Henry Holt and Co., 2006), xiv.
37. Joseph, Waiting, 174.
38. Edwards, Revolt, xv.
39. Edwards, Revolt, xv.
40. Jeffrey Ogbar, telephone interview by author, November 28, 2006. One film to which Ogbar refers is La Bataille du Rail
41. Réné Clément, Director/Writer. Coopérative Générale du Cinéma Français, 1946.
42. Kenny Moore, "A Courageous Stand: In '68, Olympians Tommie Smith and John Carlos Raised Their Fists for Racial Justice" Sports Illustrated, 5 August 1991, 72.
43. Ogbar, interview.
44. Lawrence W. Levine, Black Culture and Black Consciousness: Afro-American Folk Thought from Slavery to Freedom (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007).
45. Martin Luther King, Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community (New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1967), 32.
46. Dick Hallgren, "San José Professor Joins Black Panthers" San Francisco Chronicle, 12 April 1968. San José State Special Collections. Folder: Racial Problems (general), Activism on Campus, 1960s and 1970s (Box 167, 168).
47. Hallgren, "San José Professor."
48. Hallgren, "San José Professor."
49. Diaz, G. Pedro, "Victoria sin Violéncia en Mexico 68" (Victory without Violence in Mexico 68), El Universal, 21 October 2003: D1. Diaz reports that Smith remembers discussing the pratfalls inherent to the Panther's platform with his teammates, noting that they agreed that they "didn't agree with the Black Panthers' tactics."
50. Robert D. Clark, "Wrath and Rapture in the Cult of Athletics," San José Studies: San José State University Journal of Arts, Humanities, Social Sciences, and Business, XIV, no. 3 (Fall 1988): 65.
51. Diaz, "Victoria sin Violéncia" D1.
52. Urla Hill, "The Protest of Champions: Looking Back on a Courageous Moment in Olympic History," Dallas Morning News, 19 September 1988: 1D
53. Howard Cosell and Peter Bonventure, I Never Played the Game (New York: William Morrow, 1985).
54. Elliott Almond, "A Fist Frozen in Time: Tommie Smith Finally Tells Rest of the Story of His '68 Olympic Protest," San José Mercury News, 8 May 2007, http://www.mercurynews.com/books/ci-5831303 (26 June 2007).
55. "Their Immortal Fists: Symbol of Defiance Will Now Live Forever (Maybe Even Send Message to China)," Black Athlete Sports Network, 30 May 2005. http://www.blackathlete.net/Blackbox/blackbox053005.html, (27 June 2007). Note: All punctuation and capitalization printed verbatim from their original text.
56. Dave Zirin, "What's My Name Fool?": Sports and Resistance in the United States. (Chicago: Hay-market Books, 2005).
57. Dave Zirin, "When Fists Are Frozen: The Statue of Tommie Smith and John Carlos. Common Dreams News Center, 20 October 2005, http://www. commondreams.org/cgi-bin/print.cgi?file=/views05/1020-28.htm (25 June 2007).
58. Zirin, "When Fists."
59. Hartmann, Race, Culture, 9-10.
60. Almond, "A Fist Frozen."
61. Tommie Smith and David Steele, Silent Gesture: The Autobiography of Tommie Smith (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2007).
62. "My Mother the Carjacker," episode 315, March 1, 2007 (originally aired November 9, 2003).
63. Zirin, What's My Name, 88.