Understanding bioenergy conflicts: Case of a jatropha project in Kenya's Tana Delta

Land Use Policy

Volumn 41, Issue , 2014, Pages 138-148

  Arevalo, J ^a   Ochieng, R ^b   Mola Yudego, B ^c   Gritten, D ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN FINLAND   (Finland)

^b WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^c NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE OF BIOECONOMY RESEARCH   (Norway)

^d RECOFTC The Center for People and Forests   (Thailand)

Author keywords

Bioenergy governance; Conflict management; Ethical Analysis

Indexed keywords

ANGIOSPERM; BIOENERGY; BIOFUEL; CONFLICT MANAGEMENT; ETHICS; GOVERNANCE APPROACH; LAND TENURE; PLANTATION; ENERGY PLANNING; PARTICIPATORY APPROACH; REGULATORY FRAMEWORK;

COAST PROVINCE; KENYA; TANA DELTA;

JATROPHA; JATROPHA CURCAS;

EID: 84902313890     PISSN: 02648377     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.05.002     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. ActionAid Fuelling evictions: community costs of EU biofuels boom 2011, Nairobi.
2. Alberta Securities Commission Cease Trade Order over Bedford Biofuels Tana Delta Phase I Investment Corporation 2012, 25 May 2012. Canada.
3. Amigun B., Musango J.K., Brent A.C. Community perspectives on the introduction of biodiesel production in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Energy 2011, 36(5):2502-2508.
4. Arndt C., Msangi S., Thurlow J. Are biofuels good for African development? An analytical framework with evidence from Mozambique and Tanzania. Biofuels 2011, 2(2):221-234.
5. Bedford Tana Delta Phase 1 Investment Corporation Product Summary 2010, http://www.trinitywealth.ca/articles/Bedford2010.pdf. Retrieved 13.1.2012.
6. Bedford Bedford Fuels website 2012, http://www.bedfordbiofuels.com/media/2012/01/13/tana-delta-phase-ten-weeks-after-planting. Retrieved 13.1.2012.
7. Birdlife International Birdlife International website 2011, http://www.birdlife.org/community/2011/10/death-threats-received-by-opponent-of-a-jatropha-project-in-tana-delta. Retrieved 15.3.2013.
8. Bolman L.G., Deal T.E. Reframing Organizations: Artistry Choice and Leadership 1997, 544. Jossey-Bass Publishers, San Francisco, USA.
9. Boone C. Politically allocated land rights and the geography of electoral violence: the case of Kenya in the 1990. Comparative Political Studies 2011, 44(10):1311-1342.
10. Brittaine R., Lutaladio N. Jatropha: A Smallholder Bioenergy Crop: The Potential for Pro-poor Development 2010, vol. 8. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO).
11. Carrington D. The Guardian 2011, http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/oct/30/africa-poor-west-biofuel-betrayal. Retrieved 13.3.2013.
12. Cotula L., Vermeulen S., Leonard R., Keeley J. Land grab or Development Opportunity? Agricultural Investment and International Land Deals in Africa 2010, International Institute for Environment and Development, London.
13. De Schutter O. How not to think of land-grabbing: three critiques of large-scale investments in farmland. The Journal of Peasant Studies 2011, 38(2):249-279.
14. Deutsch M. The Resolution of Conflict 1973, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, USA.
15. Dhiaulhaq A., Gritten D., De Bruyn T., Yasmi Y., Zazali A., Silalahi M. Transforming conflict in plantations through mediation: lessons and experiences from Sumatera, Indonesia. Forest Policy and Economics 2014, 41:22-30.
16. Diop D., Blanco M., Flammini A., Schlaifer M., Kropiwnicka M.A., Markhof M.M. Assessing the impact of biofuels production on developing countries from the point of view of Policy Coherence for Development 2013, Final report. AETS.
17. Edmonton Journal Kenya biofuel dream proves elusive for Alberta firm. 1.12.2012 2012, http://www.edmontonjournal.com/opinion/blogs/Kenyan+biofuel+dream+proves+elusive+Alberta+firm/7636520/story.html. Retrieved on 18.3.2013.
18. Eide A. The Right to Food and the Impact of Liquid Biofuels (Agrofuels) 2008, FAO, Rome.
19. Engel A., Korf B. Negotiation and Mediation Techniques for Natural Resource Management 2005, FAO, Rome, 150 pp.
20. European Commission Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30. Official Journal of the European Union 2009, 16-62.
21. European Commission New Commission proposal to minimise the climate impacts of biofuel production 2012, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-12-1112_en.htm. Retrieve 13.3.2013.
22. ESIASR Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study Report. Bedford Fuels (Tana Delta One) Ltd and Africa Business Foundation 2010, 162 pp. http://www.tanariverdelta.org/tana/10481-DSY/version/default/part/AttachmentData/data/EIA%20report-Bedford%20Biofuel%20Tana%20DeltaSept%202010.pdf. Retrieved 13.1.2012.
23. FAO Land tenure and rural development 2002, FAO Land Tenure Studies, 3, Rome.
24. FAO Voluntary Guidelines on the responsible governance of tenure of land, fisheries and forests in the context of national food security 2012, Rome.
25. Freeman R.E. Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach 1984, Pitman, Boston, USA, 276 pp.
26. Gao Y., Skutsch M., MaseraF O., Pacheco P. A global analysis of deforestation due to biofuel development 2011, CIFOR Working Paper 68, 100 pp.
27. Gaudine A., Thorne L. Emotion and ethical decision-making in organizations. Journal of Business Ethics 2001, 31(2):175-187.
28. Government of Kenya Sessional Paper No. 4 of 2004 on Energy 2004.
29. Government of Kenya Energy Act 2006 2006, Ministry of Energy.
30. Government of Kenya Constitution of Kenya, as published by the National Council for Law Reporting, with the Authority of the Attorney General 2010, Nairobi.
31. Grain Land grabbing for biofuels must stop. Report 2013, 23 pp. Barcelona.
32. Gray B. Framing of environmental disputes. Making Sense of Intractable Environmental Conflicts: Concepts and Cases 2003, 11-34. Island Press, Washington, DC, USA. R. Lewicki, B. Gray, M. Elliot (Eds.).
33. Gritten D. Facilitating resolution of forest conflicts through understanding the complexity of the relationship between forest industry and environmental groups 2009, Dissertationes Forestales, 91, 79 pp.
34. Gritten D., Saastamoinen O., Sajama S. Ethical Analysis: a structured approach to facilitate the resolution of forest conflicts. Forest Policy and Economics 2009, 11:555-560.
35. Gritten D., Mola-Yudego B., Delgado-Matas C., Kortelainen J. A quantitative review of the representation of forest conflicts across the world: resource periphery and emerging patterns. Forest Policy and Economics 2013, 33:11-20.
36. Hamelinck C., de Lovinfosse I., Koper M., Beestermoeller C., Nabe C., Kimmel M., et al. Renewable energy progress and biofuels sustainability 2012, Report for the European Commission, ENER/C1/463-2011-Lot2, 450 pp.
37. Hartman L.P. Perspectives in Business Ethics 2005, McGraw Hill, 816 pp.
38. Hellström E. Conflict cultures - qualitative comparative analysis of environmental conflicts in forestry 2001, Silva Fennica Monographs, 2, 109 pp.
39. Hunter N., Munguti S. Joint letter from the East African Wild Life Society and Nature Kenya to NEMA in response to the approval of Bedford's ESIA 2011, Nairobi, 24.5.2011.
40. Kant P., Wu S. The extraordinary collapse of Jatropha as a global biofuel. Environmental Science & Technology 2011, 45(17):7114-7115.
41. Kibazohi O., Sangwan R.S. Vegetable oil production potential from Jatropha curcas, Croton megalocarpus, Aleurites moluccana, Moringa oleifera and Pachira glabra: assessment of renewable energy resources for bio-energy production in Africa. Biomass and Bioenergy 2011, 35(3):1352-1356.
42. Krott M. Forest Policy Analysis 2005, Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 323 pp.
43. Kröger M., Nylund J.E. The conflict over Veracel pulpwood plantations in Brazil - application of Ethical analysis. Forest Policy and Economics 2012, 14:74-82.
44. Lynd L.R., Woods J. A new hope for Africa: bioenergy could help bring food security to the world's poorest continent. Nature 2011, 474:20-21.
45. Maltsoglou I., Koizumi T., Felix E. The status of bioenergy development in developing countries. Global Food Security 2013, 2(2):104-109.
46. Mediaplanet An independent supplement to the National Post, Issue 1. September 2011 2011, http://doc.mediaplanet.com/all_projects/7729.pdf. Retrieved on 18.3.2013.
47. Ministry of Lands Tana River Delta Land Use Plan Framework 2012, Physical Planning Department. Government of Kenya, Nairobi.
48. Ministry of Lands Tana River Delta. Strategic Environmental Assessment Scoping Report 2012, Ministry of Lands - Government of Kenya, Nairobi.
49. Mola-Yudego B., Gritten D. Determining forest conflict hotspots according to academic and environmental groups. Forest Policy and Economics 2010, 12(8):575-580.
50. Nature Canada Letter from Executive Director Ian Davidson to the Government of Canada 2011, 20.11.2011.
51. Nature Kenya Policy on Biofuels 2012, Nairobi.
52. NEMA Conditions for approval of environmental impact assessment study report for the proposed jatropha plantation project, Garsen Division, Tana Delta District 2011, Nairobi.
53. Ngugi M. Judgement of the Republic of Kenya in the High Court of Kenya at Nairobi, civil case no. 14 2010. Nairobi 2013, http://www.naturekenya.org/sites/default/files/TANA%20DELTA%20JUDGEMENT%2004-02-2013.pdf. Retrieved on 18.3.2013.
54. Nie M. Drivers in natural resource-based political conflict. Policy Sciences 2003, 36:307-341.
55. Oakland Institute Understanding land investment deals in Africa 2011, Country report: Mozambique. California.
56. Online PR Media Bedford Biofuels Marks First Successful Jatropha Crop in Eastern Kenya 2012, http://www.onlineprnews.com/news/266674-1348742544-bedford-biofuels-marks-first-successful-jatropha-crop-in-eastern-kenya.html. Retrieved on 24.6.2013.
57. Patel T., Dhiaulhaq A., Gritten D., Yasmi Y., De Bruyn T., Paudel N.S., Luintel H., Khatri D.B., Silori C., Suzuki R. Predicting Future Conflict under REDD+ Implementation. Forests 2013, 4(2):343-363.
58. Pilgrim S., Harvey M. Battles over biofuels in Europe: NGOs and the politics of markets. Sociological Research Online 2010, 15(3):4. http://www.socresonline.org.uk/15/3/4/4.pdf.
59. Putnam L.L., Wondolleck J. Intractability: definitions, dimensions, and distinctions. Making Sense of Intractable Environmental Conflicts 2003, 35-59. Island Press, Washington, DC. R.J. Lewicki, B. Gray, M. Elliot (Eds.).
60. Ramsar Tana River Delta added to the Ramsar List 2012, http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-news-archives-2012-kenya-tana/main/ramsar/1-26-45-520%5E25948_4000_0. Retrieved 24.6.2013.
61. Rawls J. Outline of a decision procedure for ethics. The Philosophical Review 1951, 60:177-197.
62. Rawls J. A Theory of Justice 1972, 624. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
63. Rest J. Background theory and research. Moral Development in the Professions 1994, 1-26. Erlbaum and Associates, USA. J. Rest, D. Narvaez (Eds.).
64. Roberts M.J., Reich M.R. Ethical analysis in public health. Lancet 2002, 359:1055-1059.
65. Rowley T.J., Moldoveanu M. When will stakeholder groups act? An interest- and identity-based model of stakeholder group mobilization. Academy of Management Review 2003, 28:204-209.
66. RSPB Royal Society for the Protection of Birds website. Tana Delta Case 2013, http://www.rspb.org.uk/ourwork/casework/details.aspx?id=tcm:9-228564. Retrieved 28.2.2013.
67. Segerstedt A., Bobert J. Revising the potential of large-scale Jatropha oil production in Tanzania: an economic land evaluation assessment. Energy Policy 2013, 57:491-505.
68. Smalley R., Corbera E. Large-scale land deals from the inside out: findings from Kenya's Tana Delta. Journal of Peasant Studies 2012, 39:1039-1075.
69. The Guardian Biofuels land grab in Kenya's Tana Delta fuels talk of war. 2.7.2011 2011, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jul/02/biofuels-land-grab-kenya-delta. Retrieved 18.3.2013.
70. The Star Locals welcome jatropha farming in Tana Delta. 22.1.2011 2011, http://www.the-star.co.ke/news/article-74406/locals-welcome-jatropha-farming-tana-delta. Retrieved 28.2.2013.
71. The Star NEMA directors suspended over illegal jatropha licences. 26.8.2011 2011, http://www.the-star.co.ke/news/article-51788/nema-directors-suspended-over-illegal-jatropha-licences. Retrieved 18.3.2013.
72. Terer T., Ndiritu G.G., Gikuchi N.N. Socio-economic values and traditional strategies of managing wetland resources in Lower Tana River, Kenya. Hydrobiologia 2004, 527:3-14.
73. van Dam J., Junginger M., Faaij A.P. From the global efforts on certification of bioenergy towards an integrated approach based on sustainable land use planning. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2010, 14(9):2445-2472.
74. WWF Putting the EU on Track for 100% Renewable Energy 2013, World Wide Fund for Nature, Brussels.