Body composition changes in pregnancy: Measurement, predictors and outcomes

European Journal of Clinical Nutrition

Volumn 68, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 643-652

  Widen, E M ^a,b,c   Gallagher, D ^a,b  

^a ST LUKE S ROOSEVELT HOSPITAL CENTER   (United States)

^b Institute of Human Nutrition and Department of Medicine College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University Medical Center ^*  (United States)

^c Department of Epidemiology Mailman School of Public Health Columbia University Medical Center ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTHROPOMETRY; BODY COMPOSITION; BODY DENSITY; BODY MASS; BODY WATER; BODY WEIGHT; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DENSITOMETRY; DUAL ENERGY X RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY; FAT FREE MASS; FAT MASS; FEMALE; FETUS OUTCOME; HUMAN; IMPEDANCE; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OBESITY; PREDICTION; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY OUTCOME; PREGNANT WOMAN; PREVALENCE; REVIEW; SKINFOLD THICKNESS; UNITED STATES; WEIGHT GAIN; ADIPOSE TISSUE; BODY FLUID COMPARTMENT; COMPLICATION; PHOTON ABSORPTIOMETRY;

ABSORPTIOMETRY, PHOTON; ADIPOSE TISSUE; ANTHROPOMETRY; BODY COMPOSITION; BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS; BODY MASS INDEX; ELECTRIC IMPEDANCE; FEMALE; HUMANS; OBESITY; PREGNANCY; WEIGHT GAIN;

EID: 84902076127     PISSN: 09543007     EISSN: 14765640     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.40     Document Type: Review

References (87)

1. Institute of Medicine. Weight Gain During Pregnancy: Reexamining the Guidelines. National Academies Press: Washington, DC, USA, 2009.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2011 Pregnancy Nutrition Surveillance: Summary of Trends in Maternal Health Indicators by Race/Ethnicity 2012 [cited 12 November 2012]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/PEDNSS/pnss- tables/pdf/national-table20.pdf.
3. Drehmer M, Duncan BB, Kac G, Schmidt MI. Association of second and third trimester weight gain in pregnancy with maternal and fetal outcomes. PLoS One 2013; 8: e54704.
4. Viswanathan M, Siega-Riz AM, Moos MK, Deierlein A, Mumford S, Knaack J et al. Outcomes of maternal weight gain. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep) 2008; 168: 1-223.
5. Margerison Zilko CE, Rehkopf D, Abrams B. Association of maternal gestational weight gain with short-and long-term maternal and child health outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 202: 574 e1-574 e8.
6. Mamun AA, Kinarivala M, O'Callaghan MJ, Williams GM, Najman JM, Callaway LK. Associations of excess weight gain during pregnancy with long-term maternal overweight and obesity: evidence from 21 y postpartum follow-up. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91: 1336-1341.
7. Deierlein AL, Siega-Riz AM, Adair LS, Herring AH. Effects of pre-pregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain on infant anthropometric outcomes. J Pediatr 2011; 158: 221-226.
8. Hinkle SN, Sharma AJ, Swan DW, Schieve LA, Ramakrishnan U, Stein AD. Excess gestational weight gain is associated with child adiposity among mothers with normal and overweight prepregnancy weight status. J Nutr 2012; 142: 1851-1858.
9. Hull HR, Thornton JC, Ji Y, Paley C, Rosenn B, Mathews P et al. Higher infant body fat with excessive gestational weight gain in overweight women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 205: 211 e1-211 e7.
10. Popkin BM. The shift in stages of the nutrition transition in the developing world differs from past experiences!. Public Health Nutr 2002; 5: 205-214.
11. Popkin BM. The nutrition transition: an overview of world patterns of change. Nutr Rev 2004; 62: S140-S143.
12. Butte NF, Ellis KJ, Wong WW, Hopkinson JM, Smith EO. Composition of gestational weight gain impacts maternal fat retention and infant birth weight. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 189: 1423-1432.
13. Bodnar LM, Siega-Riz AM, Simhan HN, Himes KP, Abrams B. Severe obesity, gestational weight gain, and adverse birth outcomes. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91: 1642-1648.
14. Forbes GBHuman Body Composition: Growth, Aging, Nutrition and Activity. Springer-Verlag: New York, NY, USA, 1987.
15. Lederman SA, Paxton A, Heymsfield SB, Wang J, Thornton J, Pierson Jr RN. Body fat and water changes during pregnancy in women with different body weight and weight gain. Obstet Gynecol 1997; 90: 483-488.
16. Hytten FaC GClinical Physiology in Obstetrics. Blackwell Scientfiic Publications: Oxford, UK, 1991.
17. Kopp-Hoolihan LE, van Loan MD, Wong WW, King JC. Fat mass deposition during pregnancy using a four-component model. J Appl Physiol 1999; 87: 196-202.
18. Forsum E, Sadurskis A, Wager J. Resting metabolic rate and body composition of healthy Swedish women during pregnancy. Am J Clin Nutr 1988; 47: 942-947.
19. van Raaij JM, Peek ME, Vermaat-Miedema SH, Schonk CM, Hautvast JG. New equations for estimating body fat mass in pregnancy from body density or total body water. Am J Clin Nutr 1988; 48: 24-29.
20. Catalano PM, Wong WW, Drago NM, Amini SB. Estimating body composition in late gestation: a new hydration constant for body density and total body water. Am J Physiol 1995; 268: E153-E158.
21. Fidanza F. The density of fat-free body mass during pregnancy. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1987; 57: 104.
22. Paxton A, Lederman SA, Heymsfield SB, Wang J, Thornton JC, Pierson Jr RN. Anthropometric equations for studying body fat in pregnant women. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 67: 104-110.
23. Hutcheon JA, Platt RW, Abrams B, Himes KP, Simhan HN, Bodnar LM. A weight-gain-for-gestational-age z score chart for the assessment of maternal weight gain in pregnancy. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 97: 1062-1067.
24. Lederman SA. Pregnancy. In: Heymsfield SB, Lohman TG, Wang Z, Going SB (eds). Human Body Composition, 2 edn. Human Kinetics: Champaign, IL, USA, 2005, pp 299-312.
25. Hytten F. Weight gain in pregnancy. In: Hytten FE, Chamberlain G (eds). Clinical Physiology in Obstetrics Part 2: Nutrition and Metabolism. Blackwell Scientific Publications: Oxford, UK, 1980, pp 193-233.
26. Institute of Medicine. Nutrition During Pregnancy: Part I Nutritional Status and Weight Gain. National Library of Medicine: Washington, DC, USA, 1990.
27. Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization/United Nations University Human energy requirements: Report of a Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation. Rome, Italy 2004. Available from: http://www.who.int/ nutrition/publications/nutrientrequirements/9251052123/en/.
28. Sloan AW, Weir JB. Nomograms for prediction of body density and total body fat from skinfold measurements. J Appl Physiol 1970; 28: 221-222.
29. Steinkamp RC, Cohen NL, Gaffey WR, McKey T, Bron G, Siri WE et al. Measures of body fat and related factors in normal adults. II. A simple clinical method to estimate body fat and lean body mass. J Chronic Dis 1965; 18: 1291-1307.
30. Durnin JV, Womersley J. Body fat assessed from total body density and its estimation from skinfold thickness: measurements on 481 men and women aged from 16 to 72 years. Br J Nutr 1974; 32: 77-97.
31. Jackson AS, Pollock ML, Ward A. Generalized equations for predicting body density of women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1980; 12: 175-181.
32. Huston Presley L, Wong WW, Roman NM, Amini SB, Catalano PM. Anthropometric estimation of maternal body composition in late gestation. Obstet Gynecol 2000; 96: 33-37.
33. Taggart NR, Holliday RM, Billewicz WZ, Hytten FE, Thomson AM. Changes in skinfolds during pregnancy. Br J Nutr 1967; 21: 439-451.
34. Adair LS, Pollitt E, Mueller WH. Maternal anthropometric changes during pregnancy and lactation in a rural Taiwanese population. Hum Biol 1983; 55: 771-787.
35. Ramlal RT, Tembo M, Soko A, Chigwenembe M, Tohill BC, Kayira D et al. Patterns of body composition among HIV-infected, pregnant Malawians and the effects of famine season. Matern Child Health J 2012; 17: 265-273.
36. Sidebottom AC, Brown JE, Jacobs Jr DR. Pregnancy-related changes in body fat. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2001; 94: 216-223.
37. Soltani H, Fraser RB. A longitudinal study of maternal anthropometric changes in normal weight, overweight and obese women during pregnancy and postpartum. Br J Nutr 2000; 84: 95-101.
38. Forsum E, Sadurskis A, Wager J. Estimation of body fat in healthy Swedish women during pregnancy and lactation. Am J Clin Nutr 1989; 50: 465-473.
39. Robertson EG. Oedema in normal pregnancy. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 1969; 9: 27-36.
40. Stevens-Simon C, Thureen P, Barrett J, Stamm E. Skinfold caliper and ultrasound assessments of change in the distribution of subcutaneous fat during adolescent pregnancy. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001; 25: 1340-1345.
41. Contreras Campos ME, Rodríguez-Cervantes N, Reza-López S, Ávila-Esparza M, Chávez-Corral DV, Levario-Carrillo M. Body composition and newborn birthweight in pregnancies of adolescent and mature women. Matern Child Nutr 2012; e-pub ahead of print 22 August 2012; doi:10.1111/j.1740-8709.2012.00434.x.
42. Sohlstrom A, Forsum E. Changes in total body fat during the human reproductive cycle as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging, body water dilution, and skinfold thickness: a comparison of methods. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 66: 1315-1322.
43. Lof M, Forsum E. Hydration of fat-free mass in healthy women with special reference to the effect of pregnancy. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 80: 960-965.
44. Denne SC, Patel D, Kalhan SC. Total body water measurement in normal and diabetic pregnancy: evidence for maternal and amniotic fluid equilibrium. Biol Neonate 1990; 57: 284-291.
45. Wang Z, Deurenberg P, Wang W, Pietrobelli A, Baumgartner RN, Heymsfield SB. Hydration of fat-free body mass: review and critique of a classic body-composition constant. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69: 833-841.
46. Prentice AM, Goldberg GR, Davies HL, Murgatroyd PR, Scott W. Energy-sparing adaptations in human pregnancy assessed by whole-body calorimetry. Br J Nutr 1989; 62: 5-22.
47. Lof M, Forsum E. Evaluation of bioimpedance spectroscopy for measurements of body water distribution in healthy women before, during, and after pregnancy. J Appl Physiol 2004; 96: 967-973.
48. Hopkinson JM, Butte NF, Ellis KJ, Wong WW, Puyau MR, Smith EO. Body fat estimation in late pregnancy and early postpartum: comparison of two-, three-, and four-component models. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 65: 432-438.
49. Dempster P, Aitkens S. A new air displacement method for the determination of human body composition. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1995; 27: 1692-1697.
50. McCrory MA, Gomez TD, Bernauer EM, Mole PA. Evaluation of a new air displacement plethysmograph for measuring human body composition. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1995; 27: 1686-1691
51. American College of Radiology Practice guidelines for the safe and optimal performance of fetal magnetic resonance imaging 2010 [cited 2013 May 10, 2013]. Available from: http://www.acr.org/~/media/ACR/Documents/PGTS/ guidelines/MRI-Fetal.pdf.
52. Sohlstrom A, Forsum E. Changes in adipose tissue volume and distribution during reproduction in Swedish women as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 61: 287-295.
53. Sohlstrom A, Wahlund LO, Forsum E. Total body fat and its distribution during human reproduction as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Basic Life Sci 1993; 60: 181-184.
54. Wells JC, Douros I, Fuller NJ, Elia M, Dekker L. Assessment of body volume using three-dimensional photonic scanning. Ann NY Acad Sci 2000; 904: 247-254.
55. Wang J, Gallagher D, Thornton JC, Yu W, Horlick M, Pi-Sunyer FX. Validation of a 3-dimensional photonic scanner for the measurement of body volumes, dimensions, and percentage body fat. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83: 809-816.
56. Wells JC, Griffin L, Treleaven P. Independent changes in female body shape with parity and age: A life-history approach to female adiposity. Am J Hum Biol 2010.-Aug 22: 456-462.
57. Wells JC, Charoensiriwath S, Treleaven P. Reproduction, aging, and body shape by three-dimensional photonic scanning in Thai men and women. Am J Hum Biol 2011; 23: 291-298.
58. Wells JC. The thrifty phenotype: an adaptation in growth or metabolism? Am J Hum Biol 2011; 23: 65-75.
59. Bartha JL, Marin-Segura P, Gonzalez-Gonzalez NL, Wagner F, Aguilar-Diosdado M, Hervias-Vivancos B. Ultrasound evaluation of visceral fat and metabolic risk factors during early pregnancy. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007; 15: 2233-2239.
60. Kinoshita T, Itoh M. Longitudinal variance of fat mass deposition during pregnancy evaluated by ultrasonography: the ratio of visceral fat to subcutaneous fat in the abdomen. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2006; 61: 115-118.
61. Fanelli MT, Kuczmarski RJ. Ultrasound as an approach to assessing body composition. Am J Clin Nutr 1984; 39: 703-709.
62. Armellini F, Zamboni M, Rigo L, Todesco T, Bergamo-Andreis IA, Procacci C et al. The contribution of sonography to the measurement of intra-abdominal fat. J Clin Ultrasound 1990; 18: 563-567.
63. Deurenberg P, van der Kooy K, Leenen R, Schouten FJ. Body impedance is largely dependent on the intra-and extra-cellular water distribution. Eur J Clin Nutr 1989; 43: 845-853.
64. McCarthy EA, Strauss BJ, Walker SP, Permezel M. Determination of maternal body composition in pregnancy and its relevance to perinatal outcomes. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2004; 59: 731-742. quiz 45-6.
65. Sowers M, Crutchfield M, Jannausch M, Updike S, Corton G. A prospective evaluation of bone mineral change in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1991; 77: 841-845.
66. Ritchie LD, Fung EB, Halloran BP, Turnlund JR, Van Loan MD, Cann CE et al. A longitudinal study of calcium homeostasis during human pregnancy and lactation and after resumption of menses. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 67: 693-701.
67. Prentice A. Maternal calcium requirements during pregnancy and lactation. Am J Clin Nutr 1994; 59: 477S-482S; discussion 82S-83S.
68. Christiansen C, Rodbro P, Heinild B. Unchanged total body calcium in normal human pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1976; 55: 141-143.
69. Naylor KE, Iqbal P, Fledelius C, Fraser RB, Eastell R. The effect of pregnancy on bone density and bone turnover. J Bone Miner Res 2000; 15: 129-137.
70. Black AJ, Topping J, Durham B, Farquharson RG, Fraser WD. A detailed assessment of alterations in bone turnover, calcium homeostasis, and bone density in normal pregnancy. J Bone Miner Res 2000; 15: 557-563.
71. Lamke B, Brundin J, Moberg P. Changes of bone mineral content during pregnancy and lactation. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1977; 56: 217-219.
72. Drinkwater BL, Chesnut CH3rd. Bone density changes during pregnancy and lactation in active women: a longitudinal study. Bone Miner 1991; 14: 153-160.
73. Olausson H, Laskey MA, Goldberg GR, Prentice A. Changes in bone mineral status and bone size during pregnancy and the influences of body weight and calcium intake. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 88: 1032-1039.
74. Moller UK, Vieth Streym S, Mosekilde L, Rejnmark L. Changes in bone mineral density and body composition during pregnancy and postpartum. A controlled cohort study. Osteoporos Int 2012; 23: 1213-1223.
75. Lederman SA, Paxton A, Heymsfield SB, Wang J, Thornton J, Pierson Jr RN. Maternal body fat and water during pregnancy: do they raise infant birth weight? Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999; 180: 235-240.
76. Ehrenberg HM, Huston-Presley L, Catalano PM. The influence of obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus on accretion and the distribution of adipose tissue in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 189: 944-948.
77. Scholl TO, Hediger ML, Schall JI, Khoo CS, Fischer RL. Maternal growth during pregnancy and the competition for nutrients. Am J Clin Nutr 1994; 60: 183-188.
78. Lawlor DA, Fraser A, Macdonald-Wallis C, Nelson SM, Palmer TM, Davey Smith G et al. Maternal and offspring adiposity-related genetic variants and gestational weight gain. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 94: 149-155.
79. Stuebe AM, Lyon H, Herring AH, Ghosh J, Wise A, North KE et al. Obesity and diabetes genetic variants associated with gestational weight gain. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 203: 283 e1-17.
80. Rahman M, Temple JR, Breitkopf CR, Berenson AB. Racial differences in body fat distribution among reproductive-aged women. Metabolism 2009; 58: 1329-1337.
81. Gunderson EP, Sternfeld B, Wellons MF, Whitmer RA, Chiang V, Quesenberry Jr CP et al. Childbearing may increase visceral adipose tissue independent of overall increase in body fat. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16: 1078-1084.
82. Gernand AD, Christian P, Paul RR, Shaikh S, Labrique AB, Schulze KJ et al. Maternal weight and body composition during pregnancy are associated with placental and birth weight in rural Bangladesh. J Nutr 2012; 142: 2010-2016.
83. Siri WE. Body composition from fluid spaces and density: an analysis of method. In: Brozek J, Henschel A (eds). Techniques for Measuring Body Composition. National Academy of Science National Research Council: Washington, DC, USA, 1961, pp 223-244.
84. Garrow JS. Indicies of adiposity. Nutr Abst Rev Clin Nutr Series 1983; 53: 697-708.
85. Brozek J, Grande F, Anderson JT, Keys A. Densitometric analysis of body composition: revision of some quantitative assumptions. Ann NY Acad Sci 1963; 110: 113-140.
86. Selinger A. The body as a three component system (PhD). University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign: Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 1977.
87. Goldman D, Buskirk ER. A method for underwater weighing and the determination of body density. In Brozel J, Henschel A (eds). Techniques for Measuring Body Composition. National Academy of Sciences: Washington, DC, USA, 1961, pp 78-106.