Prevalence, determinants, and management of chronic kidney disease in Karachi, Pakistan - A community based cross-sectional study

BMC Nephrology

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2014, Pages

  Jessani, Saleem ^a   Bux, Rasool ^a   Jafar, Tazeen H ^a,b,c,d  

^a AGA KHAN UNIVERSITY   (Pakistan)

^b AGA KHAN UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Pakistan)

^c TUFTS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^d DUKE NUS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Singapore)

Author keywords

Albuminuria; Chronic kidney disease; CKD EPI Pakistan; Glomerular filtration rate; South Asians

Indexed keywords

ALBUMIN; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CREATININE; GLUCOSE; TRIACYLGLYCEROL;

ADULT; AGE; ALBUMINURIA; ARTICLE; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; CREATININE BLOOD LEVEL; CREATININE URINE LEVEL; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIET RESTRICTION; DRUG USE; FEMALE; GLOMERULUS FILTRATION RATE; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEDICAL HISTORY; PREVALENCE; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; TRIACYLGLYCEROL BLOOD LEVEL; URINALYSIS; AGE DISTRIBUTION; AGED; CLINICAL PRACTICE; COMORBIDITY; EPIDEMIOLOGY; MIDDLE AGED; PAKISTAN; RENAL INSUFFICIENCY, CHRONIC; RISK FACTOR; SEXISM; SOCIOECONOMICS; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VERY ELDERLY;

ADULT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS; COMORBIDITY; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PAKISTAN; PHYSICIAN'S PRACTICE PATTERNS; PREVALENCE; RENAL INSUFFICIENCY, CHRONIC; RISK FACTORS; SEXISM; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84902044646     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14712369     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2369-15-90     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. Chronic kidney disease. Levey AS, Coresh J, Lancet 2012 379 165 180 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60178-5 21840587
2. Chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular risk: epidemiology, mechanisms, and prevention. Gansevoort RT, Correa-Rotter R, Hemmelgarn BR, Jafar TH, Heerspink HJ, Mann JF, Matsushita K, Wen CP, Lancet 2013 382 339 352 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60595-4 23727170
3. Association of estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in general population cohorts: a collaborative meta-analysis. Matsushita K, van der Velde M, Astor BC, Woodward M, Levey AS, de Jong PE, Coresh J, Gansevoort RT, Lancet 2010 375 2073 2081 20483451
4. KDIGO 2012 Clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group, Kidney inter, Suppl 2013 3 1 150
5. Low birth weight, nephron number, and kidney disease. Luyckx VA, Brenner BM, Kidney Int Suppl 2005 68 68 S77 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.09712.x
6. Non-communicable diseases and injuries in Pakistan: strategic priorities. Jafar TH, Haaland BA, Rahman A, Razzak JA, Bilger M, Naghavi M, Mokdad AH, Hyder AA, Lancet 2013 381 2281 2290 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60646-7 23684257
7. Microalbuminuria is more frequent in South Asian than in European origin populations: a comparative study in Newcastle, UK. Fischbacher CM, Bhopal R, Rutter MK, Unwin NC, Marshall SM, White M, Alberti KG, Diabet Med 2003 20 31 36 10.1046/j.1464-5491.2003.00822.x 12519317 (Pubitemid 36098863)
8. KDIGO Clinical practice guideline for the management of blood pressure in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Blood Pressure Work Group, Kidney Inter Suppl 2012 2 337 414
9. Role of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers in hypertension of chronic kidney disease and renoprotection. study results. Baltatzi M, Savopoulos C, Hatzitolios A, Hippokratia 2011 15 27 32 21897755
10. Community-based interventions to promote blood pressure control in a developing country: a cluster randomized trial. Jafar TH, Hatcher J, Poulter N, Islam M, Hashmi S, Qadri Z, Bux R, Khan A, Jafary FH, Hameed A, Badruddin SH, Chaturvedi N, Ann Intern Med 2009 151 593 601 10.7326/0003-4819-151-9-200911030- 00004 19884620
11. Estimation of GFR in South Asians: A study from the general population in Pakistan. Jessani S, Levey AS, Bux R, Inker LA, Islam M, Chaturvedi N, Mariat C, Schmid CH, Jafar TH, Am J Kidney Dis 2014 63 49 58 10.1053/j.ajkd.2013.07.023 24074822
12. Ahmad OB, Boschi-Pinto C, Lopez AD, Murray CJ, Lozano R, Inoue M, Age Standardization of Rates: A New WHO Standard. GPE Discussion Paper series no. 31 Geneva: WHO 2001
13. Age, kidney function, and risk factors associate differently with cortical and medullary volumes of the kidney. Wang X, Vrtiska TJ, Avula RT, Walters LR, Chakkera HA, Kremers WK, Lerman LO, Rule AD, Kidney Int 2014 85 677 685 10.1038/ki.2013.359 24067437
14. Blood pressure and end-stage renal disease in men. Klag MJ, Whelton PK, Randall BL, Neaton JD, Brancati FL, Ford CE, Shulman NB, Stamler J, N Engl J Med 1996 334 13 18 10.1056/NEJM199601043340103 7494564 (Pubitemid 26012498)
15. Risk of end-stage renal disease in diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study of men screened for MRFIT. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Brancati FL, Whelton PK, Randall BL, Neaton JD, Stamler J, Klag MJ, JAMA 1997 278 2069 2074 10.1001/jama.1997.03550230045035 9403420 (Pubitemid 28016228)
16. Ethnic subgroup differences in hypertension in Pakistan. Jafar TH, Levey AS, Jafary FH, White F, Gul A, Rahbar MH, Khan AQ, Hattersley A, Schmid CH, Chaturvedi N, J Hypertens 2003 21 905 912 10.1097/00004872-200305000-00014 12714864 (Pubitemid 36677154)
17. Pakistan national diabetes survey: prevalence of glucose intolerance and associated factors in Shikarpur, Sindh Province. Shera AS, Rafique G, Khwaja IA, Ara J, Baqai S, King H, Diabet Med 1995 12 1116 1121 10.1111/j.1464-5491.1995. tb00430.x 8750223
18. Prevalence of diabetes in Pakistan. Shera AS, Jawad F, Maqsood A, Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2007 76 219 222 10.1016/j.diabres.2006.08.011 17005289 (Pubitemid 46420378)
19. National, regional, and global trends in systolic blood pressure since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 786 country-years and 5.4 million participants. Danaei G, Finucane MM, Lin JK, Singh GM, Paciorek CJ, Cowan MJ, Farzadfar F, Stevens GA, Lim SS, Riley LM, Ezzati M, Lancet 2011 377 568 577 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62036-3 21295844
20. National, regional, and global trends in fasting plasma glucose and diabetes prevalence since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 370 country-years and 2.7 million participants. Danaei G, Finucane MM, Lu Y, Singh GM, Cowan MJ, Paciorek CJ, Lin JK, Farzadfar F, Khang YH, Stevens GA, Rao M, Ali MK, Riley LM, Robinson CA, Ezzati M, Lancet 2011 378 31 40 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60679-X 21705069
21. Prevalence estimates of chronic kidney disease in Canada: results of a nationally representative survey. Arora P, Vasa P, Brenner D, Iglar K, McFarlane P, Morrison H, Badawi A, CMAJ 2013 185 417 E423 10.1503/cmaj.120833 23649413
22. Characterization and source apportionment of ambient air particulate matter (PM2.5) in Karachi. Mansha M, Ghauri B, Rahman S, Amman A, Sci Total Environ 2012 425 176 183 22154210
23. Status of children's blood lead levels in Pakistan: implications for research and policy. Kadir MM, Janjua NZ, Kristensen S, Fatmi Z, Sathiakumar N, Public Health 2008 122 708 715 10.1016/j.puhe.2007.08.012 18359052
24. Lead exposure and cardiovascular disease-a systematic review. Navas-Acien A, Guallar E, Silbergeld EK, Rothenberg SJ, Environ Health Perspect 2007 115 472 482 17431501 (Pubitemid 46554449)
25. Lead-related nephrotoxicity: a review of the epidemiologic evidence. Ekong EB, Jaar BG, Weaver VM, Kidney Int 2006 70 2074 2084 17063179 (Pubitemid 44871369)
26. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin plus ezetimibe in patients with chronic kidney disease (Study of Heart and Renal Protection): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Baigent C, Landray MJ, Reith C, Emberson J, Wheeler DC, Tomson C, Wanner C, Krane V, Cass A, Craig J, Neal B, Jiang L, Hooi LS, Levin A, Agodoa L, Gaziano M, Kasiske B, Walker R, Massy ZA, Feldt-Rasmussen B, Krairittichai U, Ophascharoensuk V, Fellstrom B, Holdaas H, Tesar V, Wiecek A, Grobbee D, de Zeeuw D, Gronhagen-Riska C, Dasgupta T, et al. Lancet 2011 377 2181 2192 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60739-3 21663949
27. Progression of chronic kidney disease: the role of blood pressure control, proteinuria, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition: a patient-level meta-analysis. Jafar TH, Stark PC, Schmid CH, Landa M, Maschio G, de Jong PE, de Zeeuw D, Shahinfar S, Toto R, Levey AS, Ann Intern Med 2003 139 244 252 10.7326/0003-4819-139-4-200308190-00006 12965979
28. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and progression of nondiabetic renal disease. A meta-analysis of patient-level data. Jafar TH, Schmid CH, Landa M, Giatras I, Toto R, Remuzzi G, Maschio G, Brenner BM, Kamper A, Zucchelli P, Becker G, Himmelmann A, Bannister K, Landais P, Shahinfar S, de Jong PE, de Zeeuw D, Lau J, Levey AS, Ann Intern Med 2001 135 73 87 10.7326/0003-4819-135-2- 200107170-00007 11453706 (Pubitemid 32661190)
29. General practitioners' approach to hypertension in urban Pakistan: disturbing trends in practice. Jafar TH, Jessani S, Jafary FH, Ishaq M, Orakzai R, Orakzai S, Levey AS, Chaturvedi N, Circulation 2005 111 1278 1283 10.1161/01.CIR.0000157698.78949.D7 15769769 (Pubitemid 40389092)
30. Primary care-based disease management of chronic kidney disease (CKD), based on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) reporting, improves patient outcomes. Richards N, Harris K, Whitfield M, O'Donoghue D, Lewis R, Mansell M, Thomas S, Townend J, Eames M, Marcelli D, Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008 23 549 555 18065826 (Pubitemid 351767656)
31. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the United States. Coresh J, Selvin E, Stevens LA, Manzi J, Kusek JW, Eggers P, Van Lente F, Levey AS, JAMA 2007 298 2038 2047 10.1001/jama.298.17.2038 17986697 (Pubitemid 350074801)