Atmospheric Science: An Introductory Survey: Second Edition

Atmospheric Science: An Introductory Survey: Second Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 1-488

  Wallace, John M ^a   Hobbs, Peter V ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84902032958     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/C2009-0-00034-8     Document Type: Book

References (80)

1. Leonhard Euler (1707-1783) Swiss mathematician. Held appointments at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences and the Berlin Academy.
2. Joseph Lagrange (1736-1813) French mathematician and mathematical physicist. Served as director of the Berlin Academy, succeeding Euler in that role. Developed the calculus of variations and also made important contributions to differential equations and number theory.
3. Christopher H. D. Buys-Ballot (1817-1890) Dutch meteorologist, professor of mathematics at the University of Utrecht. Director of Dutch Meteorological Institute (1854-1887).
4. George Hadley (1685-1768) English meteorologist. Originally a barrister. Formulated a theory for the trade winds in 1735 which went unnoticed until 1793 when it was discovered by John Dalton. Hadley clearly recognized the importance of what was later to be called the Coriolis force.
5. Lewis F. Richardson (1881-1953). English physicist and meteorologist. Youngest of seven children of a Quaker tanner. Served as an ambulance driven in France during World War I. Developed a set of finite differences for solving differential equations for weather prediction, but his formulation was not quite correct and at that time (1922) computations of this kind could not be performed quickly enough to be of practical use.
6. Wladimir Peter Köppen (1846-1940) German meteorologist, climatologist, and amateur botanist. His Ph.D. thesis (1870) explored the effect of temperature on plant growth. His climate classification scheme, which introduced the concept of biomes, was published in 1900. For many years, Köppen's work was better known to physical geographers than to atmospheric scientists, but in recent years it is becoming more widely appreciated as a conceptual basis for describing and modeling the interactions between the atmosphere and the terrestrial biosphere.
7. Alfred Wegener (1880-1930). German meteorologist, professor at University of Graz. Began his career at the small University of Marburg. First to propose that ice particles play an important role in the growth of cloud droplets. Set endurance record for time a aloft in a hot air balloon (52 h) in 1906.
8. James Croll (1821-1890). Largely self-educated Scottish intellectual. Variously employed as a tea merchant, manager of a temperance hotel, insurance agent, and janitor at a museum before his achievements earned him an appointment in the Geological Survey of Scotland and substantial scientific recognition.
9. Milutin Milankovitch (1879-1958). Serbian mathematician. Professor, University of Belgrade.
10. Rare Earth: Why Complex Life is Uncommon in the Universe, by Peter Ward and Donald Brownlee, Springer, 2000, 333 p., ISBN: 0-387-98701-0.
11. Harald Ulrik Sverdrup (1888-1957) Norwegian oceanographer and meteorologist. Began career with V. F. K. Bjerknes in Oslo and Leipzig (1911-1917).
12. Daniel Bernouilli (1700-1782) Member of a famous family of Swiss mathematicians and physicists. Professor of botany, anatomy, and natural philosophy (i.e., physics) at University of Basel.
13. James Clark Maxwell (1831-1879) Scottish physicist. Made fundamental contributions to the theories of electricity and magnetism (showed that light is an electromagnetic wave), color vision (produced one of the first color photographs), and the kinetic theory of gases. First Cavendish Professor of Physics at Cambridge University; designed the Cavendish Laboratory.
14. Sir Robert Boyle (1627-1691) Fourteenth child of the first Earl of Cork. Physicist and chemist, often called the "father of modern chemistry." Discovered the law named after him in 1662.
15. Jacques A. C. Charles (1746-1823) French physical chemist and inventor. Pioneer in the use of hydrogen in man-carrying balloons. When Benjamin Franklin's experiments with lightning became known, Charles repeated them with his own innovations. Franklin visited Charles and congratulated him on his work.
16. Ludwig Boltzmann (1844-1906) Austrian physicist. Made fundamental contributions to the kinetic theory of gases. Adhered to the view that atoms and molecules are real at a time when these concepts were in dispute. Committed suicide.
17. John Dalton (1766-1844) English chemist. Initiated modern atomic theory. In 1787 he commenced a meteorological diary that he continued all his life, recording 200,000 observations.
18. J. R. Holton, Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology, 4th Edition, Academic Press, New York, 2004, pp. 146-149.
19. William Thomson (1824-1907) Scottish mathematician and physicist. Entered Glasgow University at age 11. At 22 became Professor of Natural Philosophy at the same university.
20. J. R. Holton, An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology, 4th ed., Academic Press, pp. 46-49 (2004).
21. C. F. Bohren's, Clouds in a Glass of Beer, Wiley and Sons, New York, 1987.
22. W. E. K. Middleton, A History of the Theories of Rain, Franklin Watts, Inc., New York, 1965
23. Julius F. von Hann (1839-1921) Austrian meteorologist. Introduced thermodynamic principles into meteorology. Developed theories for mountain and valley winds. Published the first comprehensive treatise on climatology (1883).
24. Rudolf Clausius (1822-1888) German physicist. Contributed to the sciences of thermodynamics, optics, and electricity.
25. Max Planck (1858-1947) German physicist. Professor of physics at the University of Kiel and University of Berlin. Studied under Helmholtz and Kirchhoff. Played an important role in the development of quantum theory. Awarded the Nobel Prize in 1918.
26. Wilhelm Wien (1864-1925) German physicist. Received the Nobel Prize in 1911 for the discovery (in 1893) of the displacement law named after him. Also made the first rough determination of the wavelength of x-rays.
27. Joseph Stefan (1835-1893) Austrian physicist. Professor of physics at the University of Vienna. Originated the theory of the diffusion of gases as well as carrying out fundamental work on the theory of radiation.
28. Gustav Kirchhoff (1824-1887) German physicist; professor at the University of Breslau. In addition to his work in radiation, he made fundamental discoveries in electricity and spectroscopy. Discovered cesium and iridium.
29. Gustav Mie (1868-1957) German physicist. Carried out fundamental studies on the theory of electromagnetic scattering and kinetic theory.
30. James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) Scottish physicist. Often rated as second only to Newton in terms of his contributions to physics. First Cavendish Professor of physics at Cambridge University.
31. Hendrick Antoon Lorentz (1853-1928) Dutch physicist. Won Nobel prize for physics in 1902 for his theory of electromagnetic radiation, which gave rise to the special theory of relativity.
32. August Beer (1825-1863). German physicist, noted for his work on optics.
33. Pierre Bouguer (1698-1758). Taught by his father. Awarded the Grand Prix of the Academie des Sciences for studies of naval architecture, observing the stars at sea, and for observations of the magnetic declination t sea.
34. Karl Schwarzschild (1873-1916) German astronomer and physicist. Held positions at the Universites of Göttingen and Potsdam and in the Berlin Academy.
35. G. M. B. Dobson (1889-1976) English physicist and meteorologist. Made the first measurements of the variation of wind with height using pilot balloons (1913).
36. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Renowned Italian painter, architect, engineer, mathematician, and scientist. Best known for his paintings (e.g., the Mona Lisa, the Last Supper). His notebooks reveal his knowledge of human anatomy and natural laws, as well as his mechanical inventiveness.
37. Henry Cavendish (1731-1810) English chemist and physicist. Perfected the technique of collecting gases above water. Discovered "flammable air," called oxygen by Lavoisier.
38. John Mayow (1640-1679) English chemist and physiologist. Described the muscular actions around the chest involved in respiration.
39. Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1742-1786) Swedish chemist. Discoverer of many chemicals, including oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, manganese, hydrogen cyanide, citric acid, hydrogen sulfide, and hydrogen fluoride. Discovered a process similar to pasteurization.
40. Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1794) French chemist. Father of modern chemistry. His early studies included the best means for lighting large cities, analysis of gypsum, thunder, and the aurora.
41. Joseph Black (1728-1799). Black is also known for his work on melting and evaporation, which led to the concept of latent heats and specific heats.
42. Joseph Loschmidt (1821-1895) Czech physicist and chemist. Son of a poor Bohemian farmer. Moved to Vienna at age 20, where he attended lectures in chemistry and physics at the Polytechnic Institute.
43. Arie Jan Haagen-Smit (1900-1977) Dutch biologist and chemist. Joined the Biology Department, California Institute of Technology, in 1937, where he worked on terpenes and plant hormones.
44. William Henry (1774-1836) English physician and chemist. First scientific paper was a refutation of a claim that carbon is not an element. Together with his friend John Dalton, his experiments on the dissolution of gases were crucial in the development of the atomic theory of matter.
45. Philip Albert Leighton (1897-1983) American chemist. Faculty member at Stanford University. Main research interest was photochemistry.
46. John Aitken (1839-1919) Scottish physicist, although originally an apprentice marine engineer. In addition to his pioneering work on atmospheric aerosol, he investigated cyclones, color, and color sensations.
47. Christian E. Junge (1912-1996) German meteorologist. Carried out pioneering studies of tropospheric and stratospheric aerosols and trace gases.
48. W. N. Hartley (1846-1913) Irish spectroscopist. Professor of chemistry at Royal College of Science, Dublin.
49. Sydney Chapman (1888-1970) English geophysicist. Chapman made important contributions to a wide range of geophysical problems, including geomagnetism, space physics, photochemistry, and diffusion and convection in the atmosphere.
50. Erasmus Darwin (1731-1802) English freethinker and radical. Anticipated the theory of evolution, expounded by his famous grandson, by suggesting that species modify themselves by adapting to their environment.
51. James Pollard Espy (1785-1860) Born in Pennsylvania. Studied law; became a classics teacher at the Franklin Institute. Impressed by the meteorological writings of John Dalton, he gave up teaching to devote his time to meteorology.
52. Josiah Willard Gibbs (1839-1903) Received his doctorate in engineering from Yale in 1863 for a thesis on gear design. From 1866 to 1869 Gibbs studied mathematics and physics in Europe.
53. Hilding Köhler (1888-1982) Swedish meteorologist. Former Chair of the Meteorology Department and Director of the Meteorological Observatory, University of Uppsala.
54. Osborne Reynolds (1842-1912) Probably the outstanding English theoretical mechanical engineer of the 19th century. Carried out important work on hydrodynamics and the theory of lubrication.
55. Edward Barlow (1639-1719) English priest. Author of Meteorological Essays Concerning the Origin of Springs, Generation of Rain, and Production of Wind, with an Account of the Tide, John Hooke and Thomas Caldecott, London, 1715.
56. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Renowned Italian scientist. Carried out fundamental investigations into the motion of falling bodies and projectiles, and the oscillation of pendulums.
57. Phillip Lenard (1862-1947) Austrian physicist. Studied under Helmholtz and Hertz. Professor of physics at Heidelberg and Kiel. Won the Nobel prize in physics (1905) for work on cathode rays. One of the first to study the charging produced by the disruption of water (e.g., in waterfalls).
58. Jean Augustine Barrel (1819-1884) French chemist and agriculturalist. First to extract nicotine from tobacco leaf.
59. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) American scientist, inventor, statesman, and philosopher. Largely self-taught, and originally a printer and publisher by trade. First American to win international fame in science.
60. Irving Langmuir (1881-1957) American physicist and chemist. Spent most of his working career as an industrial chemist in the GE Research Laboratories in Schenectady, New York.
61. Gustave Adolfe Hirn (1815-1890) French physicist. One of the first to study the theory of heat engines. Established a small network of meteorological stations in Alsace that reported observations to him.
62. http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink
63. Horace Bénédict de Saussure (1740-1799) Swiss geologist, physicist, meteorologist, and naturalist. Traveled extensively, particularly in the Alps, and made the second ascent of Mont Blanc (1787).
64. Vilhelm Bjerknes (1862-1951) Norwegian physicist and one of the founders of the science of meteorology. Held academic positions at the universities of Stockholm, Bergen, Leipzig, and Kristiania (renamed Oslo).
65. J. R. Holton, Introduction to Dynamical Meteorology, 4th Edition, Academic Press (2004).
66. Carl Gustav Rossby (1898-1957) Swedish meteorologist. Studied under Vilhelm Bjerknes.
67. Hans Ertel (1904-1971) German meteorologist and geophysicist. His theoretical studies, culminating in his potential vorticity theorem, were key elements in the development of modern dynamical meteorology.
68. J. R. Holton, An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology, 4th Edition, Academic Press, pp. 41-42 (2004).
69. Max Margules (1856-1920) Meteorologist, physicist, and chemist, born in the Ukraine. Worked in intellectual isolation on atmospheric dynamics from 1882 to 1906, during which time he made many fundamental contributions to the subject.
70. Willam Henry Dines (1855-1927) British meteorologist. First to invent a device for measuring both the direction and the speed of the wind (the Dines' pressure-tube anemometer).
71. E. T. Eady (1915-1966) English mathematician and meteorologist. Worked virtually alone in developing a theory of baroclinic instability while an officer on the Royal Air Force during World War II. One of us (P. V. H.) is grateful to have had him as a tutor.
72. Jule G. Charney (1917-1981) Made major contributions to the theory of baroclinic waves, planetary-waves, tropical cyclones, and a number of other atmospheric and oceanic phenomena.
73. William Ferrel (1817-1891) American scientist. A schoolteacher early in his career and later held positions at the Nautical Almanac Office, the Coast Survey, and the Signal Office, which housed the Weather Bureau.
74. J. R. Holton, Dynamic Meteorology, 4th edition. Academic Press (2004) pp. 185-188.
75. Francis Beaufort (1774-1857). Served as Hydrographer of the Admiralty of the British Royal Navy after being injured by sniper fire while on a patrol mission against pirates. Adaptations of his wind scale have been widely used since 1838.
76. Ludwig Prandtl (1874-1953) German aerodynamicist and accomplished pianist. Developed theories for the boundary layer, airfoils, lift vs. drag, and supersonic flow for rocket nozzles.
77. Geoffrey Ingram Taylor (1886-1975) British mathematician, physicist, and meteorologist. Studied shock waves, quantum theory, and atmospheric turbulence.
78. William Froude (1810-1879) British hydrodynamicist, engineer, and naval architect who studied water resistance of scale-model ships in towing tanks under contract to the British Navy.
79. Edward Walter Maunder (1851-1928) English astronomer. After working briefly in a bank he became a photographic and spectroscopic assistant at the Royal Greenwich Observatory, where he carried out his studies of the sun. Also involved in the debate on the canals of Mars.
80. D. L. Hartmann, Global Physical Climatology, Academic Press, Section 12.6 (1994).