Lockstep and dance: Images of black men in popular culture

Lockstep and Dance: Images of Black Men in Popular Culture

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 1-191

  Tucker, Linda G ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84902017808     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (211)

1. "2 Live Crew Star Gives Press Bad Rap." Edmonton Journal 22 Nov. 1999: B6.
2. Abu-Jamal, Mumia. "2Pacalypse Now." 13 Sept. 1996 <>.
3. AC Delco. Advertisement. Ebony May 2001: 133.
4. Alexander, Bryant Keith. "Fading, Twisting, and Weaving: An Interpretive Ethnography of the Black Barbershop as Cultural Space." Qualitative Inquiry 9.1 (2003): 105-28.
5. Alexander, Elizabeth. "'Can You Be black and Look at This?': Reading the Rodney King Video(s)." Black Male: Representations of Masculinity in Contemporary American Art. Ed. Thelma Golden. New York: Whitney Museum of American Art, 1994. 90-110.
6. Alexander, Frank, and Heidi Siegmund Cuda. Got Your Back: The Life of a Bodyguard in the Hardcore World of Gangsta Rap. New York: St. Martin's, 1998.
7. Allen, Ernest Jr. "Making the Strong Survive: The Contours and Contradictions of Message Rap." Droppin' Science: Critical Essays on Rap Music and Hip Hop Culture. Ed. William Eric Perkins. Philadelphia: Temple UP, 1996. 159-91.
8. Als, Hinton. "GWTW." Without Sanctuary: Lynching Photography in America. Ed. James Allen et al. Santa Fe: Twin Palms, 2000. 38-44.
9. Andrews, William L. "The Literature of Slavery and Freedom: 1746-1865." The Norton Anthology of African American Literature. Ed. Henry Louis Gates Jr. and Nellie Y. McKay. New York: Norton, 1997. 127-36.
10. Bad as I Wanna Be: The Story of Dennis Rodman. ABC. 8 Feb. 1998.
11. Baker, Houston A. Jr. Blues, Ideology, and Afro-American Literature: A Vernacular Theory. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1984.
12. Baker, Houston A. Jr. "Scene . . . Not Heard." Reading Rodney King/Reading Urban Uprising. Ed. Robert Gooding- Williams. New York: Routledge, 1993. 38-48.
13. Baldwin, James. The Evidence of Things Not Seen. 1985. New York: Holt, 1995.
14. Baldwin, James. The Fire Next Time. 1962. New York: Vintage, 1993.
15. Baldwin, James. "Going to Meet the Man." Going to Meet the Man. 1965. New York: Vintage, 1993. 228-49.
16. Bamboozled. Dir. Spike Lee. DVD. New Line Cinema, 2000.
17. Bandele, Asha. "Meditations in the Hour of Mourning." Tough Love: Cultural Criticism and Familial Observations on the Life and Death of Tupac Shakur. Ed. Michael Datcher and Kwame Alexander. Alexandria: Alexander, 1996. 25-30.
18. Barbershop. Dir. Tim Story. DVD. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Pictures, 2002.
19. Barkin, Jesse. "Gone but Not Yet forgotten." National Post 1 Dec. 1998: B11.
20. Barrett, Lindon. "Black Men in the Mix: Badboys, Heroes, Sequins, and Dennis Rodman." Callaloo 20.1 (1997): 106-26.
21. Barrett, Lindon. "Dead Men Printed: Tupac Shakur, Biggie Small, and Hip-Hop Eulogy." Callaloo 22.2 (1999): 306-32.
22. Best Buy. Advertisement. Sports Illustrated 1 Sept. 2003: 41.
23. Bickley, Dan. No Bull: The Unauthorized Biography of Dennis Rodman. New York: St. Martin's, 1997.
24. Blandon, Aaron. E-mail to Linda Tucker. 17 July 2005.
25. BMG Marketing Group. Advertisement. Village Voice 28 Apr. 1998: 36-37.
26. Booker, Christopher B. "I Will Wear No Chain!": A Social History of African-American Males. Westport: Praeger, 2000.
27. Boskin, Joseph. Sambo: The Rise and Demise of an American Jester. New York: Oxford UP, 1986.
28. Boyd, Todd. Am I Black Enough for You?: Popular Culture from the 'Hood and Beyond. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1997.
29. Boyd, Todd. "The Game Is to Be Sold, Not to Be Told." Basketball Jones: America above the Rim. Ed. Todd Boyd and Kenneth L. Shropshire. New York: New York UP, 2000. ix-xii.
30. Boyd, Todd. "Mo' Money, Mo' Problems: Keepin' It Real in the Post-Jordan Era." Basketball Jones: America above the Rim. Ed. Todd Boyd and Kenneth L. Shropshire. New York: New York UP, 2000. 59-67.
31. Boyd, Todd. "Preface: Anatomy of a Murder: O.J. and the Imperative of Sports in Cultural Studies." Out of Bounds: Sports, Media, and the Politics of Identity. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1997. vii-ix.
32. Boyd, Todd, and Kenneth L. Shropshire. "Basketball Jones: A New World Order?" Basketball Jones: America above the Rim. Ed. Todd Boyd and Kenneth L. Shropshire. New York: New York UP, 2000. 1-11.
33. Branch, G. E., "Sprewell: 'I Wasn't Choking P.J." USA Today 9 Mar. 1998: 5C.
34. Brundage, W. Fitzhugh, ed. Under Sentence of Death: Lynching in the South. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 1997. 1-20.
35. Brunt, Stephen. "NBA Labour Dispute Offers a Lesson in Tactics." Globe and Mail 19 Dec. 1998: A32.
36. Butler, Judith. Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative. New York: Routledge, 1997.
37. Caponi, Gena Dagel. "The Case for an African American Aesthetic." Ed. Signifyin(g), Sanctifyin', and Slam Dunking: A Reader in African American Expressive Culture. Ed. Gena Dagel Caponi. Amherst: U of Massachusetts P, 1999. 1-41.
38. Carby, Hazel V. Race Men. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1998.
39. Carter, Rubin "Hurricane." The 16th Round: From Number 1 Contender to Number 45472. 1974. Toronto: Penguin, 1991.
40. Cheney, Charise. "Representin' God: Rap, Religion, and the Politics of a Culture." North Star 3.1 (1999). 8 Nov 1999 <>.
41. Chernoff, John Miller. African Rhythm and African Sensibility: Aesthetics and Social Action in African Musical Idioms. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1979.
42. Chevy Malibu. Advertisement. Ebony July 2001: 46.
43. Chevy Trucks. Advertisement. Ebony Apr. 2001: 164.
44. Christian, Barbara. "The Race for Theory." Within the Circle: An Anthology of African American Literary Criticism from the Harlem Renaissance to the Present. Ed. Angelyn Mitchell. Durham: Duke UP, 1994. 348-59.
45. Christmas, Walter. "Advertising Jim Crow." Classes and Mainstream Sept. 1949: 54.
46. Church, George L. "The Fire This Time." Time 11 May 1992: 22-29.
47. "Crackdown, Call for Calm: 72-Hour State of Siege after White Police Officer Kills Black Driver." Edmonton Journal 26 Oct. 1996: A5.
48. Cullen, Countee. "The Black Christ." My Soul's High Song: The Collected Writings of Countee Cullen. Ed. Gerald Early. New York: Anchor, 1991. 207-36.
49. Cunningham, George P. "Body Politics: Race, Gender, and the Captive Body." Representing Black Men. Ed. Marcellus Blount and George P. Cunningham. New York: Routledge, 1996. 131-54.
50. Datcher, Michael. "Troubled Flight." Tough Love: Cultural Criticism and Familial Observations on the Life and Death of Tupac Shakur. Ed. Michael Datcher and Kwame Alexander. Alexandria: Alexander, 1996. 34-37.
51. Davis, Angela Y. "Race and Criminalization: Black Americans and the Punishment Industry." The House That Race Built: Black Americans, U.S. Terrain. Ed. Wahneema Lubiano. New York: Pantheon, 1997. 264-79.
52. Dawsey, Darrell. "No Time for Tears: A Eulogy for Tupac." Essence Dec. 1996: 38.
53. Degree Antiperspirant. Advertisement. Sports Illustrated 7 Apr. 2003: 87.
54. Du Bois, W. E. B. The Souls of Black Folk. 1903. New York: Vintage, 1990.
55. Dyson, Michael Eric. Between God and Gangsta Rap: Bearing Witness to Black Culture. New York: Oxford UP, 1996.
56. Dyson, Michael Eric. Holler If You Hear Me: Searching for Tupac Shakur. New York: Basic Civitas, 2001.
57. Dyson, Michael Eric. Open Mike: Reflections on Philosophy, Race, Sex, Culture, and Religion. New York: Basic Civitas, 2003.
58. Dyson, Michael Eric. Reflecting Black: African-American Cultural Criticism. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1993.
59. Ellison, Ralph. "Change the Joke and Slip the Yoke." Shadow and Act. 1964. New York: Vintage, 1972. 45-59.
60. Ellison, Ralph. Invisible Man. 1952. New York: Vintage, 1990.
61. Ellison, Ralph. "The Little Man at Chehaw Station: The American Artist and His Audience." Going to the Territory. New York: Vintage, 1986. 3-38.
62. Ellison, Ralph. "The Shadow and the Act." Shadow and Act. 1964. New York: Vintage, 1972. 273-81.
63. Ellison, Ralph. "The World and the Jug." Shadow and Act. 1964. New York: Vintage, 1972. 107-43.
64. Feschuk, Dave. "Call Him What You Want, Worm's a Winner." National Post 21 Jan. 1999: B12.
65. Feschuk, Dave. "Sprewell's, Ahem, Dialogue with Fans Consists of Four Letters and 10 Grand." National Post 25 Nov. 1999: B11.
66. Fiske, John. "Black Bodies of Knowledge: Notes on an Effective History." Cultural Critique 33 (Spring 1996): 185-212.
67. Fiske, John. Media Matters: Race and Gender in U.S. Politics. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1996.
68. Fiske, John. "Surveilling the City: Whiteness, the Black Man, and Democratic Totalitarianism." Theory, Culture, and Society 15.2 (May 1998): 67-88.
69. Fiske, John. Understanding Popular Culture. New York: Routledge, 1989.
70. Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. 1977. New York: Vintage, 1995.
71. Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality. Vol. 1, An Introduction. 1976. New York: Vintage, 1990.
72. Foucault, Michel. "Nietzsche, Genealogy, History." Language, Counter-Memory, Practice: Selected Essays and Interviews. Ed. Donald F. Bouchard. Trans. Donald F. Bouchard and Sherry Simon. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1977. 139-64.
73. Franklin, H. Bruce. Prison Literature in America: The Victim as Criminal and Artist. Expanded ed. New York: Oxford UP, 1989.
74. Fredrickson, George M. The Black Image in the White Mind: The Debate on Afro-American Character and Destiny, 1817-1914. New York: New York: Harper and Row, 1971.
75. "The Game Within: Latrell Sprewell v. P. J. Carlesimo." National Post 18 Nov. 1999: B12.
76. Gates, Henry Louis Jr. Figures in Black: Words, Signs, and the "Racial" Self. New York: Oxford UP, 1987.
77. Gates, Henry Louis Jr. The Signifying Monkey: A Theory of African-American Literary Criticism. New York: Oxford UP, 1988.
78. General Electric. Advertisement. Ebony Feb. 2001: 53.
79. George, Nelson. Elevating the Game: Black Men and Basketball. New York: HarperCollins, 1992.
80. Gilmore, Mikal. "Easy Target: Why Tupac Should Be Heard before He's Buried." Rolling Stone 31 Oct. 1996: 49-51.
81. Gilroy, Paul. Introduction. Eight Men by Richard Wright. 1961. New York: HarperPerennial, 1989. xi-xxi.
82. Glaude, Eddie S. Jr. Exodus: Religion, Race, and Nation in Early Nineteenth-Century Black America. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2000.
83. Gloster, Rob. "Sprewell Admits He Made a Mistake." Edmonton Journal 10 Dec. 1997: D4.
84. GM Certified Used Vehicles. Advertisement. Sports Illustrated 8 Sept. 2003: 75.
85. Greenfield, Jeff. "The Black and White Truth about Basketball." 1975. Signifyin(g), Sanctifyin', and Slam Dunking: A Reader in African American Expressive Culture. Ed. Gena Dagel Caponi. Amherst: U of Massachusetts P, 1999. 373-78.
86. Gubar, Susan. Racechanges: White Skin, Black Face in American Culture. New York: Oxford UP, 1997.
87. Guerrero, Ed. "The Black Man on Our Screens and the Empty Space in Representation." Black Male: Representations of Masculinity in Contemporary American Art. Ed. Thelma Golden. New York: Abrams, 1994. 181-89.
88. Guerrero, Ed. Framing Blackness: The African American Image in Film. Philadelphia: Temple UP, 1993.
89. Halberstam, David. Playing for Keeps: Michael Jordan and the World He Made. New York: Random House, 1999.
90. Hale, Grace Elizabeth. Making Whiteness: The Culture of Segregation in the South, 1890-1940. New York: Pantheon, 1998.
91. Hanes. "Boxers or Briefs?" 29 Sept. 2005 <>.
92. Harper, Phillip Brian. Are We Not Men?: Masculine Anxiety and the Problem of African-American Identity. New York: Oxford UP, 1998.
93. Harris, Cheryl. "Whiteness as Property." Black on White: Black Writers on What It Means to Be White. Ed. David R. Roediger. New York: Schocken, 1998. 103-18.
94. Harris-Lacewell, Melissa Victoria. Barbershops, Bibles, and BET: Everyday Talk and Black Political Thought. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2004.
95. Higginbotham, A. Leon Jr. Shades of Freedom: Racial Politics and Presumptions of the American Legal Process. New York: Oxford UP, 1996.
96. Hoberman, John. Darwin's Athletes: How Sport Has Damaged Black America and Preserved the Myth of Race. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1997.
97. Holland, Sharon P. "Bill T. Jones, Tupac Shakur, and the (Queer) Art of Death." Callaloo 23.1 (2000): 384-93.
98. Holloway, Karla F. C. Moorings and Metaphors: Figures of Culture and Gender in Black Women's Literature. New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 1992.
99. Hooks, bell. Black Looks: Race and Representation. Toronto: Between the Lines, 1992.
100. Hooks, bell. "Representations of Whiteness in the Black Imagination." Black on White: Black Writers on What It Means to Be White. Ed. David R. Roediger. New York: Schocken, 1998. 38-53.
101. Hooks, bell. We Real Cool: Black Men and Masculinity. New York: Routledge, 2004.
102. Houck, Davis W. "Attacking the Rim: The Cultural Politics of Dunking." Basketball Jones: America above the Rim. Ed. Todd Boyd and Kenneth L. Shropshire. New York: New York UP, 2000. 151-69.
103. Hurston, Zora Neale. Mules and Men. 1935. New York: Harper and Row, 1990.
104. Jacobson-Hardy, Michael. "Behind the Razor Wire." Behind the Razor Wire: Portrait of a Contemporary American Prison System. New York: New York UP, 1999. 1-12.
105. Johnson, Charles, and John McCuskery. Black Men Speaking. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1997.
106. Johnson, James Weldon, and J. Rosamond Johnson. The Books of American Negro Spirituals. 1926. New York: Da Capo, 1969.
107. Jones, Chris. "Tall versus Big at the Negotiating Table." National Post 28 Oct. 1998: B10.
108. Jones, Gayl. Liberating Voices: Oral Tradition in African American Literature. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1991.
109. Jordan, Joseph F. "Without Sanctuary." 31 Jan. 2003. <>.
110. Kelley, Robin D. G. Freedom Dreams: The Black Radical Imagination. Boston: Beacon, 2002.
111. Kelley, Robin D. G. Yo' Mama's Disfunktional: Fighting the Culture Wars in Urban America. Boston: Beacon, 1997.
112. Kennedy, Randall. Race, Crime, and the Law. New York; Pantheon, 1997.
113. The Last Blackface. Dir. Aaron Blandon. Videocassette. Independent, 2002.
114. Levine, Lawrence W. Black Culture and Black Consciousness: Afro-American Folk Thought from Slavery to Freedom. New York: Oxford UP, 1977.
115. Lhamon, W. T. Jr. Raising Cain: Blackface Performance from Jim Crow to Hip Hop. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1998.
116. Lipsitz, George. "The Greatest Story Ever Told: Marketing and the O. J. Simpson Trial." Birth of a Nation'hood: Gaze, Script, and Spectacle in the O. J. Simpson Case. Ed. Toni Morrison and Claudia Brodsky Lacour. New York: Random House, 1997. 3-29.
117. Little Bill. Advertisement. Essence Dec. 2003: 210.
118. Litwack, Leon F. "Hellhounds." Without Sanctuary: Lynching Photography in America. Ed. James Allen et al. Santa Fe: Twin Palms, 2000. 8-37.
119. Lott, Eric. Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class. New York: Oxford UP, 1993.
120. Lubiano, Wahneema. Introduction. The House That Race Built: Black Americans, U.S. Terrain. Ed. Wahneema Lubiano. New York: Pantheon, 1997. vii-ix.
121. Malveaux, Julianne. "Gladiators, Gazelles, and Groupies: Basketball Love and Loathing." Basketball Jones: America above the Rim. Ed. Todd Boyd and Kenneth L. Shropshire. New York: New York UP, 2000. 51-58.
122. Marriott, David. On Black Men. New York: Columbia UP, 2000.
123. Mauer, Marc, and Tracy Huling. Young Black Americans and the Criminal Justice System: Five Years Later. Washington: Sentencing Project, 1995.
124. McCall, Nathan. Makes Me Wanna Holler: A Young Black Man in America. New York: Vintage, 1994.
125. McClintock, Anne. Imperial Leather: Race, Gender, and Sexuality in the Colonial Contest. New York: Routledge, 1995.
126. Merck. Advertisement. Ebony June 2001: 12-13.
127. Metzger, Bruce M., and Michael D. Coogan, eds. The Oxford Companion to the Bible. New York: Oxford UP, 1993.
128. Miller Brewing Company. Advertisement. Ebony June 2001: 119.
129. Miller, J. K. "From the Press Box: A Survey of the Media's Sports Coverage." The Source Sports Apr. 1999: 39-40.
130. Miller, Jerome G. Search and Destroy: African-American Males in the Criminal Justice System. New York: Cambridge UP, 1996.
131. Mitchell-Bray, Marsha. "A Two-Pack of Tupac." Tough Love: Cultural Criticism and Familial Observations on The Life and Death of Tupac Shakur. Ed. Michael Datcher and Kwame Alexander. Alexandria: Alexander, 1996. 101-4.
132. Moore, Steve. "In the Bleachers." Cartoon. Edmonton Journal 2 Jan. 1998: D4.
133. Morrison, Toni. "Home." The House That Race Built: Black Americans, U.S. Terrain. Ed. Wahneema Lubiano. New York: Pantheon, 1997. 3-12.
134. Morrison, Toni. "The Official Story: Dead Man Golfing." Birth of a Nation'hood: Gaze, Script, and Spectacle in the O. J. Simpson Case. Ed. Toni Morrison and Claudia Brodsky Lacour. New York: Random House, 1997. vii-xxviii.
135. Moses, Wilson Jeremiah. Black Messiahs and Uncle Toms: Social and Literary Manipulations of a Religious Myth. University Park: Pennsylvania State UP, 1993.
136. "National Basketball Association Loses Employees due to Lockout." National Post 15 Dec. 1998: B11.
137. Nationwide Insurance and Financial Services. Advertisement. Essence Sept. 2003: 119.
138. Nike. "The Fun Police: Find the Ref." Advertisement. 1998.
139. Nike. "The Fun Police: Kid Never Passes the Ball." Advertisement. 1998.
140. Nike. "Pro Vent Top." Advertisement. Sports Illustrated. 3 Nov. 2003: 71-72.
141. Noel, Peter. "Driving while Black: Fear and Loathing on the New Jersey Turnpike." Village Voice 9 June 1998: 39.
142. Office Max. "Rubberband Man." Advertisement. 2004.
143. Ogren, Kathy J. The Jazz Revolution: Twenties America and the Meaning of Jazz. New York: Oxford UP, 1989.
144. Olguín, B. V. "Tattoos, Abjection, and the Political Unconscious: Towards a Semiotics of the Pinto Visual Vernacular." Cultural Critique 37 (Autumn 1997): 159-213.
145. O'Malley, Michael. "A Blood Red Record: The 1890s and American Apartheid." 27 Jan. 2003 <>.
146. Patterson, Orlando. Rituals of Blood: Consequences of Slavery in Two American Centuries. New York: Basic Civitas, 1998.
147. Payloader. Advertisement. U.S. News and World Report. 1 Feb. 1957.
148. Perry, Imani. Prophets of the Hood: Politics and Poetics in Hip Hop. Durham: Duke UP, 2004.
149. Powell, Kevin. "Bury Me Like a G." Rolling Stone 31 Oct. 1996: 38-46.
150. Puma. Advertisement. FHM May 2002: 54, 56.
151. Quinn, Eithne. Nuthin' but a "G" Thang: The Culture and Commerce of Gangsta Rap. New York: Columbia UP, 2005.
152. Quinn, Michael. "'Never Shoulda Been Let out the Penitentiary': Gangsta Rap and the Struggle of Racial Identity." Cultural Critique 34 (Autumn 1996): 65-89.
153. Raab, Scott. "Dennis Rodman, in the Pink." GQ Feb. 1997: 136-41.
154. Reddy, T. J. "A Poem for Black Rhythmeticians." Prison Literature in America: The Victim as Criminal and Artist. Ed. H. Bruce Franklin. Expanded ed. New York: Oxford UP, 1989. 251.
155. Reed, Ishmael. "Another Day at the Front." Police Brutality. Ed. Jill Nelson. New York: Norton, 2000. 189-205.
156. Reid, Mark. Black Lenses, Black Voices: African American Film Now. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield 2005.
157. Reid, Mark. Postnegritude Visual and Literary Culture. Albany: SUNY P, 1997.
158. "Reveal Jim Crow Policy in U.S. Advertising; 'Menial' Negroes Only Are Shown in Ads" [April 1950]. Clipping Files: Advertising Industry-Negroes. Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library, New York.
159. Rodman, Dennis, and Tim Keown. Bad as I Wanna Be. New York: Delacorte, 1996.
160. Rodman, Dennis, and Michael Silver. Walk on the Wild Side. Ed. Michael Silver. New York: Delacorte, 1997.
161. Rodríguez, Dylan. Forced Passages: Imprisoned Radical Intellectuals and the U.S. Prison Regime. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 2006.
162. Roediger, David R. Introduction. Black on White: Black Writers on What It Means to Be White. Ed. David R. Roediger. New York: Schocken, 1998. 1-26.
163. "Romijn Dressing." GQ Feb. 1997: 142-51.
164. Rose, Tricia. Black Noise: Rap Music and Black Culture in Contemporary America. Hanover: UP of New England, 1994.
165. Russell, Thaddeus. "Is Rap Tomorrow's Jazz?" H-NET Discussion List for African American Studies. 22 Aug. 2005 <>.
166. Scott, James C. Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts. New Haven: Yale UP, 1990.
167. Shaw, William. "Rhyme and Punishment." Details Apr. 1996: 154-58, 173.
168. Shields, David. Black Planet: Facing Race during an NBA Season. New York: Crown, 1999.
169. Shropshire, Kenneth L. "Deconstructing the NBA." Basketball Jones: America above the Rim. Ed. Todd Boyd and Kenneth L. Shropshire. New York: New York UP, 2000. 75-89.
170. Smith, Craig V. "Darkness Visible: The Politics of Being Seen from Ellison to Zebrahead." Canadian Review of American Studies 26:1 (1996): 111-22.
171. Smith, Danyel, Rob Marriott, et al. "Tupac Shakur, 1971-1996." Vibe Nov. 1996: T1-T8.
172. Smith, Theophus H. Conjuring Culture: Biblical Formations of Black America. New York: Oxford UP, 1994.
173. Smitherman, Geneva. Talkin and Testifyin: The Language of Black America. Detroit: Wayne State UP, 1977.
174. Solotaroff, Ivan. "Gangsta Life, Gangster Death." Esquire Dec. 1996: 77-86.
175. Spillers, Hortense. "Mama's Baby, Papa's Maybe: An American Grammar Book." Within the Circle: An Anthology of African American Literary Criticism from the Harlem Renaissance to the Present. Ed. Angelyn Mitchell. Durham: Duke UP, 1994. 454-81.
176. Steiner, Christopher B. "Body Personal and Body Politic: Adornment and Leadership in Cross-Cultural Perspective." Anthropos 85.4-6 (1990): 431-45.
177. Sundquist, Eric. To Wake the Nations: Race in the Making of American Literature. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard UP, 1993.
178. Tate, Greg. "He Is Truly Free Who Is Free from the Need to Be Free: A Survey and Consideration of Black Male Genius." Black Male: Representations of Masculinity in Contemporary American Art. Ed. Thelma Golden. New York: Abrams, 1994. 111-18.
179. Tate, Greg. "Introduction: Nigs R Us, or How Blackfolk Became Fetish Objects." Everything but the Burden: What White People Are Taking from Black Culture. Ed. Greg Tate. New York: Broadway, 2003. 1-14.
180. Taylor, Clyde. "The Game." Black Male: Representations of Masculinity in Contemporary American Art. Ed. Thelma Golden. New York: Abrams, 1994. 167-74.
181. Taylor, Phil. "Phil Taylor's NBA Insider." Sports Illustrated: Pro Basketball '97@-98 13 Oct. 1997: 6-11.
182. Toyota Tundra. Advertisement. Sports Illustrated 3 Feb. 2003: 59.
183. Tupac Shakur. Ed. Alan Light. New York: Crown, 1997.
184. Voisin, Ailene. "Allegations of NBA Racism Not Surprising." National Post 17 Dec. 1998: B11.
185. Walcott, Rinaldo. "Images of the Middle Passage: History, Memory, and the Changing Present." Black Speakers Series Lecture. Southern Arkansas University, Magnolia, 14 Feb. 2005.
186. Walcott, Rinaldo. "Pedagogy and Trauma: The Middle Passage, Slavery, and the Problem of Creolization." Between Hope and Despair: Pedagogy and the Remembrance of Historical Trauma. Ed. Roger Simon et al. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000. 135-51.
187. Walcott, Rinaldo. "The Struggle for Happiness: Commodified Black Masculinities, Vernacular Culture, and Homoerotic Desires." Pedagogies of Difference: Rethinking Education for Social Change. Ed. Peter Pericles Trifonas. New York: Routledge, 2003. 137-54.
188. Walker, Alice. "In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens." In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1984. 231-43.
189. Walker, Alice. "The Unglamorous but Worthwhile Duties of the Black Revolutionary Artist, or of the Black Writer Who Simply Works and Writes." In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1984. 130-38.
190. Washington, Patricia A., and Lynda Dixon Shaver. "The Language Culture of Rap Music Videos." Language, Rhythm, and Sound: Black Popular Cultures into the Twenty-first Century. Ed. Joseph K. Adjaye and Adrianne R. Andrews. Pittsburgh: U of Pittsburgh P, 1997. 164-77.
191. Watkins, Craig S. Representing: Hip Hop Culture and the Production of Black Cinema. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1998.
192. Webber, Thomas L. Deep Like the Rivers: Education in the Slave Quarter Community, 1831-1865. New York: Norton, 1978.
193. Wells, Melanie. "Nike's 'Fun Police' Ads a Hit among Young Urban Viewers." USA Today 6 July 1998: 14B.
194. White, Armond. Rebel for the Hell of It: The Life of Tupac Shakur. New York: Thunder's Mouth, 1997.
195. White, Shane, and Graham White. Stylin': African American Expressive Culture from Its Beginning to the Zoot Suit. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1998.
196. Wideman, John Edgar. "All Stories Are True." All Stories Are True. New York: Vintage, 1992. 3-17.
197. Wideman, John Edgar. Brothers and Keepers. New York: Penguin, 1984.
198. Wideman, John Edgar. "Doing Time, Marking Race." Behind the Razor Wire: Portrait of a Contemporary American Prison System. Ed. Michael Jacobson-Hardy. New York: New York UP, 1999. 11-17.
199. Wideman, John Edgar. Hiding Place. 1981. New York: Vintage, 1988.
200. Wideman, John Edgar. Introduction. The Souls of Black Folk by W. E. B. Du Bois. 1903. New York: Vintage, 1990. xi-xvi.
201. Wideman, John Edgar. "The Language of Home." New York Times 13 Jan. 1985 <>.
202. Wideman, John Edgar. The Lynchers. New York: Holt, 1973.
203. Wideman, John Edgar. Philadelphia Fire. 1990. New York: Vintage, 1991.
204. Wideman, John Edgar. Reuben. New York: Penguin, 1987.
205. Wiegman, Robyn. American Anatomies: Theorizing Race and Gender. Durham: Duke UP, 1995.
206. Williams, Frank. "The Living End." Source Nov. 1996: 103-4.
207. Williams, Patricia J. The Alchemy of Race and Rights. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1991.
208. Wilson, Robert Rawdon. "Graffiti Become Terror: The Idea of Resistance." Canadian Review of Comparative Literature 22.2(1995): 267-75.
209. Wilson, Robert Rawdon. "Tattoos: Play and Interpretation." Textual Studies in Canada 3 (1993): 63-85.
210. Wood, Amy Louise. "Lynching Photography and the 'Black Beast Rapist' in the Southern White Masculine Imagination." Masculinity: Bodies, Movies, Culture. Ed. Peter Lehman. New York: Routledge, 2001: 193-211.
211. Wright, Richard. "The Man Who Lived Underground." 1961. Eight Men. New York: HarperPerennial, 1989. 19-84.