Citizen lawmakers: The ballot initiative revolution

Citizen Lawmakers: The Ballot Initiative Revolution

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-345

  Schmidt, David D ^a  

^a Research Center   (United States)

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EID: 84901903004     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (466)

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44. "Petition for Referendum on Center Is Rejected." Washington Post, 26 October 1978 (DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA).
45. "Political Dean W. S. U'Ren Succumbs Here at Age 90." Portland Oregonian, 18 March 1949 (OREGON).
46. Pollock, James K. The Initiative and Referendum in Michigan. Bureau of Government, University of Michigan, 1940, pp. 2, 9, .
47. quoting ''The Referendum and Initiative in Michigan." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences 43 (1912): 150 (MICHIGAN).
48. Potter, Edwin S. "Letting the People Rule." Equity, 1914, p. 123 (PENNSYLVANIA).
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54. Schafer, J. "Oregon as a Political Experiment Station." American Monthly Review of Reviews, 34 (1906), p. 172 (OREGON).
55. Schmidt, David D., "New Jersey Initiative Bill Faces Last Chance for '83 Ballot." Initiative News Report, 29 July 1983;.
56. Schmidt, David D., "New Jersey State Senate Rebuffs Leader; Passes Initiative Amendment in 30-3 Vote." Initiative News Report, 13 July 1981, p. 3 (NEW JERSEY).
57. Schmidt, David D. Records for Initiatives 1978-1984, published in Initiative News Report, July 1980-December 1984 (OREGON).
58. Schwaneberg, Robert. "Referendums in the Works on Amend-ments. to State Constitution." Star-Ledger, 26 June 1983 (NEW JERSEY).
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60. Sutton, Robert P., ed. The Prairie State: Civil War to the Present-A Documentary History of Illinois. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerd-man's, 1976, pp. 173-74;.
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62. Taylor, Charles Fremont. Editorial in Equity, July 1917, .
63. C. J. Buell of Minneapolis, article in (Chicago) Public, 8 January 1915 (MINNESOTA).
64. Taylor, Charles Fremont. "Victory in Maine." Equity Series, October 1908, pp. 97-98 (MAINE).
65. Telschow, Roger. Telephone interview with the author, 1 July 1984 (DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA).
66. Texas Election Bureau. Republican Primary Election Results, 2 May 1980.
67. Tindall, George Brown. America: A Narrative History. New York: Norton, 1984, pp. 856, 1078 (OHIO, OREGON).
68. Thole, K. Ross. Montana: An Uncommon Land. Norman: Univer-sity of Oklahoma Press, 1959, pp. 223-26 (MONTANA).
69. U'Ren, William S. "The Results of the Initiative and Referendum in Oregon." Proceedings of the American Political Science Association 4 (1907), p. 193 (OREGON).
70. Van der Zee, J., Direct Legislation in Iowa. Iowa City: State Histor-ical Society, 1914, pp. 39-40 (IOWA).
71. Weikert, G. R. "Dr. David Inglis." Direct Legislation Record, December 1897, p. 76 (MICHIGAN).
72. Weiser, Benjamin. "City Acted Properly On Center, Appeals Court Rules Referendum Not Vital." Washington Post, 9 October 1981 (DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA).
73. White, G. Edward. Earl Warren: A Public Life. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982, pp. 33-34 (CALIFORNIA).
74. Williams, Harley M. "A Brief History of Initiative, Referendum and Recall in the U.S. and Virginia and the Current Status of These Processes." Merrifield, Va.: Virginians for Initiative and Referendum, 1981. (VIRGINIA).
75. Joshua Meyrowitz, No Sense of Place: The Impact of Electronic Media on Social Behavior (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985).
76. Charles S. Lobingier, The People's Law (New York: Macmillan, 1909), p. 229.
77. Charles S. Lobingier, The People's Law, 1909, Ibid., p. 155.
78. Charles S. Lobingier, The People's Law, 1909, Ibid., pp. 166-67.
79. Charles S. Lobingier, The People's Law, 1909, Ibid., p. 190.
80. Charles S. Lobingier, The People's Law, 1909, p. 190. Ibid.
81. Charles S. Lobingier, The People's Law, 1909, Ibid., p. 229.
82. Charles S. Lobingier, The People's Law, 1909, p. 229. Ibid.
83. Charles S. Lobingier, The People's Law, 1909, Ibid., p. 340.
84. reprinted in Equity Series, October 1910, p. 159;.
85. J. W. Arrowsmith, "The Direct Legislation Movement in New Jersey, " Direct Legislation Record, May 1894, p. 2.
86. Andreas Gross, "Die direkte Gesetzgebung durch das V91k: Die Utopie des Karl Buerkli (1823-1901)" (Ph.D. diss., University of Lausanne, 1983).
87. Edwin S. Potter, "Letting the People Rule, " Equity, April 1914, p. 121.
88. Arrowsmith, "Direct Legislation Movement.".
89. Arrowsmith, "Direct Legislation Movement." Ibid.
90. Arrowsmith, "Direct Legislation Movement." Ibid.
91. George Brown Tindall, America: A Narrative History (New York: Norton, 1984), p. 775.
92. Direct Legislation Record September 1896, pp. 25-26.
93. Potter, "Letting the People Rule, " pp. 122-23.
94. John D. Hicks, The Populist Revolt (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1931), p. 408.
95. Jim Martin, "Oregon System's Founder Always Put the People First, " Oregon Territory (Sunday magazine section of the Portland Oregonian), 17 June 1979.
96. William S. U'Ren, "Initiative and Referendum in Oregon, " Arena 32 (1904), p. 28.
97. Eltweed Pomeroy, "March of Direct Legislation, " Arena 35 (1906), p. 271;.
98. William S. U'Ren, "The Results of the Initiative and Referendum in Oregon, " Proceedings of the American Political Science Association 4 (1907), p. 193.
99. Charles F. Taylor, "Steps 'lbward Pure Democracy, " Equity Series, January 1909, p. 1.
100. Richard Hofstadter, The Age of Reform (New York: Vintage Books, 1956), pp. 131, 167.
101. Richard Hofstadter, The Age of Reform, Ibid., p. 97.
102. Theodore Roosevelt, "Charter of Democracy" (speech to 1912 Ohio constitutional convention), quoted inEquity, January 1913, p. 18.
103. Woodrow Wilson, quoted in Equity, January 1913, p. 18.
104. Equity, July 1917, pp. 132-33.
105. Hicks, Populist Revolt, pp. 263, 337.
106. Hofstadter, Age of Reform, pp. 163-64.
107. Hofstadter, Age of Reform, Ibid., pp. 139-40.
108. Tindall, America: A Narrative History, p. 703;.
109. Hofstadter, Age of Reform, p. 185.
110. Hofstadter, Age of Reform, p. 185.
111. Quoted in Tindall, America: A Narrative History, p. 793.
112. Carey McWilliams, California: The Great Exception (New York: Current Books/A. A. Wynn, 1949), p. 95.
113. Equity Series, October 1908, p. 120.
114. Arthur A. Ekirch, Jr., Progressivism in America (New York: New Viewpoints, 1974), pp. 20-24.
115. Equity, January 1911, p. 19.
116. Hicks, Populist Revolt, p. 253.
117. Virginia Graham, A Compilation of Statewide Initiative Proposals Appearing on Ballots Through 1976 (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, 1978).
118. Kelly Jenkins, quoted in Initiative News Report 4, no. 20 (28 October 1983).
119. Dennis Jensen, "Computers, Control and Communication: How 30, 000 Volunteers Beat the Gun Initiative, " Campaigns and Elections 4, no. 3 (1983).
120. Fred Sollop and Susan Nicholls, Motor Voter: Toward Universal Registration (Washington, D.C. and New York: Initiative Resource Center and Human SERVE Fund, 1986).
121. California Fair Political Practices Commission, FPPC Bulletin 12, no. 4.
122. Michael Isikoff, "Subsidized-Farro-Loan Plan Falls Flat in Virginia, " Washington Post, 30 May 1983.
123. Martha M. Hamilton, "States, Cities Use Bonds for New Purposes, " Washington Post, 1 January 1984.
124. Sandra Boodman, and Michael Isikoff, "Pandemonium Is a Way of Life in Virginia's Lawmaking Process, " Washington Post, 7 February 1983.
125. 'Ibm Sherwood, and Sandra Sugawara, "Committee Kills Bills by the Dozen: Richmond's Night of the Long Knives, " Washington Post, 13 February 1984.
126. Initiative News Report 6, nos. 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10; 4, no. 23; 3, nos. 8 and 10.
127. David Magleby, Direct Legislation [Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984], pp. 84-85.
128. John Shockley, The Initiative Process in Colorado Politics [Boulder: University of Colorado Bureau of Governmental Research and Service, 1980], p. 3);.
129. Thomas Jefferson, letter to James Madison, 20 December 1787, .
130. reprinted in Richard Hofstadter, ed., Great Issues in American History (New York: Vintage Books, 1958), p. 115.
131. Woodrow Wilson, quoted in Equity, January 1913, p. 18.
132. Joyce Koupal, letter to the author, 23 October 1983.
133. Lynn Lilliston, "One Man's Family in Pollution War: Smog Vote Petition Battle, " Los Angeles Times View, 30 July 1971.
134. Lynn Lilliston, "One Man's Family in Pollution War: Smog Vote Petition Battle, " Los Angeles Times View, 1971. Ibid.
135. Lynn Lilliston, "One Man's Family in Pollution War: Smog Vote Petition Battle, " Los Angeles Times View, 1971. Ibid.
136. Lynn Lilliston, "One Man's Family in Pollution War: Smog Vote Petition Battle, " Los Angeles Times View, 1971. Ibid.
137. "500, 000 Signatures Claimed in Move to Recall Reagan, " Los Angeles Times, 30 May 1968.
138. ''Threats Cited in Drive to Recall Reagan, " Los Angeles Times, 19 July 1968.
139. "Recall Drive Comes to End, Reagan Hails Apparent Failure, " Los Angeles Times, 1 August 1968.
140. Recall Drive Comes to End, Reagan Hails Apparent Failure, Los Angeles Times, Ibid.
141. Lilliston, "One Man's Family.".
142. Lilliston, "One Man's Family.".
143. "Supervisors Kill Resolution That Lauded Oil Firm, " Los Angeles Times, 25 December 1974.
144. Laura Tallian, Direct Democracy (Los Angeles: People's Lobby Press, 1977), pp. 102-3.
145. Laura Tallian, Direct Democracy, 1977, pp. 102-3. Ibid.
146. Lilliston, "One Man's Family.".
147. Tallian, Direct Democracy, p. 98; see also pp. 101-5.
148. Lilliston, "One Man's Family.".
149. S. Prakash Sethi, "The Selling of an Idea-In the Public Interest: The California Campaign to Enact Proposition 9, the Clean Environment Act of 1972, " in his Advocacy Advertising and Large Corporations (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1977), pp. 179- 234.
150. S. Prakash Sethi, The selling of an idea-in the public interest: The California campaign to enact proposition 9, the clean environment act of 1972, His Advocacy Advertising and Large Corporations, 1977 Ibid., pp. 195-96, 215.
151. Whitaker and Baxter, "Preliminary Plan of Campaign Against the People's Lobby Initiative, " 1 June 1971.
152. Lobby, Proposition 9, the Political Reform Act: A Fact for California, a Proposal for America (Los Angeles: People's Lobby Press, 1974), pp. 57-64.
153. Sethi, Advocacy Advertising, pp. 212-22.
154. Sethi, Advocacy Advertising Ibid., p. 196.
155. Sethi, Advocacy Advertising Ibid., p. 206;
156. Daniel H. Lowenstein, "Campaign Spending and Ballot Propositions, " paper delivered to the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, New York City, 5 September 1981, p. 34, .
157. "Campaign Spending and Ballot Propositions: Recent Experience, Public Choice Theory, and the First Amendment, " UCLA Law Review 29, no. 505 (1982).
158. Lobby, Political Reform Act of 1974 (Los Angeles: People's Lobby Press, 1974), p. 25.
159. Lobby, Political Reform Act of 1974, 1974, Ibid., p. 10.
160. Al Martinez, "Proposition 9: Its Birth Pangs Nearly Killed It, " Los Angeles Times, 21 June 1974.
161. Martinez, "Proposition 9.".
162. Lobby, Political Reform Act, p. 8.
163. Lobby, Political Reform Act, p. 8. Ibid.
164. "Bradley Criticized for State-Paid Aide, " San Jose Mercury, 7 March 1974.
165. "COPE Delegates Hit Prop. 9 as Anti-Labor Measure, " California AFL-CIO News, 12 April 1974.
166. George Skelton, "People's Lobby Sues Thp Foe of Political Reform Measure, " Los Angeles Times, 23 April 1973.
167. "People's Lobby Head Starts State Walk, " Sacramento Bee, 8 March 1974.
168. "Standard Oil's Family Probe, " San Francisco Examiner, 21 January 1975;.
169. "People's Lobby Founders Sue Standard Oil, Others, " Sacramento Bee, 20 January 1975.
170. Lobby, Political Reform Act, p. 29.
171. "2 Democratic Candidates Lose Support of COPE, " Sacramento Union, 15 May 1974.
172. "SF Ad Firm Puts Thgether Campaign Against Prop. 9, " Sacramento Bee, 14 May 1974.
173. Lobby, Politician Reform Act, p. 28.
174. Lowenstein, "Campaign Spending.".
175. "Prop. 9 Wins, " Los Angeles Times, 5 June 1974.
176. Hunn, "Ed Koupal.".
177. Martinez, "Proposition 9.".
178. "We've Come to Buy the PG&E, " San Francisco Examiner, 20 June 1974).
179. Time, 26 August 1974.
180. San Francisco Chronicle, 25 September 1974;.
181. Lobby, Newsletter, December 1974-January 1975.
182. Lobby, Newsletter, December 1974-January 1975.
183. Fresno Bee, 13 September 1974.
184. Initiative and Vote of Confidence (Recall) (Los Angeles: People's Lobby Press, 1974), inside front cover page.
185. Lobby, Newsletter, May-June 1975, p. 2.
186. Lobby, Newsletter Ibid., December 1974-January 1975.
187. Lobby, Newsletter Ibid., March-April 1975.
188. Lobby, Newsletter, May-June 1975;.
189. Dick Nolan, column in San Francisco Examiner, 10 August 1975;.
190. Political Animal (Los Angeles newsletter), 25 August 1975.
191. "Ed Koupal of People's Lobby Dies, " San Francisco Examiner, 30 March 1976.
192. David D. Schmidt, Ballot Initiatives: History, Research and Analysis of Recent Initiative and Referendum Campaigns (Washington, D.C.: Initiative News Service, 1983), pp. 7-10.
193. Ralph Nader, quoted in program for Koupal's funeral service, 3 April 1976.
194. Hunn, "Ed Koupal.".
195. Lee Dye, "Atomic Plant Built Near Quake Fault, " Los Angeles Times, 24 November 1973.
196. Lee Dye, "Initiative to Put Curbs on Atom Plants Started, " Los Angeles Times, 12 March 1974.
197. "Press and Public Reactions to Resignation of Nuclear Engineers, " Project Survival News, March-April 1976.
198. "Rock on 15, " Project Survival News, May-June 1976.
199. People's Lobby, "People's Lobby Warns Nuclear Industry: No Business As Usual Under Prop. 9, " news release, 22 April 1975.
200. Faith Keating and Joyce Koupal, Success Is Failure Analyzed: A Proposal for Winning Initiative Campaigns (Los Angeles: Western Bloc, 1976), p. 35.
201. the San Francisco Chronicle, 26 May 1976 and 4 June 1976;.
202. Project Survivalleaflet "Yes on Prop 15/How Safe Is Nuclear Power?" in files of the author.
203. Jerry Gilliam, "Brown Qualifies Stand in Backing 3 A-Plant Bills, " Los Angeles Times, 12 May 1976, .
204. the same journalist's "Three Nuclear Plant Safety Bills Revived, " ibid., Jerry Gilliam 13 May 1976.
205. Roger Telschow, interview with the author, 25 March 1985.
206. John Forster, interview with the author, 20 March 1985.
207. Telschow interview, 1985.
208. Forster interview, 1985.
209. Telschow interview, 1985.
210. Forster interview, 1985.
211. Vote Yes For Lower Utilities, "Campaign Volunteer Walks 140 Miles to Columbus to Support State Utility Issues, " news release, mid-October 1976.
212. Robert H. Snyder, "4 Utility Issues Stay On Ballot, Court Says, " (Cleveland) Plain Dealer, 23 September 1976;.
213. "Utility Court Suit Threatens Ohioans' Right to Vote on Issues" (editorial), Dayton Daily News, 3 October 1976.
214. Committee for Safe, Lower Cost Electricity.
215. Common Cause/Ohio, "Good Government Is Worth Tw0 Cents, Says Common Cause/Ohio, " news release, 21 September 1976.
216. Forster interview, 1985.
217. Wes Hills, "Issue 4 Lowers Bills, Foe Admits, " Dayton Daily News, 12 October 1976.
218. Vote Yes for Lower Utilities, "Partial List of Supporters, " October 1976.
219. Citizens for Safe, Lower Cost Electricity, "Nuclear Energy- The Lower Cost Fuel of the Future, " Coalition News Service, June 1976.
220. Thomas J. Quinn, "1, 488 Defects Found in Ohio Nuclear Plant, " (Cleveland) Plain Dealer, 18 March 1976.
221. Telschow interview, 1984.
222. William R. Diem, "CEI Treats 1, 000 to Meal for Fighting Utility Issues, " (Cleveland) Plain Dealer, undated clipping, November or December 1976.
223. William R. Diem, CEI Treats 1, 000 to Meal for Fighting Utility Issues, (Cleveland) Plain Dealer, undated clipping, November or December 1976.Ibid.
224. William R. Diem, CEI Treats 1, 000 to Meal for Fighting Utility Issues, (Cleveland) Plain Dealer, undated clipping, November or December 1976.Ibid.
225. Mike A. Males, telephone interview with the author, 10 November 1978.
226. Nuclear Vote, "Your Right to Choose, " pamphlet published by proponents of Montana Initiative, 1978.
227. Steven D. Lydenberg, Bankrolling Ballots: The Role of Business in Financing State Ballot Question Campaigns (New York: Council on Economic Priorities, 1979), pp. 52-53.
228. Initiative News Report 1, nos. 1-9 (July-December 1980).
229. Initiative News Report 1, nos. 1-9 (July-December 1980). Ibid.
230. Steven D. Lydenberg, Bankrolling Ballots Update 1980 (New York: Council on Economic Priorities, 1981), pp. 106-10.
231. Steven D. Lydenberg, Bankrolling Ballots Update 1980 (New York: Council on Economic Priorities, 1981), Ibid., pp. 94-98, 103-6.
232. Initiative New Report 3, no. 8 (19 April 1982).
233. Steve Zemke, interviews with the author, 9-10 July 1982.
234. Don't Bankrupt Washington, "Fact Sheet on 1-394, " winter/spring 1981.
235. Don't Bankrupt Washington, " Fact Sheet on 1-394, " winter/spring 1981.Ibid.
236. Initiative News Report 1, nos. 1, 2, 7 (1980).
237. Initiative New Report 2, nos. 7, 12, 14.
238. Initiative New Report 2, nos. 7, 12, 14.
239. Initiative New Report 2, nos. 7, 12, 14.Ibid.
240. Initiative News Report 1, no 13 (29 June) and no. 14 (13 July 1981).
241. Zemke interviews.
242. Don't Bankrupt Washington, "Fact Sheet, " fall 1981.
243. Initiative News Report 3, no. 14 (13 July 1981).
244. Initiative News Report 3, no. 14, 1981.
245. Initiative News Report 1, no. 3 and 6 (22 September and 3 November 1980).
246. John J. Fialka, "Property Tax Initiative Is Talk of California, " Washington Star, 20 April 1978.
247. Charles Winner, quoted in Larry J. Sabato, The Rise of Political Consultants (New York: Basic Books, 1981), p. 27.
248. Zemke interviews.
249. Joel Connelly, "N-Forces Amass Election War Chest, " Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 30 September 1981; Doug Underwood, "WPPSS: Contractors Donate to Defeat Bill, " Seattle Times, 29 September 1981;.
250. Doug Underwood, '''Big Money' Plays Big Part in Initiative 394 Campaign, " Seattle Times, 29 September 1981.
251. Initiative News Report 2, no. 17, 19, 20, 21.
252. Initiative News Report 2, no. 17, 21.Ibid.
253. Shelby Scates, "Initiative Is Common Cents Measure, " Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 27 September 1981.
254. Zemke interviews.
255. Washington State Public Disclosure Commission (hereafter "PDC"), PDC News, 28 September 1981.
256. Zemke interviews.
257. Don't Bankrupt Washington, "Summary of Survey Results, " September 1981.
258. '''lbny Schwartz: Radio's Responsive Chord, " Campaigns and Elections 2, no. 1 (Spring 1981), pp. 18-26.
259. Zemke interviews.
260. Washington State PDC, PDC News, 22 October 1981.
261. Washington State PDC, PDC News, 1981.Ibid.
262. Washington State PDC, PDC News, 1981. Ibid.
263. Zemke interviews.
264. Washington State PDC, PDC News, 22 October 1981.
265. Thny Schwartz, interviewed in Initiative News Report 4, no. 11 (1 July 1983).
266. Thny Schwartz, interviewed in Initiative News Report 4, no. 11 (1983).Ibid.
267. Zemke interviews.
268. Schwartz interview.
269. Zemke interviews.
270. Zemke interviews.Ibid.
271. Zemke interviews. Ibid.
272. Zemke interviews. Ibid.
273. Washington State PDC, PDC News, 30 November 1981.
274. Initiative News Report 2, no. 22 (16 November 1981).
275. Don't Bankrupt Washington Committee, news release, 4 November 1981.
276. Robert H. Keller, telephone interview with the author, 25 March 1985.
277. Washington Secretary of State, "History of State Initiative and Referendum Measures" (Olympia: State of Washington, 1977), p.17.
278. "History of State Initiative and Referendum Measures" ( 1977), p.17.Ibid.
279. Washington Secretary of State, History, p. 20.
280. (Washington) Secretary of State, "Official Voters Pamphlet 1970" (Olympia: State of Washington, 1970), p. 6.
281. Peter Steinhart, "California's Bottle Initiative, If Passed, May Save More Than Bottles, " Los Angeles Times, 28 March 1982.
282. Washington Secretary of State, History, p. 34.
283. Washington Secretary of State, History, p. 34.Ibid.
284. Washington Secretary of State, History, p. 34.Ibid
285. Washington Secretary of State, History, p. 34.Ibid.
286. Rodgers, Corporate Country.
287. Rodgers, Corporate Country.Ibid.
288. General Accounting Office, Report on Bottle Bills, 1980.
289. Earl Selby and Miriam Selby, "The Lobby That Battles Bottle Bills, " Reader's Digest, May 1976, p. 242.
290. Field Institute, The California Poll, news release, September 1982.
291. William K. Shireman, "A How-to Guide for Defeating Popular Ballot Initiatives, " testimony before the California State As- sembly Committee on Elections and Reapportionment, 7 December 1983, .
292. Armando Acuna, "Anti-Bottle Bill Ads False, Say Boy Scout, Campfire Leaders, " San Jose Mercury, 30 September 1982.
293. Thm McCall, quoted in Californians for Recycling and Litter Clean-up news release, mid-October 1982.
294. Mark Nelson, and Ed Pope, "Year of the Smear: Bottle Bill Proponents Attack Foes' Ad, " San Jose Mercury, 30 October 1982.
295. Combination of statistics from San Francisco Examiner, 8 August 1982, and Initiative News Report 3, no. 10, and 4, no. 23.
296. Environmental Action Foundation, Washington, D.C.
297. Martin Schiffenbauer, letter, 11 February 1985;.
298. "Co-Oper Hailed 'Super Citizen' by Mayor, " Berkeley Co-Op News, 10 December 1984.
299. Patrick Quinn, telephone interview with the author, 21 May 1985.
300. Rena Wish Cohen, "The Quinn-tessential Political Watchdog, " Panorama (section of the [Chicago] Sunday Herald), 18 January 1981, p. 7.
301. Rena Wish Cohen, "The Quinn-tessential Political Watchdog, " 1981,Ibid. 6.
302. Rena Wish Cohen, "The Quinn-tessential Political Watchdog, " 1981,Ibid. 6.
303. Rena Wish Cohen, "The Quinn-tessential Political Watchdog, " 1981,Ibid. 8.
304. Michael J. Lennon, and Caroline A. Gherardini, eds., Illinois Issues Special Report: The Cutback Amendment (Springfield, Ill.: Sangamon State University, 1982), pp. 15-16.
305. Michael J. Lennon, and Caroline A. Gherardini, eds., Illinois Issues Special Report: The Cutback Amendment (1982), pp. 15-16. Ibid.
306. Cohen, "Quinn-tessential.".
307. Lennon and Gherardini, Report, p. 17.
308. Lennon and Gherardini, Report, Ibid, p. 14.
309. Charles W. Wiggins, and Janice Petty, "Cumulative Voting and Electoral Competition, " American Politics Quarterly 7 (1979), pp.345-46.
310. Charles W. Wiggins, and Janice Petty, "Cumulative Voting and Electoral Competition, " American Politics Quarterly 7 (1979), Ibid., pp. 19-20.
311. Charles W. Wiggins, and Janice Petty, "Cumulative Voting and Electoral Competition, " American Politics Quarterly 7 (1979), Ibid., pp. 20-22.
312. Charles W. Wiggins, and Janice Petty, "Cumulative Voting and Electoral Competition, " American Politics Quarterly 7 (1979), Ibid., p. 33.
313. Initiative News Report 3, no. 16 (9 August 1982).
314. Initiative News Report, Ibid., 4, no. 8 (29 April 1983).
315. Initiative News Report, Ibid., 4, no. 8 1983, Ibid.
316. Initiative News Report, Ibid., 4, no. 8 1983, Ibid.
317. Initiative News Report, Ibid., 4, no. 8 1983, Ibid.
318. David D. Schmidt, "Cook County Judges Issue: Illinois Coalition Wins, " Initiative News Report, 19 April 1985, p. 1;.
319. Howard A. Jarvis, I'm Mad as Hell (New York: Times Books, 1979), p. 227.
320. Howard A. Jarvis, I'm Mad as Hell (1979), Ibid., pp. 194, 205-6, 212-17.
321. Howard A. Jarvis, I'm Mad as Hell (1979), Ibid. , p. 5.
322. Howard A. Jarvis, I'm Mad as Hell (1979), Ibid., pp. 235-77.
323. Howard A. Jarvis, I'm Mad as Hell (1979), Ibid., p. 280.
324. Howard A. Jarvis, I'm Mad as Hell (1979), Ibid., pp. 16, 25.
325. Howard A. Jarvis, I'm Mad as Hell (1979), Ibid., p. 25.
326. Howard A. Jarvis, I'm Mad as Hell (1979), Ibid., p. 32.
327. Jarvis, I'm Mad as Hell, p. 33.
328. Jarvis, I'm Mad as Hell, Ibid., p. 20.
329. Jarvis, I'm Mad as Hell, Ibid., p. 21.
330. Jarvis, I'm Mad as Hell, Ibid., p. 50.
331. Roger Rapoport, California Dreaming: The Political Odyssey of Pat and Jerry Brown (Berkeley, Calif.: Nolo Press, 1982), 232.
332. Jarvis, I'm Mad as Hell, pp. 40-43.
333. Jarvis, I'm Mad as Hell, Ibid., pp. 43, 49.
334. Jarvis, I'm Mad as Hell, Ibid., Ibid., pp. 22, 53.
335. James Ring Adams, Secrets of the Tax Revolt (San Diego: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1984), p. 164.
336. Jarvis, I'm Mad as Hell, p. 112.
337. Adams, Secrets, p. 165.
338. Rapoport, California Dreaming, p. 234.
339. Jarvis, I'm Mad as Hell, p. 118.
340. Jarvis, I'm Mad as Hell, Ibid., pp. 69-70.
341. Jarvis, I'm Mad as Hell, Ibid., pp. 89-90.
342. Rapoport, California Dreaming, p. 237.
343. Jarvis, I'm Mad as Hell, pp. 126-27.
344. Adams, Secrets, p. 166.
345. March Fong Eu, Secretary of State, Statement of Vote and Supplement, Primary Election, 6 June (Sacramento: Secretary of State, 1978), pp. 191-225.
346. Adams, Secrets, p. 167.
347. Rapoport, California Dreaming, p. 238.
348. Adams, Secrets, p. 167.
349. Jarvis, I'm Mad as Hell, p. 190.
350. David Magleby, Direct Legislation: Voting on Ballot Propositions in the United States (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984), p. 64.
351. Jarvis, I'm Mad as Hell, p. 110.
352. David D. Schmidt, "California's 'Save Proposition 13' Sinks Local Bond Prices, " Initiative News Report 5, no. 12, p. 1.
353. David D. Schmidt, "California's 'Save Proposition 13' Sinks Local Bond Prices, " Initiative News Report 5, no. 12, p. 1. Ibid.
354. Joel Fox, aide to Howard Jarvis, telephone interview with the author, 8 May 1985.
355. Charles Burress, and Mark Barabak, "Howard Jarvis Dies, " San Francisco Chronicle, 13 August 1986.
356. Daniel Rosenheim, "The Tax Rebellion Has Cooled Off, " San Francisco Chronicle, 31 October 1985.
357. Diane Curtis, and Daniel Rosenheim, "Major Changes in School Financing, " San Francisco Chronicle, 30 October 1985.
358. Jerry Roberts, "A Hidden Crisis in Public Works, " San Francisco Chronicle, 29 October 1985.
359. History of State Initiative and Referendum Measures (Olympia: Secretary of State, 1977), p. 35.
360. Joseph Thchinsky, executive director of the Michigan Citizens Lobby, telephone interview with the author, 15 April 1985.
361. Adams, Secrets, p. 321.
362. Adams, Secrets, Ibid., p. 315.
363. Adams, Secrets, Ibid., p. 323.
364. Adams, Secrets, p. 321.
365. Adams, Secrets, p. 321. Ibid.
366. Adams, Secrets, Ibid., p. 325.
367. "Massachusetts Information for Voters 1980" (Boston: Secretary of the Commonwealth, 1980), p. 6.
368. Adams, Secrets, 325.
369. David D. Schmidt, "Massachusetts, " Initiative News Report 1, no. 8 (10 December 1980).
370. Adams, Secrets, p. 332.
371. "Tax Initiatives in Decline this Year, " Initiative News Report 3, no. 6, pp. 5-6. (9 August 1982).
372. Initiative News Report I, no. 5 (22 October 1980), .
373. Initiative News Report 3, no. 16 (9 August 1982), .
374. "Tax Initiatives: A Different Story in Each State, " Initiative News Report 5, no. 22 (16 November 1984).
375. George Brown Tindall, America: A Narrative History (New York: Norton, 1984), p. 261.
376. Ernest C. Bolt Jr., Ballots Before Bullets: The War Referendum Approach to Peace in America, 1914-1941 (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1977), p. 44.
377. Ernest C. Bolt Jr., Ballots Before Bullets: The War Referendum Approach to Peace in America, 1914-1941 (1977), Ibid., p. 20.
378. Ernest C. Bolt Jr., Ballots Before Bullets: The War Referendum Approach to Peace in America, 1914-1941 (1977), Ibid., p. 63.
379. Ernest C. Bolt Jr., Ballots Before Bullets: The War Referendum Approach to Peace in America, 1914-1941 (1977), Ibid., p. 143.
380. Ernest C. Bolt Jr., Ballots Before Bullets: The War Referendum Approach to Peace in America, 1914-1941 (1977), Ibid., p. 158.
381. Ernest C. Bolt Jr., Ballots Before Bullets: The War Referendum Approach to Peace in America, 1914-1941 (1977), Ibid., p. 163.
382. Ernest C. Bolt Jr., Ballots Before Bullets: The War Referendum Approach to Peace in America, 1914-1941 (1977),Ibid., p. 173.
383. Ernest C. Bolt Jr., Ballots Before Bullets: The War Referendum Approach to Peace in America, 1914-1941 (1977), Ibid., p. 20.
384. Ernest C. Bolt Jr., Ballots Before Bullets: The War Referendum Approach to Peace in America, 1914-1941 (1977), Ibid., p. 171.
385. Ernest C. Bolt Jr., Ballots Before Bullets: The War Referendum Approach to Peace in America, 1914-1941 (1977), Ibid., p. 181.
386. Ernest C. Bolt Jr., Ballots Before Bullets: The War Referendum Approach to Peace in America, 1914-1941 (1977), Ibid., p. 183.
387. Ernest C. Bolt Jr., Ballots Before Bullets: The War Referendum Approach to Peace in America, 1914-1941 (1977), Ibid., p. 189.
388. Lynn Ludlow, "The Groups Behind Battle to Pass Prop. P, " San Francisco Examiner, 5 November 1967.
389. Lynn Ludlow, "The Groups Behind Battle to Pass Prop. P, " San Francisco Examiner, 1967. Ibid.
390. "Fulbright Won't Say Yes or No, " San Francisco Examiner, 5 November 1967.
391. "Veterans Call for 'No' on Prop. P, " San Francisco Chronicle, 3 November 1967;.
392. "U.S. Reaction to the Defeat of Prop. P, " San Francisco Chronicle, 9 November 1967.
393. Thomas Kearney, ed., San Francisco Voter Information Pamphlet, General Election November 7, 1978 (San Francisco: Office of the Registrar of Voters, 1978), p. 105.
394. "Jobs With Peace Referendum Results" (Boston: Jobs With Peace Campaign, 1985).
395. Jobs With Peace Referendum Results, 1985,Ibid.
396. Jill Nelson, executive director of Jobs With Peace Campaign, telephone interview with the author, 6 August 1985.
397. "Jobs With Peace Referendum Results.".
398. Margaret Lane, "Baltimore Publishes Info on Military Uses of Local Taxes, " Jobs With Peace (National Network Newsletter), November-December 1983, p. 7.
399. Philip McManus, "Bringing the Initiative Home, " post-election memo to campaign workers, 1980.
400. Joel Kotkin, "Calif. County to Vote on Antinuclear Arms Measure, " Washington Post, 2 June 1980;.
401. McManus, "Bringing the Initiative Home.".
402. John Keith, "Lockheed Up in Arms Over Measure 'A, ''' Santa Cruz Phoenix, 1-14 May 1980.
403. McManus, "Bringing the Initiative Home.".
404. McManus, "Bringing the Initiative Home.",Ibid.
405. "Santa Cruz, " New Abolitionist, newsletter (Baltimore, Md.: Nuclear-Free America, February 1985).
406. "Garrett Park, Md., Is a Nuclear-Free Zone, " Congressional Record, 6 May 1982.
407. "80 Nuclear Free Zones in U.s.A., " New Abolitionist, December 1984, p. 1.
408. "Nuclear Free Zones in America, " New Abolitionist, December 1984, p. 10.
409. "Cambridge, Mass. Defeats Ban on Nuclear Arms Research, " Initiative News Report 4, no. 22 (18 November 1983).
410. "The Corporate Campaign, " New Abolitionist, January-February 1984, p. 1.
411. "The Corporate Campaign, " New Abolitionist, January-February 1984, p. 1,Ibid.
412. Mark Fritz, "Nuke Ban Splits Ann Arbor, " Lansing State Journal, 29 October 1983.
413. "Ann Arbor: Victory in Defeat, " New Abolitionist, December 1984, p. 5.
414. "Ann Arbor: Victory in Defeat, " New Abolitionist, December 1984, p. 5,Ibid.
415. "Nuclear Free Zones in America, " insert, New Abolitionist, February 1985.
416. "Takoma Park-One Year Later, " New Abolitionist, December 1984, p. 2.
417. Larry Liebert, "Behind the Anti-Nuclear Arms Initiative, " San Francisco Chronicle, 23 November 1981.
418. Jay Matthews, "Less Bang for the Bucks: A Millionaire's Fight for the Nuclear Freeze, " Washington Post, 6 June 1984.
419. Jay Matthews, "Less Bang for the Bucks: A Millionaire's Fight for the Nuclear Freeze, " Washington Post, 6 June 1984,Ibid.
420. Randall Kehler and Judith Scheckel, "Yes: The People Decided, " Sojourners, March 1981.
421. Robert Kaiser, "Sudden Ground Swell for a Nuclear Freeze, " San Francisco Chronicle, 13 April 1982.
422. Robert Kaiser, "Sudden Ground Swell for a Nuclear Freeze, " San Francisco Chronicle, 13 April 1982,Ibid.
423. Matthews, "Less Bang.".
424. "Initiative, " New Yorker, 26 April 1982, p. 30.
425. Larry Liebert, "One Man's 'Obsession' to Halt Nuclear Arms Race, " San Francisco Chronicle, 21 April 1982.
426. Matthews, "Less Bang.".
427. "Nuclear Freeze Fundraising Bonanza, " Initiative News Report 3, no. 11 (1 June 1982).
428. Matthews, "Less Bang.".
429. Michael Betzold, "Michigan Puts Freeze on Ballot, " memo circulated at National Freeze Referendum organizers conference, Fontbonne College, St. Louis, 9 July 1982.
430. Thm Sherwood, "Referendum on Nuclear Weapons Freeze Is Sought Here, " Washington Post, 27 March 1982.
431. Karin Fierke, "The Freeze and the Fall Ballot, " Freeze Newsletter, July 1982, p. 7.
432. Kaiser, "Sudden Ground Swell.".
433. Fierke, "Freeze and the Fall Ballot";.
434. "State of the Campaign, " Freeze Newsletter, July 1982, p. 6.
435. Adam Clymer, "The Nuclear Freeze: Politicians Find It Difficult to Predict Issue's Influence on Fall Elections, " New York Times, 6 July 1982.
436. Robert Scheer, With Enough Shovels: Reagan, Bush and Nuclear War (New York: Random House, 1982);.
437. Mervin D. Field, "Majority Favors Nuclear Freeze, " San Francisco Chronicle, 21 April 1982.
438. ABC News/Washington Post conducted 21-25 April 1982, .
439. Randall Kehler, "Message from the National Coordinator, " Freeze Newsletter, October 1982, p. 3.
440. New York Times, 16 March 1982.
441. "Anti-Freeze Initiatives/Report #2, " memorandum from Interchange (a peace activists' information clearinghouse), Washington, D.C., 20 January 1983.
442. American Security Council, "1982 Voting Index/Washington Report, " September 1982, brochure.
443. John Barron, "The KGB's Magical War for 'Peace, ''' Reader's Digest, October 1982, p. 235.
444. Randall Kehler, statement to the news media, 5 October 1982.
445. Ben Senturia, "National Referendum on the Freeze to Occur, " Freeze Newsletter, October 1982, p. 5.
446. Lee Dembart, "Foes of Nuclear Freeze Initiative Will Seek Free TV Time for Ads, " Los Angeles Times, 19 October 1982.
447. "INR Campaign Spending Study, " Initiative News Report 4, no. 23. (2 December 1983).
448. Julie Ingersoll, and Patrick McGuigan, "Freeze Gains Widespread Voter Support, Suffers Loss in Arizona, " Initiative and Referendum Report, November 1982, p. 4.
449. "Nuclear Arms Freeze: Victorious, But Not Invulnerable, " Initiative News Report 3, no. 22 (12 November 1982).
450. Robert Shogan, "Nuclear Freeze Movement Emerges as Political Test, " Los Angeles Times, 17 April 1982.
451. "A-Freeze Leaders Seek 1 Million Volunteers, " San Francisco Chronicle, 3 December 1983.
452. Geoffrey de Q. Walker, Initiative and Referendum: The People's Law (St. Leonard's, New South Wales, Australia: Centre for Independent Studies, 1987).
453. Sen. James Abourezk, statement in Congressional Record, 11 July 1977.
454. Voter Initiative Constitutional Amendment: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on the Constitution on S. J. Res. 67, December 13 and 14, 1977 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1978).
455. George Gallup, "National Initiative Favored, " San Francisco Chronicle, 15 May 1978.
456. Voter Initiative Constitutional Amendment, pp. 85-89, 647.
457. Anne Charles, "Grassroots Drive for a More Direct Democracy, " National Opinion Poll Quarterly, Winter 1979, p. 14.
458. Sen. Mark Hatfield, statement in Congressional Record, 5 February 1979;.
459. Initiative America, 5 February 1979.
460. Michael Nelson, "Power to the People: The Crusade for Direct Democracy, " Saturday Review, 24 November 1979, p. 16.
461. Initiative News Report 3, no. 18 (13 September 1982).
462. Benjamin Barber, Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1984), pp. 281-89.
463. Marc Caplan, Ralph Nader Presents: A Citizen's Guide to Lobbying (New York: Dembner Books, 1983).
464. Gale Cook, "Initiative Process a Sacred Cow to GOP, " San Francisco Examiner and Chronicle, 20 May 1984.
465. Joan Flanagan, The Grass Roots Fund Raising Book (Chicago: Swallow Press, 1982).
466. Larry J. Sabato, The Rise of Political Consultants (New York: Basic Books, 1981).