African American jeremiad rev: Appeals for justice in America

African American Jeremiad Rev: Appeals for Justice in America

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 1-277

  Howard Pitney, David ^a  

^a De Anza College   (United States)

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EID: 84901894611     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (512)

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56. Gerald Mullin, Flight and Rebellion: Slave Resistance in the Eighteenth Century (New York: Oxford University Press, 1972).
57. Douglass, Life and Times, 213-14.
58. Douglass, Narrative of the Life of FrederickDouglass, AnAmerican Slave: Written by Himself (Boston: Anti-Slavery Office, 1845).
59. Douglass, "The War with Mexico, " The North Star, 21 Jan. 1848.
60. Douglass, "The Dred Scott Decision, " in The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass, ed. Philip S. Foner, 4 vols. (New York: International Publishers, 1950-1954), 2:407-12.
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62. Douglass, Frederick Douglass's Paper, 30 July 1852, in FD Papers, 1:xlv.
63. Douglass, "Self-Elevation-Rev. S. R.Ward, "FD Papers, 13April 1855, .
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65. Martin, Mind of Frederick Douglass, 81-82.
66. Douglass, "Colored People Demand Respect, " Rochester, New York, 13 March 1845, in FD Papers, 2:113;.
67. "Work and Self-Elevation, " FD Papers, 5 May 1854.
68. Douglass, "West India Emancipation Speech, " 1 Aug. 1880.
69. Martin, Mind of Frederick Douglass, 134;.
70. "The Future of the Colored Race, " in Foner, Life and Writings, 4:195.
71. Douglass, "Self-Help: An Address Delivered in New York, New York, 7 May 1849, as reported by the New York Herald, 8 May 1849, " in FD Papers, 2:168-70.
72. Douglass, "A Letter to the American Slaves from those who have fled from American Slavery, " North Star, 5 Sept. 1850.
73. Douglass, "A Nation in the Midst of a Nation, " address delivered in New York, New York, 11 May 1853, in FD Papers, 2:424-27.
74. Douglass, "Prejudice and Opportunity, " Frederick Douglass's Paper, 12 Aug. 1853;.
75. Douglass, "The Nation's Problem, " (16 April 1889), in Negro Social and Political Thought, 1850-1920, ed. Howard Brotz (New York: Basic Books, 1966), 318-19.
76. Waldo Martin Mind of Frederick Douglass, 202-13.
77. Douglass, "Why Is the Negro Lynched?" in Foner, Life and Writings, 4:513;.
78. "A Nation in theMidst of a Nation, " in FD Papers 2:438.
79. "The Destiny of Colored Americans, " North Star, 16 Nov. 1849.
80. Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of Racial Anglo-Saxonism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981).
81. George Fredrickson, The Black Image in the White Mind: The Debate on Afro-American Character and Destiny, 1817-1914 (New York: Harper & Row, 1971; Torchbook ed., 1972), 98.
82. Samuel George Morton, Crania Americana; or, A Comparative View of the Skulls of Various Aboriginal Nations of North and South America to Which Is Prefixed an Essay on the Varieties of theHuman Species (Philadelphia, 1839).
83. Frederick Douglass, "The Proclamation and a Negro Army, " Douglass's Monthly (hereafter DM), March 1863.
84. Douglass, "The Color Line, " 1881, in Foner, Life andWritings, 4:342- 43, 350.
85. Douglass, "The Claims of the Negro Ethnologically Considered, " in Foner, Life and Writings, 2: 295-96.
86. Douglass, "The Future of the Colored Race, " in Foner, Life and Writings, 4:195.
87. Douglass, "We Ask Only for Our Rights, " an address delivered in Troy, NY, 4 Sept. 1855, quoted in FD Papers, 3:94-95.
88. Martin, Mind of Frederick Douglass, 199.
89. Douglass, "Condition of the Country, " DM, Feb. 1863.
90. Douglass, "Claims of the Negro Ethnologically Considered, " in Foner, Life and Writings, 2:306;.
91. "The Prospect in the Future, " DM, Aug. 1860.
92. Douglass, "The Color Line, " 1881, in Foner, Life andWritings, 4:351- 52.
93. Douglass, "The Unholy Alliance of Negro Hate and Anti-Slavery, " Frederick Douglass's Paper, 5 April 1856, .
94. "The Color Line, " 1881, in Foner, Life and Writings, 4:346-47.
95. The Blood of the Slave on the Skirts of the Northern People, " North Star, 17 Nov. 1848.
96. Foner, Life and Writings, 1:343-47.
97. Leon Litwack, North of Slavery: The Negro in the Free States, 1790-1860 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961), .
98. August Meier and Elliott Rudwick, From Plantation to Ghetto, 3rd ed. (New York: Hill &Wang, 1976), .
99. David W. Blight in Frederick Douglass's Civil War: Keeping Faith in Jubilee (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989), .
100. "Frederick Douglass and the American Apocalypse, " Civil War History 31, no. 4 (1985): 309-28.
101. William W. Freehling in "The Founding Fathers and Slavery, " The American Historical Review 77 (Feb. 1972), .
102. American Negro Slavery: AModern Reader, ed. Allen Weinstein et al. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), 3-19, .
103. Davis, "The Constitution and the Slave Trade, " in The Problemof Slavery in the Age of Revolution (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1975), reprinted in American Negro Slavery, 28-29.
104. James B. Stewart, Holy Warriors: The Abolitionists and American Slavery (New York: Hill &Wang, 1976), 98-99;.
105. Garrison, "No Union with Slaveholders, " The Liberator, 31 May 1844.
106. Pierre L. van den Berghe, Race and Racism: A Comparative Perspective (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1967), 17-18.
107. The Black Image in the White Mind: The Debate on Afro-American Character and Destiny, 1817-1914 (New York: Harper & Row, 1971), 61-70.
108. Richard Hofstadter, The American Political Tradition and the Men Who Made It (New York: Knopf, 1948; reprint New York:Vintage Books/RandomHouse, n.d.), 80.
109. Waldo Martin, Mind of Frederick Douglass (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984), 56-58.
110. Douglass, North Star, 16 June 1848.
111. David B. Davis, The Slave Power Conspiracy and the Paranoid Style (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1969), .
112. Eric C. Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970).
113. Leon Litwack, North of Slavery: The Negro in the Free States, 1790-1860 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961).
114. Waldo Martin, Mind of Frederick Douglass, 36-38, .
115. Philip S. Foner, ed., Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass, 2:51-54.
116. Elliott Rudwick, From Plantation to Ghetto, 3rd. ed. (NewYork: Hill &Wang, 1976).
117. Douglass, "How to End the War, " DM, May 1861.
118. Douglass to Samuel May, 30 Aug. 1861, in Foner, Life and Writings, 3:159;.
119. Blight "Frederick Douglass and the American Apocalypse, " 315-18.
120. Douglass, "The Union and How to Save It, " DM, Feb. 1861.
121. Sacvan Bercovitch, The American Jeremiad (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978), 198.
122. Douglass, "The Reasons for Our Troubles, " DM, Feb. 1862;.
123. David H. Donald, Liberty and Union (Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath, 1978), 144-53.
124. Meier and Rudwick, From Plantation to Ghetto, 157-58.
125. Douglass, "January First, 1863, " DM, Jan. 1863;.
126. Douglass, North Star, 3 Dec. 1847.
127. Wilson Jeremiah Moses, Black Messiahs and Uncle Toms: Social and LiteraryManipulations of a Religious Myth (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1982), 31.
128. Douglass, Speech at the 32nd Annual Convention of the American Anti-Slavery Society, The Liberator, 26 May 1865;.
129. "The Mission of the War, " New York Tribune, 14 Jan. 1864.
130. "Reconstruction, " Atlantic Monthly, Dec. 1866, 761-65.
131. Douglass, Anti-Slavery Standard, 29 May 1869;.
132. Foner, Life and Writings, 4:31-32.
133. Douglass, "Condition of the Country, " DM, Feb. 1863;.
134. "The Present and Future of the Colored Race in America, " DM, June 1863.
135. Douglass, "Salutory of the Corresponding Editor, " The New National Era, 27 Jan. 1870.
136. Douglass, "The Proclamation and a Negro Army, " DM, March 1863;.
137. "Emancipation, Racism, and the Work Before Us, " an address delivered in Philadelphia, 4 Dec. 1863, in FD Papers, 3:608-609.
138. "Political Legacy of Reconstruction, " The Journal of Negro Education 26 (1959): 231-40, .
139. The Burden of Southern History (New York: Random House, 1961), 89-107;.
140. "Seeds of Failure in the Radical Race Policy, " American Counterpoint: Slavery and Racism in the North-South Dialogue (New York: Little, Brown & Co., 1964), .
141. Reconstruction in the South, 2nd ed., ed. Edwin C. Rozenc (Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath & Co., 1972), 245-63.
142. C. Vann Woodward Reunion and Reaction: The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction, 2nd ed. (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1956), .
143. W. E. B. Du Bois Black Reconstruction in America, 1860-1880 (New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1935).
144. Douglass, "The Civil Rights Case, ", 22 Oct. 1883, in Foner, Life and Writings, 4:393-94.
145. Douglass, "Why Is the Negro Lynched?" in Foner, Life and Writings, 4:491, .
146. Booker T. Washington, "An Account of a Speech before the National Negro Business League, " Atlanta, GA, 30 Aug. 1906, in The Booker T. Washington Papers, ed. Louis R. Harlan et al., 13 vols. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1972-1985), 9:63.
147. Louis R. Harlan, Booker T.Washington, 2 vols. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1972, 1983), 1:16-17.
148. Washington, Up from Slavery (New York, 1901; Dell Publishing, 1965), 63-64.
149. Harlan, Booker T.Washington, 1:110.
150. Nell Irvin Painter, Exodusters: BlackMigration to Kansas after Reconstruction (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1977).
151. Washington, "The Atlanta Exposition Address, " reprinted in Up from Slavery, 154-59.
152. Rayford W. Logan, The Betrayal of the Negro: From Rutherford B. Hayes to Woodrow Wilson, (New York: Collier Books, 1965), 160-61.
153. C. Vann Woodward, Origins of the NewSouth, 1877-1913 (BatonRouge: Louisiana StateUniversity Press, 1951; reprinted, 1971), 356-60.
154. Richard Hofstadter, Social Darwinism in American Thought, revised ed. (New York: Braziller, 1967).
155. August Meier, "Booker T. Washington and the Negro Press, " Journal of Negro History 38 (Jan. 1953): 67-90.
156. Wilson Moses, BlackMessiahs and Uncle Toms: Social and Literary Manipulations of a Religious Myth (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1982).
157. Washington, "Address at the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, " Montgomery, AL, 19 May 1901, in BTWPapers 6:113;.
158. Selected Speeches of Booker T. Washington, ed. E. David Washington (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran, and Co., 1932), 81.
159. Washington, Up from Slavery, 97-98.
160. Washington, "Democracy and Education, " 30 Sept. 1896, in Negro Social and Political Thought, 1850-1920: Representative Texts, ed. Howard Brotz (New York: Basic Books, 1966), 364;.
161. "An Address in Atlanta, " 25 Sept. 1899, in BTW Papers 5:218.
162. George Fredrickson, The Black Image in the White Mind: TheDebate on Afro-American Character and Destiny, 1817-1914 (New York: Harper & Row, 1971);.
163. S. P. Fullinwider, The Mind and Mood of Black America (Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press, 1969);.
164. Wilson Jeremiah Moses, Black Messiahs and Uncle Toms: Social and Literary Manipulations of a ReligiousMyth (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1982).
165. Washington, Up from Slavery, 157;.
166. Minneapolis Journal, 2 Feb. 1896, in Booker T. Washington, ed. Emma Lou Thornbrough (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1969), 72.
167. Washington, Up from Slavery, 157.
168. Washington, "A Fragment of an Address at the Metropolitan A. M. E. Church, " Washington, D.C, 18 March 1904, BTW Papers 7:469;.
169. "An Address on the Twenty-Fifth Anniversary of Tuskegee Institute, " Tuskegee, AL, 4 April 1906, BTW Papers 8:568;.
170. "An Address before the Christian Endeavour Society, " Nashville, TN, 7 July 1898, BTWPapers 4:439;.
171. Louis Harlan, "Booker T. Washington and the White Man's Burden, " American Historical Review 71 (Jan. 1966): 441-67.
172. Washington, "Industrial Education in Africa, " Independent 60 (13 March 1906): 616-19.
173. "American Imperialism and White Chauvinism" and "The Niagara Movement, " in Aptheker, Afro-American History: The Modern Era (New York: Citadel Press, 1971).
174. Washington, Up from Slavery, 24-25.
175. Washington, Future of the American Negro, BTW Papers 5:360-61;.
176. "Lawbreaking Negroes Worst Enemy to Race, " Atlanta, GA, 30 Aug. 1906, BTW Papers 9:62-63.
177. "Salvation and Success in America" in The Broken Covenant (New York: Seabury Press, 1975), 70.
178. Washington, Up from Slavery, 118.
179. Sacvan Bercovitch, The American Jeremiad (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978), 154-57.
180. Washington, The Future of the American Negro, ix, 95-96.
181. Character Building: Being Addresses Delivered on Sunday Evenings to the Students of Tuskegee Institute by Booker T. Washington (New York: Doubleday, 1902), 119-31;.
182. Black Belt Diamonds: Gems from the Speeches, Addresses, and Talks to Students of Booker T.Washington (New York: Fortune and Scott, 1898; reprint, Miami, FL: Mnemosyne Publishing, 1969), 56.
183. Washington, Future of the American Negro, 231-32;.
184. Washington, "What Is It That TheNegroNeedsMost?"Tuskegee Institute, 23Nov. 1907, BTWPapers 9:407;.
185. Washington, Selected Speeches, 81;.
186. Washington, Black Belt Diamonds, 115;.
187. Washington, "An Address in Atlanta, " 25 Sept. 1899, BTW Papers 5:217-18;.
188. "Address at the Metropolitan A.M.E. Church, " 22 May 1900, BTW Papers 5:528.
189. Washington, Black Belt Diamonds, 72.
190. "Two Kinds of Two Kinds of Civil Religion, " in American Civil Religion, ed. Russell Richey and Donald Jones (New York: Harper & Row, 1974), 139-57.
191. Crusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells, ed. Alfreda M. Duster (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970).
192. Crusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells, ed. Alfreda M. Duster (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970) Ibid., 49.
193. Crusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells, ed. Alfreda M. Duster (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970) Ibid., 52.
194. Wells, Crusade for Justice, 64.
195. Wells, Crusade for Justice, Ibid., 65-66
196. Wells, Crusade for Justice, 65.
197. Donald L. Grant, The Antilynching Movement: 1883-1931 (San Francisco: R. & E. Research Associates, 1975).
198. Ida Wells-Barnett, A Red Record:Tabulated Statistics andAlleged Causes of Lynchings in the United States, 1892-1893-1894 (Chicago: Donohue & Heneberry, 1895), .
199. Wells-Barnett, On Lynching: Southern Horrors, A Red Record, Mob Rule in New Orleans (Salem, NH: Ayer Co., 1987), 43-45.
200. B. Wells-Barnett, "Lynching and the Excuse for It, " The Independent 53 (16 May 1901): 1133-36, .
201. Lynching and Rape: An Exchange of Views, ed. Bettina Aptheker (San Jose, CA: American Institute for Marxist Studies, 1977), 33.
202. Wells, Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases (New York: New York Age Print, 1892);.
203. Wells, Crusade for Justice, 70;.
204. Wells, Southern Horrors, 11.
205. Wells, Southern Horrors, 13-15.
206. Wells, Southern Horrors, Ibid., 14-15.
207. Wells, Southern Horrors, 23-24.
208. Wells, Crusade for Justice, 72.
209. Frederick Douglass, e.g., in "Why Is the Negro Lynched?" in The Life andWritings of Frederick Douglass, 4 vols., ed. Philip Foner (New York: International Publishers, 1950- 1954), 4:491-523.
210. Douglass and Wells ed., The Reason Why the Colored American Is Not in theWorld's Columbian Exposition (Chicago: published by the author, 1893).
211. Booker T. Washington, "Account of a Speechbefore theNationalNegro Business League, " Atlanta, GA, 30 Aug. 1906, BTW Papers 8:63.
212. Washington, "Speech before National Negro Business League, " 9:62;.
213. Washington, "A Protest against Lynching, " Tuskegee, AL, 22 Feb. 1904, BTW Papers 7:447-48.
214. Washington, "Lynch Law and Anarchy, " The Sunday School Times, 2 Nov. 1901, BTW Papers 13:500-504.
215. Grant, The Anti-Lynching Movement, 14.
216. Wells, Red Record, 98-99.
217. Wells, Crusade for Justice, 169.
218. Wells, Red Record, 7, .
219. Barbara Welters, "The Cult of True Womanhood: 1820-1860, " American Quarterly (Summer 1966): 151-74;.
220. Nancy F. Cott, The Bonds of Womanhood: "Woman's Sphere" in New England, 1780-1835 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1978).
221. Barbara Welter, "The Feminization of American Religion, " in Clio's Consciousness Raised: New Perspectives on the History of Women, ed. Mary Hartman and Lois Banner (NewYork:Harper&Row, 1974), 137-57;.
222. Ann Douglass, The Feminization of American Culture (New York: Knopf, 1977).
223. Wells, Crusade for Justice, 248-52.
224. Wells, "Lynching and the Excuse for It, " in Bettina Aptheker, Lynching and Rape, 34;.
225. Wells, Red Record, 97;.
226. W. E. B. Du Bois, Dusk of Dawn: An Essay toward an Autobiography of a Race Concept (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1950; reprint ed., 1968), 18.
227. David Levering Lewis W. E. B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race, 1868-1919, and W. E. B. Du Bois: The Fight for Equality and theAmericanCentury, 1919-1963 (NewYork:Henry Holt & Co., 1993, 2000).
228. Manning Marable, W. E. B. Du Bois: Black Radical Democrat (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1986).
229. Arnold Rampersad, The Art and Imagination of W. E. B. Du Bois (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1976), .
230. Herbert Aptheker, The Literary Legacy of W. E. B. Du Bois (White Plains, NY: Kraus-Thomson, 1989).
231. The Complete Published Works of W. E. B. Du Bois, comp. and ed. Herbert Aptheker, 37 vols. (Millwood, NY: Kraus-Thomson, 1973-1986).
232. The Correspondence of W. E. B. Du Bois, 3 vols. (Amherst:University ofMassachusetts Press, 1973- 1979).
233. Rampersad, Art and Imagination of W. E. B. Du Bois, 22.
234. Du Bois, Dusk of Dawn, 10-11;.
235. Du Bois, The Autobiography of W. E. B. Du Bois: A Soliloquy on Viewing My Life from the Last Decades of Its First Century, ed. Herbert Aptheker (New York: International Publishers, 1968), 75.
236. Du Bois, "Reminiscences of William Edward Burghardt Du Bois, " interviews by William T. Ingersoll, 1963, 8.
237. Du Bois, Dusk of Dawn, 14;.
238. Du Bois, Autobiography, 94.
239. Du Bois, Dusk of Dawn, 20.
240. Du Bois, Autobiography, 107;.
241. Du Bois, "My Evolving ProgramforNegro Freedom, " in What the Negro Wants, ed. Rayford W. Logan (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1944), 36.
242. Du Bois, "My Evolving Program, " 37.
243. Du Bois, Dusk of Dawn, 101.
244. Newspaper Columns byW. E. B. Du Bois, ed. Herbert Aptheker, 2 vols. (White Plains, NY: Kraus-Thomson, 1986), 1:1.
245. Aptheker, "W. E. B. Du Bois and Africa, " in Racism, Imperialism, and Peace, ed. Marvin Berlowitz and Carol Martin (Minneapolis: MEP Publications, 1987), 178.
246. Sterling Stuckey, Slave Culture:Nationalist Theory and the Foundations of Black America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987).
247. Du Bois, "My Evolving Program, " 37-38.
248. Du Bois, Dusk of Dawn, 35.
249. Du Bois, "My Evolving Program, " 37.
250. Du Bois, Autobiography, 157.
251. Du Bois, Autobiography, Ibid., 206;
252. Du Bois, Dusk of Dawn, 51.
253. Rampersad, Art and Imagination of W. E. B. Du Bois, 36-39.
254. Du Bois, Autobiography, 194.
255. Du Bois, The Philadelphia Negro (Philadelphia, 1896).
256. The Seventh Son: The Thought andWritings of W. E. B. Du Bois, 2. vols., ed. Julius Lester (New York: Random House, 1971), 1:223.
257. The Seventh Son: The Thought andWritings of W. E. B. Du Bois, 2. vols., ed. Julius Lester (New York: Random House, 1971),Ibid., 223-24.
258. The Seventh Son: The Thought andWritings of W. E. B. Du Bois, 2. vols., ed. Julius Lester (New York: Random House, 1971), Ibid., 221.
259. Du Bois, "A Pageant in Seven Decades, 1868-1938, " 70th Birthday Address, 23 Feb. 1938, reprinted in W. E. B. Du Bois Speaks: Speeches and Addresses, ed. Philip S. Foner, 2 vols. (New York: Pathfinder Press, 1970), 1:39.
260. Du Bois, "A Pageant in Seven Decades, " in W. E. B. Du Bois Speaks, 1:48.
261. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk (Chicago, 1903; reprint, New York: New American Library, 1969), 87-89.
262. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk (Chicago, 1903; reprint, New York: New American Library, 1969), Ibid., 91-95.
263. DuBois, "NiagaraAddress to the Nation, " 16Aug. 1906, Harpers Ferry, W. VA, reprinted in Foner, W. E. B. Du Bois Speaks, 1:170-73.
264. "Marrying of Black Folk, " Independent, no. 69, 13 Oct. 1910, 1812-1813.
265. Herbert Aptheker, "The Niagara Movement, " in Afro-AmericanHistory: The Modern Era (New York:Citadel Press, 1971), 127- 28.
266. Howard-Pitney, "African-American Jeremiahs, " doctoral thesis, University of Minnesota, 1984, 172-73.
267. W. E. B. Du Bois, "The Crisis, " The Crisis, 10 Nov. 1910.
268. Du Bois, "Don't Be Bitter, " Crisis, May 1914.
269. Du Bois, "Optimist and Pessimist, " Crisis, March 1912.
270. Du Bois, "Easter, " Crisis, April 1912;.
271. "Emancipation, " Crisis, Jan. 1913.
272. Du Bois, "The Present, " Crisis, Aug. 1917;.
273. "The Black Soldier, " Crisis, June 1918.
274. Du Bois, "Awake, America, " Crisis, Sept. 1917.
275. Du Bois, "Returning Soldiers, " Crisis, May 1919;.
276. "Forward, " Crisis, Sept. 1920.
277. Du Bois, "MyMission, " Crisis, April 1919;.
278. "Africa, " Crisis, April 1924.
279. Herbert Aptheker, "W. E. B. Du Bois and Africa, " in Racism, Imperialism, and Peace, 178-96.
280. Du Bois, "Criteria for Negro Art, " Crisis, Oct. 1926.
281. Du Bois, "Co-operation, " Crisis, Nov. 1918.
282. Du Bois, "My Evolving Program, " 61-62.
283. "The Negro and Social Reconstruction, " 22 May 1936, in Against Racism, 103-58.
284. Du Bois, Dusk of Dawn, 296.
285. Du Bois, "Co-operation, " Crisis, Nov. 1918;.
286. "Thrift Calls, " Crisis, Jan. 1921.
287. Du Bois, Dusk of Dawn, 217.
288. Du Bois, "Black and White Workers, " Crisis, March 1928;.
289. Du Bois, Dusk of Dawn, 205;.
290. "Marxism and the Negro Problem, " Crisis, May 1933.
291. Du Bois, "Black and White Workers, " Crisis, March 1928.
292. Du Bois, "The Class Struggle, " Crisis, Aug. 1921;.
293. Du Bois, "Marxism and the Negro Problem, " Crisis, May 1933.
294. Du Bois, Dusk of Dawn, 5-6.
295. Du Bois, Dusk of Dawn, Ibid., 6-7.
296. Rackham Holt, Mary McLeod Bethune: A Biography (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1964).
297. Harvard Sitkoff, A New Deal for Blacks: The Emergence of Civil Rights as a National Issue (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), .
298. John Kirby, Black Americans in the Roosevelt Era: Liberalism and Race (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1980).
299. B. Joyce Ross, "Mary McLeod Bethune and the National Youth Administration: A Case Study of Power Relationships in the Black Cabinet of Franklin D. Roosevelt, " Journal of Negro History 60 (Jan. 1975): 1-28.
300. Mary McLeod Bethune, " 'I'll Never Turn Back NoMore!' " Opportunity 16 (16 Nov. 1938): 324-26.
301. Bethune, "Clarifying Our Vision with the Facts, " Proceedings of the 22d Annual Meeting of the Association of the Study of Negro Life and History in Washington, DC, 3 Oct. 1937, Journal of Negro History 1 (Jan. 1938): 11.
302. "Certain Unalienable Rights, " in What the Negro Wants, ed. Rayford W. Logan (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1944): 253.
303. Bethune, "CertainUnalienable Rights, " 248-58;.
304. Bethune, " 'I'll Never Turn Back No More!' " 326.
305. Bethune, "Certain Unalienable Rights, " 256.
306. Bethune, "Certain Unalienable Rights, Ibid., 257.
307. Bethune, " 'I'll Never Turn Back No More!' " 326.
308. Bethune, "Certain Unalienable Rights, " 256;.
309. Bethune, "Closed Doors, " 7;.
310. Bethune, "What AreWe Fighting For?" 12-13.
311. Holt, Mary McLeod Bethune, 124-26.
312. Edwin R. Embree, Thirteen against the Odds (PortWashington, NY: Viking Press, 1944; reissue, Kennikat Press, 1968), 15.
313. Holt, Mary McLeod Bethune, 110.
314. Bethune, "The Negro Woman in American Life, " n.d., 1-5, .
315. Holt, Mary McLeod Bethune, 115;.
316. Bethune, "My Secret Talks with FDR, " Ebony, April 1949, 42-51;.
317. The Negro in Depression and War, ed. Bernard Sternsher (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1969), 55.
318. Ross, "Mary McLeod Bethune and the National Youth Administration, " 4-5.
319. Ross, "Mary McLeod Bethune and the National Youth Administration, " Ibid., 5.
320. Jacqueline Dowd Hall, Revolt against Chivalry: Jessie Daniel Ames and the Women's Campaign against Lynching (New York: Columbia University Press, 1979), 244.
321. Ross, "Mary McLeod Bethune and the National Youth Administration, " 7-8.
322. Sitkoff, A New Deal for Blacks, 335.
323. Du Bois, In Battle for Peace: The Story of My Eighty-Third Birthday (New York: Masses and Mainstream, 1952), 180.
324. Du Bois, Color and Democracy: Colonies and Peace (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1945).
325. Du Bois, "Prospects of a World without Race Conflict, " American Journal of Sociology 49 (March 1944): 450-56.
326. Du Bois, "I TakeMy Stand, " Arena (London) (June/July 1951): 50-54;.
327. Du Bois, In Battle for Peace, 24.
328. Du Bois, Autobiography, 395.
329. Du Bois in Let the Trumpet Sound: The Life ofMartin Luther King, Jr. (New York: New American Library, 1982), 263-64.
330. Shirley Graham Du Bois, His Day Is Marching On: A Memoir of W. E. B. Du Bois (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1971), 323.
331. DuBois, In Battle for Peace, 163-64;.
332. Du Bois, Autobiography, 419-23.
333. Harvard Sitkoff, The Struggle for Black Equality, 1954-1980 (New York: Hill &Wang, 1981).
334. John Dower in War without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War (New York: Pantheon Books, 1986).
335. Richard Kluger, Simple Justice: The History of Brown v. Board of Education and Black Americans' Struggle for Equality (New York: Knopf, 1975).
336. Sitkoff, The Struggle for Black Equality, 29-33, .
337. David L. Lewis, King: A Critical Biography (Baltimore, MD: Pelican Books, 1970), .
338. Stephen B. Oates, Let the Trumpet Sound: The Life ofMartin Luther King, Jr. (NewYork: New American Library, 1982).
339. David J. Garrow, Bearing the Cross:Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (New York:WilliamMorrow, 1986).
340. Adam Fairclough, To Redeem the Soul of America: The Southern Christian Leadership Conference and Martin Luther King, Jr. (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1987).
341. Coretta Scott King, My Life with Martin Luther King, Jr. (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1969), 82-83.
342. Lewis V. Baldwin, There Is a Balm in Gilead: The Cultural Roots of Martin Luther King, Jr. (Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 1991).
343. King, Stride toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story (New York: Harper & Row, 1958), 91;.
344. King, Stride toward Freedom, 91.
345. John J. Ansbro, Martin Luther King, Jr.: The Making of a Mind (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1982), .
346. Coretta Scott King, My Life with Martin Luther King, 82-83.
347. King, Stride toward Freedom, 59-60.
348. Donald H. Smith, "Martin Luther King, Jr.: In the Beginning at Montgomery, " Southern Speech Journal 34 (Fall 1968): 12-16.
349. Oates, Let the Trumpet Sound, 72.
350. David Garrow Protest at Selma: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1978).
351. King, Stride toward Freedom, 137-38;.
352. C. Scott King, My Life with Martin Luther King, 130.
353. Andrew Michael Manis, Southern Civil Religions in Conflict: Black and White Baptists and Civil Rights, 1947-1957 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1987), .
354. Smith, "Martin Luther King, Jr., " 12-16.
355. "On the Role of Martin Luther King, Jr., " New Politics 4 (Winter 1965): 52-9.
356. King, "The Future of Integration, " 1-2.
357. King, "A Knock at Midnight, " sermon printed in Strength to Love (New York: Harper & Row, 1958), 42.
358. King, "The Future of Integration, " 1-2.
359. King, "The Crisis inHuman Relations, " 11-12.
360. King, "Address to theMarch onWashington, 1963, " Southern Christian Leadership Conference Newsletter 1 (Sept. 1963): 5.
361. King, Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community? (New York:
362. "A Mighty Army of Love, " SCLC Newsletter 2 (Oct./Nov. 1964): 7.
363. King, Where Do We Go from Here? 157-58.
364. S. P. Fullinwider, The Mind and Mood of Black America: Twentieth-Century Thought (Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press, 1969), .
365. Wilson Moses, Black Messiahs and Uncle Toms: Social and Literary Manipulations of a Religious Myth (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1982).
366. King, "Letter froma Birmingham Jail, " in King, WhyWe Can't Wait (New York: Signet, 1964), 87, .
367. King, Where Do We Go from Here, 55-56.
368. Ansbro, Making of a Mind, 204-24.
369. King, "Fumbling on the new Frontier, " Nation, 3 March 1962, 190-93.
370. Oates, Let the Trumpet Sound, 235.
371. Oates, Let the Trumpet Sound, Ibid., 245.
372. Sitkoff, The Struggle for BlackEquality, 193- 95.
373. C. Scott King, My Life with Martin Luther King, 264.
374. Malcolm X with Alex Haley, The Autobiography of MalcolmX (NewYork:Grove Press, 1965; reprintNewYork: Ballantine Books), 284.
375. Malcolm X, "Message to the Grass Roots", Malcolm X Speaks (New York:Grove Weidenfeld, 1965), 15-17;.
376. Clayborne Carson, Malcolm X: The FBI File (New York: Carrol & Graf, 1991), 69.
377. Louis A. DeCaro Jr., On the Side of My People: A Religious Life of Malcolm X (New York/London: New York University Press, 1996).
378. C. Eric Lincoln, The Black Muslims in America (Boston: Beacon Press, 1961; reprint Trenton, NJ: AfricaWorld Press, 1994);.
379. E.U. Essien-Udom, Black Nationalism: The Search for Identity in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962).
380. Louis A. DeCaro Jr., Malcolm and the Cross: The Nation of Islam, Malcolm X, and Christianity (New York: New York University Press, 1998), .
381. Claude Andrew Clegg III, An OriginalMan: The Life and Times of Elijah Muhammad (New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 1997).
382. "MinisterMalcolm X Enunciates theMuslim Program, "Muhammad Speaks (Sept. 1960): 2.
383. John H. Bracy et al., ed., Black Nationalism in America (Indianapolis and New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1970), 415-16.
384. Malcolm X, "God's Judgment of White America, " in The End of White World Supremacy: Four Speeches, ed. Imam Benjamin Karim (New York: Arcade Publishing, 1971), 121.
385. The American Jeremiad (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978), 198.
386. Malcolm X, "God's Judgment ofWhite America, " 132.
387. James H. Cone, Martin & Malcolm & America: A Dream or a Nightmare? (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1991), 2-3;.
388. Lewis V. Baldwin, "Reluctant Admiration" in Baldwin and Amiri Yasin Al-Hadid, Between Cross and Crescent: Christian and Muslim Perspectives on Malcolm and Martin (Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2002), 306-307;.
389. Peter Goldman, The Death and Life of Malcolm X, 95.
390. C. Eric Lincoln, The Black Muslims in America, 161;.
391. Stephen B. Oates, Let the Trumpet Sound: The Life of Martin LutherKing, Jr.(NewYork:Harper&Row, 1982), 251-52;.
392. Malcolm X, Malcolm X Speaks: Selected Speeches and Statements, ed. George Breitman (New York: Merit Publishers, 1965), 12-13;.
393. Louis E. Lomax, When the Word is Given: A Report on Elijah Muhammad, Malcolm X, and the Black Muslim World (1963; reprint, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1979), 174;.
394. Malcolm X, The End of White World Supremacy, 68;.
395. "Emancipation II, " America, CVIII (1 June 1963), 790-91;.
396. Kenneth B. Clark ed., King, Malcolm, Baldwin: Three Interviews (1963; Wesleyan University Press ed., 1985), 42-7;.
397. Lewis V. Baldwin, "A Reassessment of the Relationship between Malcolm X & Martin Luther King, Jr."Western Journal of Black Studies 13, no. 2 (Summer 1989): 104.
398. Malcolm X, "The Ballot or the Bullet, " Cory Methodist Church, Cleveland, OH, 3 April 1964, in Malcolm X Speaks, 44.
399. George Breitman, ed., By Any Means Necessary (New York: Pathfinder Press, 1970), 154;.
400. Malcolm X, Malcolm X on Afro-American History, 44.
401. Coretta Scott King, My Life with Martin Luther King, Jr., 261-62.
402. Baldwin, "Reluctant Admiration, " 310-11;.
403. Taylor Branch, Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years, 1963-65 (New York: Simon&Schuster, 1998), 345-46.
404. Goldman, "Malcolm X:Witness for theProsecution, " in David Gallen, ed., Malcolm X:As TheyKnewHim(New York: Ballantine Books, 1992), 220-21.
405. David Halberstam, "The Second Coming of Martin Luther King, " Harper's Magazine (Aug. 1967), .
406. C. Eric Lincoln, ed., Martin Luther King: A Profile (New York: Hill &Wang, 1970), 201.
407. Malcolm X, "Malcolm XWoos Two Rights Leaders; Asks 'Forgiveness' for Past Remarks and Seeks Unity, " New York Times, 19 May 1964, 28.
408. King, "My Trip to the Land of Gandhi, " July 1959, in James M. Washington, ed., A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches ofMartin LutherKing, Jr. (San Francisco:HarperCollins, 1986).
409. David J. Garrow, The FBI and Martin Luther King, Jr.: From 'Solo' to Memphis (New York: W. W. Norton, 1981), .
410. Clayborne Carson, ed., Malcolm X: The FBI File (New York: Carroll & Graf, 1991).
411. George Plimpton, "MiamiNotebook: Cassius Clay and Malcolm X, " Harper's Magazine (June 1964), 57.
412. Cone, Martin & Malcolm & America, 246.
413. Baldwin, "A Reassessment, " 110;.
414. Baldwin, "A Reluctant Admiration, " 305.
415. Malcolm X, Malcolm X Speaks, 172.
416. Why We Can't Wait (New York: New American Library, 1964), 87.
417. Carson, "Malcolm and the American State, " Part I of Malcolm X: The FBI File, 48-49.
418. Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (NewYork:WilliamMorrow, 1986), 56-58.
419. King, "Pilgrimage to Nonviolence, " Christian Century (27 April 1960): 510.
420. James M. Washington, ed. A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin LutherKing, Jr. (San Francisco:Harper, 1986), 37-38.
421. De Caro, On the Side of My People, 76.
422. Halberstam, "Second Coming, " 201.
423. Peter Goldman, "Malcolm X:Witness for the Prosecution, " in Malcolm X: As They Knew Him, ed. David Gallen (New York: Ballantine Books, 1996), 46-47;.
424. James H. Cone, Martin &Malcolm & America, 208.
425. Carson, "A'CommonSolution': Martin andMalcolm's Gulf was Closing, but the Debate Lives On, " Emerge 9, no. 4 (Feb. 1998): 44-46.
426. Malcolm X, "The Black Revolution, " speech at Militant Labor Forum, NewYork City, 8 April 1964, printed in Malcolm X Speaks, 56-57;.
427. Miller "Plymouth Rock Landed on Us: Malcolm'sWhiteness Theory as a Basis for Alternate Literacy, " Journal of the Conference on College Composition and Communication CCC 56, no. 2 (Dec. 2004).
428. Malcolm X, AMX, 385.
429. Stephen B. Oates, Let the Trumpet Sound: The Life ofMartin Luther King, Jr. (NewYork: New American Library, 1982), 263;.
430. Martin Luther King Jr., "Conscience and the Vietnam War, " in The Trumpet of Conscience (New York: Harper & Row, 1967), 75-77.
431. King, "In a Word-NOW, " The New York Times Magazine, 29 Sept. 1963, 91-92;.
432. Oates, Let the Trumpet Sound, 274.
433. King, "The Negro Revolution in 1964, " editorial in SCLC Newsletter, Jan. 1964, reprinted in Negro History Bulletin 31 (May 1968): 18-19.
434. King, WhyWe Can'tWait (New York: Signet Books, 1964; rev. ed., New York: New American Library, 1968), 24.
435. King, WhyWe Can'tWait (New York: Signet Books, 1964; rev. ed., New York: New American Library, 1968), Ibid., 136.
436. King, WhyWe Can'tWait (New York: Signet Books, 1964; rev. ed., New York: New American Library, 1968), Ibid., 135.
437. David J. Garrow Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (New York:William Morrow, 1986), 287-88.
438. King, Why We Can't Wait, 146.
439. August Meier and Elliot Rudwick, From Plantation to Ghetto, 3rd ed. (New York: Hill & Wang, 1976), 301-303.
440. King, "Playboy Interview: Martin Luther King, Jr., " Playboy, Jan. 1965, 78.
441. James Colaiaco, Martin Luther King, Jr.: Apostle of Militant Nonviolence (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1988).
442. King, "Next Stop: The North, " Saturday Review, 13 Nov. 1965, 33.
443. Sitkoff, Struggle for Black Equality, 209-10.
444. King "Dr. King Felled by Rock, " Chicago Tribune, 6 Aug. 1966, 1.
445. "Quote and Unquote, " SCLC Newsletter, June/July 1965, 4.
446. David Halberstam, "The Second Coming of Martin Luther King, " Harper'sMagazine, Aug. 1967, .
447. Martin Luther King, Jr.: A Profile, ed. C. Eric Lincoln (New York: Hill &Wang, 1970), 206-207.
448. David J. Garrow, The FBI and Martin Luther King, Jr. (New York: Penguin Books, 1981).
449. Coretta Scott King, My Life with Martin Luther King, Jr. (New York: Holt, Rinehart &Winston, 1969), 293-96.
450. Martin Luther King Jr., Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community? (New York: Harper & Row, 1967; Bantam, 1968), 1-4.
451. Martin Luther King Jr., Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community? (New York: Harper & Row, 1967; Bantam, 1968), Ibid., 5-8.
452. Martin Luther King Jr., Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community? (New York: Harper & Row, 1967; Bantam, 1968), Ibid., 80-81.
453. Martin Luther King Jr., Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community? (New York: Harper & Row, 1967; Bantam, 1968), Ibid., 90-92.
454. Martin Luther King Jr., Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community? (New York: Harper & Row, 1967; Bantam, 1968), Ibid., 95.
455. Martin Luther King Jr., Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community? (New York: Harper & Row, 1967; Bantam, 1968), Ibid., 81.
456. Martin Luther King Jr., Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community? (New York: Harper & Row, 1967; Bantam, 1968), Ibid., 85.
457. Martin Luther King Jr., Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community? (New York: Harper & Row, 1967; Bantam, 1968), Ibid., 97-99.
458. Martin Luther King Jr., Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community? (New York: Harper & Row, 1967; Bantam, 1968), Ibid., 7..
459. Martin Luther King Jr., Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community? (New York: Harper & Row, 1967; Bantam, 1968), Ibid., 157.
460. Martin Luther King Jr., Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community? (New York: Harper & Row, 1967; Bantam, 1968), Ibid., 198-200.
461. Martin Luther King Jr., Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community? (New York: Harper & Row, 1967; Bantam, 1968), Ibid., 203.
462. Martin Luther King Jr., Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community? (New York: Harper & Row, 1967; Bantam, 1968), Ibid., 215..
463. King, "Beyond Vietnam, " Congressional Record-House, 113.9, 2 May 1967, 11402-11405.
464. Martin Luther King, " in Lincoln, Martin Luther King, 201-202.
465. C. Scott King, My Life with Martin Luther King, 297.
466. Oates, Let the Trumpet Sound, 451.
467. Oates, Let the Trumpet Sound, 457-58.
468. "How Should a Christian View Communism?" in Strength to Love, (New York: Harper & Row, 1958), 96-105;.
469. Martin Luther King Jr., in Where Do We Go from Here? 216-18.
470. King, "Honoring Dr. Du Bois, "reprinted as Introduction in Du Bois, Dusk of Dawn (reprint ed., 1968), xiv-xvi.
471. Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 611-17.
472. C. Scott King, My Life with Martin Luther King, 297.
473. Hosea Williams, as cited in FBI & MLK, 215.
474. Keith D. Miller, "Plymouth Rock Landed on Us: Malcolm's Whiteness Theory as a Basis for Alternate Literacy, " Journal of the Conference on College Composition and Communication CCC 56, no. 2 (Dec. 2004): 212;.
475. Miller, Voice of Deliverance: The Language of Martin Luther King, Jr., and Its Sources (Athens:University Press of Georgia, 1998), 206;.
476. Richard Lischer, The Preacher King (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).
477. Michael Eric Dyson in I May Not Get There With You: The True Martin Luther King, Jr. (New York: The Free Press, 2000.
478. Carson, "Paradoxes of King Historiography, " Organization of American Historians Magazine of History 19, no. 1 (Jan. 2005): 7.
479. Lewis V. Baldwin There Is a Balm in Gilead: The Cultural Legacy of Martin Luther King, Jr. (Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress Press, 1991).
480. King, "Remaining Awake through a Revolution, "printed in Congressional Record-House, 114.7, "Extension of Remarks, " 9 April 1968, 9391, 9395-9397.
481. C. Scott King, My Life with Martin Luther King, 317.
482. Andrew Young, "Playboy Interview, " PlayboyMagazine, July 1977, 74.
483. David L. Lewis, King: A Critical Biography (Baltimore, MD: Pelican Books, 1970), 385.
484. Adam Fairclough, To Redeem the Soul of America: The Southern Christian Leadership Conference and Martin Luther King, Jr. (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1987), 385-88.
485. Sacvan Bercovitch, "Ritual of Consensus, " chap. 5, in The American Jeremiad (Madison: University ofWisconsin Press, 1978).
486. Rackham Holt, Mary McLeod Bethune (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1964), 247-48.
487. Nancy F. Cott, The Bonds of Womanhood: "Women's Sphere" in New England, 1780-1835 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1978).
488. Eugene Genovese, Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made (New York: Pantheon Books, 1974).
489. Leonard Sweet, Black Images of America, 1784-1870 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1976), 6;.
490. Wilson Jeremiah Moses, Black Messiahs and Uncle Toms: Social and LiteraryManipulations of a Religious Myth (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1982), ix.
491. 'To Form aMore Perfect Union': African Americans and American Civil Religion, " in New Day Begun: African American Churches and Civic Culture in Post-Civil Rights America, The Public Influences of African American Churches, Vol. I (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2003), 89-112.
492. Marshall Frady, Jesse: The Life and Pilgrimage of Jesse Jackson (New York: Random House, 1996).
493. Barbara A. Reynolds, Jesse Jackson: America's David (Washington, DC: JFJ Associates, 1985).
494. Jesse L. Jackson "Religious Liberty: Civil Disobedience, Conscience, and Survival, " Philadelphia, 27 April 1976, in Straight from the Heart, eds. Roger D. Hatch and Frank E. Watson (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1987), 147;.
495. Jackson, "Save the Family Farm and the Farm Family, " Chicago, 26 Jan. 1985, SFH, 287;.
496. "Equity in a New World Order, " New Orleans, 16 July 1980, SFH, 290;.
497. "Equity in a New World Order, " SFH, 291;.
498. "In Search of a New Vision and a New Focus, "Washington, DC, 17May 1980, SFH, 97;.
499. Jackson, "An End to Corporate Blackmail, " Akron, OH, 7 May 1984, SFH, 314;.
500. "Equity in a New World Order, " SFH, 290;.
501. "Political Votes, Economic Oats, "Washington, DC, 20 Jan. 1978, SFH, 35.
502. Jackson, "The Quest for a Just Society and a Peaceful World, " Washington, DC, 3 Nov. 1983, quoted in SFH, xiv;.
503. "The Candidate's Challenge: The Call of Conscience, the Courage of Conviction, " Democratic National Convention, San Francisco, CA, 17 July 1984, in SFH, 3.
504. Jackson, "From Battleground to Common Ground to Higher Ground, " speech beforeAlabama legislature, Montgomery, AL, 24 May 1983, SFH, 137- 145;.
505. "Brown: Twenty-Five Years Later, " New York Daily News, 17 May 1979, in SFH, 89;.
506. "Protecting the Legacy of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., " Atlanta, GA, 15 Jan. 1986, SFH, 130-31.
507. Jesse L. Jackson, NAACP 90th Annual Convention, 14 July 1999, Online: Rainbow/Push Coalition [www home page] [23 Sept. 1999].
508. "Keyes Scores IowaCoup:No. 3 Place, " printed in San Jose Mercury News, 25 Jan. 2000, 14A.
509. Alan Keyes, Our Character, Our Future: Reclaiming America's Moral Destiny, ed. George Grant (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan PublishingHouse, 1996), 11.
510. Allen D. Hertzke in Echoes of Discontent: Jesse Jackson, Pat Robertson, and the Resurgence of Populism (Washington, DC: CQ Press, Congressional Quarterly Inc., 1993).
511. Keyes, Our Character, Our Future, 27-28.
512. Robert N. Bellah et al., Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1985).