Illicit cigarettes and hand-rolled tobacco in 18 European countries: A cross-sectional survey

Tobacco Control

Volumn 23, Issue E1, 2014, Pages

  Joossens, Luk ^a   Lugo, Alessandra ^b   La Vecchia, Carlo ^b,c   Gilmore, Anna B ^d   Clancy, Luke ^e   Gallus, Silvano ^b  

^a Association of the European Cancer Leagues   (Belgium)

^b MARIO NEGRI INSTITUTE FOR PHARMACOLOGICAL RESEARCH   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MILAN   (Italy)

^d University of Bath   (United Kingdom)

^e TobaccoFree Research Institute Ireland   (Ireland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; CHEMISTRY; COMMERCIAL PHENOMENA; CRIME; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; ECONOMICS; EUROPE; FEMALE; HUMAN; INFORMATION PROCESSING; LEGISLATION AND JURISPRUDENCE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PREVALENCE; SMOKING; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION; TAX; TOBACCO; TOBACCO INDUSTRY; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; COMMERCE; CRIME; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DATA COLLECTION; EUROPE; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PREVALENCE; SMOKING; TAXES; TOBACCO; TOBACCO INDUSTRY; TOBACCO PRODUCTS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84901829429     PISSN: 09644563     EISSN: 14683318     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050644     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Handbooks of Cancer Prevention: Tobacco Control. Volume 14. Effectiveness of rice and tax policies for control of tobacco. Lyon: IARC, 2011.
2. Chaloupka FJ, Straif K, Leon MJ. Effectiveness of tax and prices policies in tobacco control. Tob Control 2011;20:235-238.
3. West R, Townsend J, Joossens L, et al. Why combating tobacco smuggling is a priority. BMJ 2008;337:1028-1029.
4. Joossens L, Raw M. From cigarette smuggling to illicit tobacco trade. Tob Control 2012;21:230-234.
5. Joossens L, Merriman D, Ross H, et al. The impact of eliminating the global illicit cigarette trade. Addiction 2010;105:1640-1649.
6. KPMG. Project Star 2010 Results, 22 August 2011. Private and Confidential, For Release Pursuant to EC Regulation 1049/2001. The website of Philip Morris International http://www.pmi.com/eng/tobacco_regulation/illicit_trade/documents/ Project_Star_2010_Results.pdf
7. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Handbooks of Cancer Prevention: Tobacco Control. Volume 12. Methods for evaluating tobacco control policies. Lyon: IARC, 2008.
8. HM Revenue and Customs, Measuring tax gaps 2011, September 2011. http:// www.hmrc.gov.uk/stats/mtg-2011.pdf
9. Lakhdar B. Quantitative and qualitative estimates of cross-border tobacco shopping and tobacco smuggling in France. Tob Control 2008;17:12-16.
10. Warner K. Possible increases of the underreporting of cigarette consumption. J Am Stat Assoc 1978;73:314-318.
11. Gallus S, Tramacere I, Boffetta P, et al. Temporal changes of under-reporting of cigarette consumption in population-based studies. Tob Control 2011;20:34-39.
12. Gallus S, Tramacere I, Zuccaro P, et al. Cigarette smuggling in Italy, 2005-8. Tob Control 2009;18:159-160.
13. Merriman D. The micro-geography of tax avoidance: evidence from littered cigarette packs in Chicago. Am Econ J Econ Policy 2010;2:61-84.
14. Gallus S, Lugo A, La Vecchia C, et al. PPACTE, WP2: European survey on smoking. Dublin: PPACTE Consortium, 2012. http://www.ppacte.eu/index.php?option=com_ docman&task=doc_download&gid=185&Itemid=29 (accessed 2 Nov 2012).
15. Joossens L, Raw M. The tobacco control scale 2010 in Europe. Brussels: Association of European Cancer Leagues, 2011.
16. World Health Organisation. WHO Tobacco Control Country Profiles. 2011, Geneva. http://www.who.int/tobacco/surveillance/policy/country_profile/en/index.html (accessed 2 Nov 2012).
17. Eurostat. Statistical Office of the European Union. Brussels, Belgium http://epp. eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/eurostat/home/ (accessed 2 Nov 2012).
18. Bulgarian Institute for Statistics. http://www.nsi.bg/index_en.htm (accessed 2 Nov 2012).
19. European Commission. Member State application of tax stamps for cigarettes and fine-cut tobacco, DG Taxud, March 2010, Brussels.
20. Sweeting J, Johnson T, Schwartz R. Anti-Contraband Policy Measures: Evidence for Better Practice-Summary Report. Toronto: The Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, 2009. http://www.otru.org/pdf/special/special_anti_contraband_measures.pdf (accessed 2 Nov 2012).
21. Joossens L. Tobacco smuggling: an optimal policy approach. In: Abedian I, van der Merwe R, Wilkins N, et al., eds. The economics of tobacco control. Cape Town: Applied Fiscal Research Center, 1998, 146-154.
22. Eriksen M, Mackay J, Ross H. The tobacco atlas. 4th edn. Brighton, UK: American Cancer Society, 2012. http://tobaccoatlas.org/
23. Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project. Big Trouble at Big Tobacco, Washington, 2011. http://www.reportingproject.net/troubles_with_big_tobacco/ (accessed 2 Nov 2012).
24. Direction Générale des Douanes et Droits Indirects. Présentation de l'Etude sur le marché parallèle du tabc et du Plan de renforcement de lutte contre la contrebande de tabacs. Lesquin, 12 septembre 2011.
25. Joossens L, Chaloupka F, Merriman D, et al. Issues in the smuggling of tobacco products. In: Jha P, Chaloupka F.eds. Tobacco control policies in developing countries. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000, 393-406.
26. Lavrov V. Ukraine's lost' cigarettes flood Europe. Washington: The Center for Public Integrity, 2009. http://www.icij.org/sites/icij/files/tobaccounderground_0.pdf (accessed 2 Nov 2012).
27. Shleynov R, Candea S, Campbell D, et al. Made To Be Smuggled. Russian contraband cigarettes 'flooding' EU. Washington: Center for Public Integrity, 2008. http://www.icij.org/sites/icij/files/tobaccounderground_0.pdf (accessed 2 Nov 2012).
28. Candea S, Campbell D, Lavrov V, et al. Going undercover Inside Baltic Tobacco's Smuggling Empire, The Center for Public Integrity. Washington, 2008. http://www. icij.org/sites/icij/files/tobaccounderground_0.pdf (accessed 2 Nov 2012).
29. European Commission. Action Plan to fight smuggling of cigarettes and alcohol along EU Eastern border, SEC (2001), Brussels, 24 June 2011. http://ec.europa.eu/ anti_fraud/documents/preventing-fraud-documents/eastern_border_action_plan_en. pdf (accessed 2 Nov 2012).
30. Hyland A, Bauer JE, Li Q, et al. Higher cigarette prices influence cigarette purchase patterns. Tob Control 2005;14:86-92.