Electroconvulsive therapy, hypertensive surge, blood-brain barrier breach, and amnesia: Exploring the evidence for a connection

Journal of ECT

Volumn 30, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 160-164

  Andrade, Chittaranjan ^a   Bolwig, Tom G ^b  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH AND NEUROSCIENCES   (India)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Amnesia; Blood brain barrier breach; Cognitive impairment; Electroconvulsive shocks; Electroconvulsive therapy; Hypertensive surge

Indexed keywords

AMLODIPINE; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CINNARIZINE; DILTIAZEM; FELODIPINE; FLUNARIZINE; HORSERADISH PEROXIDASE; KETAMINE; NICARDIPINE; NIFEDIPINE; NIMODIPINE; NITRIC OXIDE; NITROPRUSSIDE SODIUM; PENTETRAZOLE; PHENYLEPHRINE; SUXAMETHONIUM; THIOPENTAL; TRIMETAPHAN; VERAPAMIL;

AMNESIA; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE THERAPY; AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY; BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; BRAIN EDEMA; CLINICAL RESEARCH; COGNITION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; ELECTRIC SHOCK; ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; MEMORY DISORDER; MINI MENTAL STATE EXAMINATION; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROTRANSMISSION; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PASSIVE AVOIDANCE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SEIZURE; TASK PERFORMANCE; VASODILATATION; ANIMAL; COGNITION DISORDERS; PATHOLOGY;

AMNESIA; ANIMALS; BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER; COGNITION DISORDERS; ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION;

EID: 84901640078     PISSN: 10950680     EISSN: 15334112     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/YCT.0000000000000133     Document Type: Review

References (42)

1. Andrade C. Electroconvulsive therapy. In: Bhugra D, Ranjith G, Patel V, eds. Handbook of Psychiatry: A South Asian Perspective. New Delhi, India: Byword Publishers; 2005: 553-568.
2. Nagaraja N, Andrade C, Sudha S, et al. Glucocorticoid mechanisms may contribute to ECT-induced retrograde amnesia. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2007;190:83-90.
3. Andrade C, Shaikh SA, Narayan L, et al. Administration of a selective glucocorticoid antagonist attenuates electroconvulsive shock-induced retrograde amnesia. J Neural Transm. 2012;119:337-344.
4. Andrade C, Singh NM, Thyagarajan S, et al. Possible glutamatergic and lipid signalling mechanisms in ECT-induced retrograde amnesia: experimental evidence for involvement of COX-2, and review of literature. J Psychiatr Res. 2008;42:837-850. (Pubitemid 351787734)
5. Andrade C, Thyagarajan S, Singh NM, et al. Celecoxib as an in vivo probe of the mechanisms underlying retrograde amnesia in an animal model of ECT. J Neural Transm. 2008;115:1063-1070.
6. Abrams R. Electroconvulsive Therapy. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1997.
7. Berner B, Broman T, Swensson A. Tierexperimentelle untersuchungen |ber schddigungen der gfdsse mit permeabilitdtsstvringen ond blutungen im gehirn bei insulin, cardiazol und electroshockbehandlung. Acta Psychiatr Neurol. 1944;19: 431-452.
8. Rozdilsky B, Olszewski J. Permeability of cerebral blood vessels studied by radioactive iodinated bovine albumin. Neurology. 1957;7:270-279.
9. Lending M, Slobody LB, Mestern J. Effect of prolonged convulsions on the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. Am J Physiol. 1969;197:465-468.
10. Aird RB. Clinical correlates of electroshock therapy. Arch Neurol Psychiatry (Chicago). 1958;79:633-639.
11. Lorenzo AV, Barlow CF, Roth LJ. Effect of metrazol convulsions on 35S entry into cat nervous system. Am J Physiol. 1967;212:1277-1287.
12. Lorenzo AV, Hedley-White ET, Eisenberg HM, et al. Increased penetration of horseradish peroxidase across the blood-brain barrier induced by metrazol seizures. Brain Res. 1975;88:136-140.
13. Crone C. The permeability of capillaries in various organs as determined by use of the "Indicator Diffusion" method. Acta Physiol Scand. 1963;58:292-305.
14. Bolwig TG, Hertz MM, Paulson OB, et al. The permeability of the blood-brain barrier during electrically induced seizures in man. Eur J Clin Invest. 1977;7:87-93. (Pubitemid 8288183)
15. Bolwig TG, Hertz MM, Holm-Jensen J. Blood-brain barrier during electroshock seizures in the rat. Eur J Clin Invest. 1977;7:95-100. (Pubitemid 8288184)
16. Bolwig TG, Hertz MM, Westergaard E. Acute hypertension causing blood-brain barrier breakdown during epileptic seizures. Acta Neurol Scand. 1977;56:335-342. (Pubitemid 8211525)
17. Brodersen P, Paulson OB, Bolwig TG, et al. Cerebral hyperemia in electrically induced epileptic seizures. Arch Neurol (Chicago). 1973;28:334-338.
18. Lorenzo AV, Shirahige I, Liang M, et al. Temporary alteration of cerebrovascular permeability to plasma protein during drug-induced seizures. Am J Physiol. 1972;223:268-277.
19. Westergaard E, Hertz MM, Bolwig TG. Increased permeability to horseradish peroxidase across cerebral vessels, evoked by electrically induced seizures in the rat. Acta Neuropathol. 1978;41:73-80. (Pubitemid 9015512)
20. Alexopoulos GS, Kocsis JH, Stokes PE. Increase in CSF protein in association with ECT. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1978;41:1145-1146. (Pubitemid 9051131)
21. Mander AJ, Whitfield A, Kean DM, et al. Cerebral and brain stem changes after ECT revealed by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. Br J Psychiatry. 1987;151:69-71. (Pubitemid 17117627)
22. Diehl DJ, Keshavan MS, Kanal E, et al. Post-ECT increases in MRI regional T2 relaxation times and their relationship to cognitive side effects: A pilot study. Psychiatry Res. 1994;54:177-184.
23. Zimmermann R, Schmitt H, Rotter R, et al. Transient increase of plasma concentrations of amyloid beta peptides after electroconvulsive therapy. Brain Stimul. 2012;5:25-29.
24. Webb MG, O'Donnell MP, Draper RJ, et al. Brain-type creatine phosphokinase serum levels before and after ECT. Br J Psychiatry. 1984;144:525-528. (Pubitemid 14140014)
25. Zachrisson OC, Balldin J, Ekman R, et al. No evident neuronal damage after electroconvulsive therapy. Psychiatry Res. 2000;96:157-165.
26. Hamilton M, Stocker MJ, Spencer CM. Post-ECT cognitive defect and elevation of blood pressure. Br J Psychiatry. 1979;135:77-78. (Pubitemid 9187167)
27. Stocker MJ, Spencer CM, Hamilton M. Blood pressure elevation during ECT and associated cognitive deficit. In: Palmer RL, ed. Electroconvulsive Therapy: An Appraisal. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1981: 106-124.
28. Zervas IM, Calev A, Jandorf L, et al. Blood pressure, memory and electroconvulsive therapy. Convuls Ther. 1993;9:14-22. (Pubitemid 23099077)
29. Taylor JR, Kuhlengel BG, Dean RS. ECT, blood pressure changes and neuropsychological deficit. Br J Psychiatry. 1985;147:36-38. (Pubitemid 15091084)
30. O'Donnell MP, Webb MG. Post-ECT blood pressure rise and its relationship to cognitive and affective change. Br J Psychiatry. 1986;149:494-497. (Pubitemid 16029668)
31. Webb M, Coffey CE, Saunders WR, et al. Cardiovascular response to unilateral electroconvulsive therapy. Biol Psychiatry. 1990;28:758-766. (Pubitemid 20377613)
32. Gangadhar BN, Mayur PM, Janakiramaiah N, et al. Cardiovascular response during ECT: A cross-over study across stimulus conditions. J ECT. 2000;16:177-182.
33. Kamath S, Andrade C, Faruqi S, et al. Evaluation of pre-ECS antihypertensive drug administration in the attenuation of ECS-induced amnesia in rats. Convuls Ther. 1997;13:185-195.
34. Zupan G, Vitezic D, Mrsic J, et al. Effects of nimodipine, felodipine and amlodipine on electroconvulsive shock-induced amnesia in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol. 1996;310:103-106. (Pubitemid 26298249)
35. Sushma M, Sudha S, Guido S. Pre-electroconvulsive shock administration of calcium channel blockers reduces retrograde amnesia induced by ECS. Indian J Exp Biol. 2004;42:1141-1144. (Pubitemid 39471231)
36. Sudha S, Andrade C, Anand A, et al. Nitroprussive and ECS-induced retrograde amnesia. J ECT. 2001;17:41-44.
37. Anand A, Andrade C, Sudha C, et al. Phenylephrine and ECS-induced retrograde amnesia. J ECT. 2001;17;166-169. (Pubitemid 32831370)
38. Ottosson JO, Widepalm K. Memory disturbance after ECT in low-pressure narcosis: A study of anterograde and retrograde amnesia. Convuls Ther. 1987;3:174-184.
39. Cohen MR, Swartz CM. Absence of nimodipine premedication effect on memory after electroconvulsive therapy. Neuropsychobiology. 1990-1991;24:165-168.
40. Dubovsky SL, Buzan R, Thomas M, et al. Nicardipine improves the antidepressant action of ECT but does not improve cognition. J ECT. 2001;17:3-10. (Pubitemid 32246858)
41. Yoosefi A, Sepehri AS, Kargar M, et al. Comparing effects of ketamine and thiopental administration during electroconvulsive therapy in patients with major depressive disorder: A randomized, double-blind study. J ECT. 2014; 30:15-21.
42. Andrade C. ECT and cardiovascular disorders. Arch Indian Psychiatry. 1995;2:105-109.