The seizure, not electricity, is essential in convulsive therapy: The flurothyl experience

Journal of ECT

Volumn 30, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 91-93

  Fink, Max ^a  

^a STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Convulsive therapy; ECT; Flurothyl; Pentylenetetrazol

Indexed keywords

CAMPHOR; FLUROTHYL; PENTETRAZOLE; CONVULSANT AGENT;

BRAIN DEPTH STIMULATION; BRAIN FUNCTION; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; CONVULSION; CONVULSIVE THERAPY; DEPRESSION; ELECTRICITY; ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY; ELECTRODE IMPLANT; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; MENTAL DISEASE; MENTAL PATIENT; MUSCLE RELAXATION; REVIEW; SEDATION; SEIZURE; TONIC CLONIC SEIZURE; VAGUS NERVE STIMULATION; MENTAL DISORDERS; SEIZURES;

CONVULSANTS; CONVULSIVE THERAPY; ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY; FLUROTHYL; HUMANS; MENTAL DISORDERS; SEIZURES;

EID: 84901624913     PISSN: 10950680     EISSN: 15334112     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/YCT.0000000000000110     Document Type: Review

References (29)

1. Meduna L. Autobiography of L. J. Meduna. Convuls Ther. 1985;1:43-57, 121-138.
2. Cooper K, Fink M. The chemical induction of seizures in psychiatric therapy: Were Flurothyl and Metrazol abandoned prematurely? J Clin Psychopharmacol. (in press).
3. Shorter E, Healy D. Shock Therapy: A History of Electroconvulsive Therapy in Mental Illness. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press; 2007.
4. Kurland AA, Hanlon TE, Esquibel A, et al. A comparative study of hexafluorodiethyl ether (Indoklon) and electroconvulsive therapy. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1959;129
5. Fink M, Kahn RL, Karp E, et al. Inhalant-induced convulsions: significance for the theory of the convulsive therapy process. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1961;4:259-266.
6. Small JG, Small IF, Sharply P, et al. A double-blind comparative evaluation of flurothyl and ECT. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1968;19:79-86.
7. Laurell B, ed. Flurothyl convulsive therapy. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1970;213(suppl):1-79.
8. Kalinowsky LB, Hoch PH. Shock Treatments and Other Somatic Procedures in Psychiatry. New York, NY: Grune & Stratton; 1946.
9. Sargent W, Slater E. An Introduction to Physical Methods of Treatment in Psychiatry. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins Co 1954.
10. Fink M. Convulsive Therapy: Theory and Practice. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1979.
11. Abrams R. Electroconvulsive Therapy. 4th ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2002.
12. Fink M, Taylor MA. Electroconvulsive therapy: evidence and challenge. JAMA. 2007;298:330-332.
13. Sackeim HA, Prudic J, Devanand DP, et al. A prospective, randomized, double-blind comparison of bilateral and right unilateral electroconvulsive therapy at different stimulus intensities. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57:425-434. (Pubitemid 30257256)
14. McCall WV, Reboussin DM, Weiner RD, et al. Titrated moderately suprathreshold vs fixed high-dose right unilateral electroconvulsive therapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57:438-444. (Pubitemid 30257257)
15. Crow TJ, Johnstone EC. The case against electricity. In: Palmer RL, ed. Electroconvulsive therapy: An appraisal. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1981: 226-235.
16. Palmer RL. Electroconvulsive Therapy: An Appraisal. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1981.
17. Lambourn J, Gill D. A controlled comparison of simulated and real ECT. In: Palmer RL, ed. Electroconvulsive Therapy: An Appraisal. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1981: 193-201.
18. Lisanby SH, ed. Brain Stimulation in Psychiatric Treatment. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing Inc; 2004.
19. Fink M. Transcranial magnetic stimulation is not a replacement for electroconvulsive therapy in depressive mood disorders. J ECT. 2011;27: 3-3.
20. Martin JL, Martin-Sanchez E. Systematic review and meta-analysis of vagus nerve stimulation in the treatment of depression: variable results based on study designs. Eur Psychiatry. 2012;27:147-155.
21. Holtzheimer PE, Kosel M, Schlaepfer T. Brain stimulation therapies for neuropsychiatric disease. Handb Clin Neurol. 2012;106:681-695.
22. Langer G, Neumark J, Koinig G, et al. Rapid psychotherapeutic effects of anesthesia with isoflurane (ES narcotherapy) in treatment-refractory depressed patients. Neuropsychobiology. 1985;14:118-120. (Pubitemid 16154548)
23. Greenberg LB, Gage J, Vitkun S, et al. Isoflurane anesthesia therapy: A replacement for ECT in depressive disorders? Convuls Ther. 1987;3:269-277. (Pubitemid 18004989)
24. Sackeim HA. The anticonvulsant hypothesis of the mechanism of action of ECT: current status. J ECT. 1999;15:5-26. (Pubitemid 29318091)
25. Nahas Z, Short B, Burns C, et al. A feasibility study of a new method for electrically producing seizures in man: focal electrically administered seizure therapy [FEAST]. Brain Stimul. 2013;6:403-408.
26. Flor-Henry P. Electroconvulsive therapy and lateralized affective symptoms. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1986;462:389-397. (Pubitemid 16063957)
27. Holtzheimer PE, Mayberg HS. Deep brain stimulation for psychiatric disorders. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2011;34:289-307.
28. Shorter E, Fink M. Endocrine Psychiatry: Solving the Riddle of Melancholia. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2010.
29. Fink M. Electroshock revisited. Am Scientist. 2000;88: 162-167.