'South Asian cocktail' - the concurrent use of opioids, benzodiazepines and antihistamines among injecting drug users in Nepal and associations with HIV risk behaviour

Harm Reduction Journal

Volumn 11, Issue 1, 2014, Pages

  Ojha, Saroj P ^a   Sigdel, Suraj ^b   Meyer Thompson, Hans Günter ^c   Oechsler, Harald ^d   Verthein, Uwe ^d  

^a TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY TEACHING HOSPITAL   (Nepal)

^b Mental Health and Participatory Research Center   (Nepal)

^c Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health Substance Abuse ASKLEPIOS Clinics North ^*  (Germany)

^d UNIVERSITY OF HAMBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Antihistamines; Benzodiazepines; Buprenorphine (injectable); HIV; Opiates; Opioid substitution treatment; South Asian cocktail

Indexed keywords

ANTIHISTAMINIC AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; BUPRENORPHINE; COCAINE; DIAMORPHINE; DIAZEPAM; OPIATE; PROMETHAZINE;

ADDICTION SEVERITY INDEX; ADULT; ARTICLE; COUNSELING; DRUG ABUSE; DRUG USE; FEMALE; HARM REDUCTION; HEALTH STATUS; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTED PATIENT; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INFECTION RISK; MALE; MIXED INFECTION; NEPAL; OPIATE SUBSTITUTION TREATMENT; QUESTIONNAIRE; SMOKELESS TOBACCO; SOUTH ASIAN COCKTAIL; ADOLESCENT; ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; DRUG COMBINATION; HIGH RISK BEHAVIOR; MIDDLE AGED; OPIATE ADDICTION; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; BENZODIAZEPINES; DRUG COMBINATIONS; FEMALE; HEALTH KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, PRACTICE; HEALTH STATUS; HISTAMINE ANTAGONISTS; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NEPAL; OPIOID-RELATED DISORDERS; RISK-TAKING; SUBSTANCE ABUSE, INTRAVENOUS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84901585971     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14777517     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1477-7517-11-17     Document Type: Article

References (15)

1. NCASC and ASHA Project Integrated Biological and Behavioral Surveillance (IBBS) Survey Among Injecting Drug Users in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Round V - 2011 NCASC and ASHA Project.
2. Metzger DS, Woody GE, O'Brian CP. Drug treatment as HIV prevention: a research update. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010, 55(Suppl 1):S32-S36. 3155766, 21045597.
3. Vlahov D, Robertson AM, Strathdee SA. Prevention of HIV infection among injection drug users in resource-limited settings. Clin Infect Dis 2010, 50(Suppl 3):S114-S121. 3114556, 20397939.
4. World Health Organization (WHO), Regional Office for South-East Asia Report on People Who Inject Drugs in the South-East Asia Region 2010, World Health Organization (WHO), Regional Office for South-East Asia.
5. Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) Summary Report of the Survey on Hard Drug Users in Nepal - 2063 2008, Government of Nepal. National Planning Commission Secretariat, http://cbs.gov.np/?p=174, Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS).
6. WHO, UNAIDS, UNICEF Epidemiological Fact Sheet on HIV and AIDS: Nepal, 2008 update 2008, Geneva: UNAIDS/WHO Working Group on Global HIV/AIDS and STI, WHO, UNAIDS, UNICEF.
7. NCASC Factsheet N°6: HIV Surveillance in Nepal 2009 2009, Teku, Kathmandu: National Centre for AIDS and STD Control, NCASC.
8. Recovering Nepal New Insights into the Drug and Drug Service Situation in Nepal. Summary from a Needs Assessment Study 2009, Recovering Nepal.
9. Larance B, Ambekar A, Azim T, Murthy P, Panda S, Degenhardt L, Marthers B. The availability, diversion and injection of pharmaceutical opioids in South Asia. Drug Alcohol Rev 2011, 30:246-254. 10.1111/j.1465-3362.2011.00304.x, 21545554.
10. Basu D, Aggarwal M, Pratim Das P, Mattoo SK, Kulhara P, Varma VK. Changing pattern of substance abuse in patients attending a de-addiction centre in North India (1978-2008). Indian J Med Res 2012, 135:830-836. 3410210, 22825602.
11. Ambekar A, Rao R, Pun A, Kumar S, Kishore K. The trajectory of methadone maintenance treatment in Nepal. Int J Drug Policy 2013, 24(6):e57-e60. 10.1016/j.drugpo.2013.06.001, 23845916.
12. Kokkevi A, Hartgers C. EuropASI: European adaptation of a multidimensional assessment instrument for drug and alcohol dependence. Eur Addict Res 1995, 1:208-210.
13. Marsden J, Gossop M, Stewart D, Best D, Farrell M, Lehmann P, Edwards C, Strang J. The Maudsley addiction profile (MAP): a brief instrument for assessing treatment outcome. Addiction 1998, 93:1857-1867. 10.1046/j.1360-0443.1998.9312185711.x, 9926574.
14. SPSS Inc IBM SPSS Statistics 19. Core System Manual 2010, SPSS Inc.
15. Mathers BM, Degenhardt L, Ali H, Wiessing L, Hickman M, Mattick RP, Myers B, Ambekar A, Strathdee SA. HIV prevention, treatment, and care services for people who inject drugs: a systematic review of global, regional, and national coverage. Lancet 2010, 375:1014-1028. 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60232-2, 20189638.