From pan-Latino enclaves to a community: Puerto Ricans in Philadelphia, 1910-2000

Puerto Rican Diaspora: Historical Perspectives

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 88-105

  Vázquez Hernández, Víctor ^a  

^a History Latin American and American Studies Programs ^*  (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84901575409     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (53)

1. http://factfinder.census.gov
2. Delgado Pasapera, Puerto Rico: Sus Luchas Emancipadoras, 1850-1898 (Rio Piedras: Editorial Cultural, 1984)
3. César Andreu Iglesias, ed., Memoirs of Bernardo Vega: A Contribution to the History of the Puerto Rican Community in New York (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1984)
4. Cesar Andreu Iglesias, ed., Memoirs of Bernardo Vega, especially Chapters 6, 7, and 8;
5. Gary R. Mormino and George E. Pozzetta, The Immigrant World of Ybor City: Italians and Their Latin Neighbors in Tampa, 1885-1985 (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1987), Chapter 6;
6. Dorothee Schneider, Trade Unions and Community: The German Working Class in New York City, 1870-1900 (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1994), Chapter 3.
7. Gary R. Mormino and George E. Pozzetta, "Spanish Anarchism in Tampa, Florida, 1886-1931", Struggle a Hard Battle: Essays on Working-Class Immigrants, ed. Dirk Hoerder (Dekalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1986);
8. Gary R. Mormino and George E. Pozzetta, "The Reader Lights the Candle: Cuban and Florida Cigar Workers' Oral Tradition", Labor's Heritage 5:1(Spring 1993):4-27;
9. Susan D. Greenbaum, "Economic Cooperation Among Urban Industrial Workers: Rationality and Community in an Afro-Cuban Mutual Aid Society, 1904-1927", Social Science History 17:2(1993):173-93;
10. Nancy A. Hewitt, "The Voice of Virile Labor: Labor Militancy, Community Solidarity, and Gender Identity Among Tampa's Latin Workers, 1880-1921", Work Engendered: Toward a New History of American Labor, ed. Ava Baron (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1991);
11. Durward Long, "'La Resistencia': Tampa's Immigrant Labor Union", Labor History 6 (Fall 1965);
12. and Manuel Martínez, Chicago: Historia de Nuestra Comunidad Puertorriqueña (Chicago, n. d.).
13. The Cigar Makers Official Journal (CMOJ) "reported a union of Spanish and Cuban cigar makers in Philadelphia in 1877"
14. (See CMOJ, December 1877, p. 1);
15. cited in Patricia Cooper, Once a Cigar Maker: Men, Women and Work Culture in American Cigar Factories (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987).
16. Sam Bass Warner, The Private City: Philadelphia in Three Periods of its Growth (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1987).
17. Kenneth L. Kusmer, A Ghetto Takes Shape: Black Cleveland, 1870-1930 (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1976), 41-45.
18. Douglas S. Massey, "American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass", American Journal of Sociology, 96(2), p. 331;
19. Carmen T. Whalen, From Puerto Rico to Philadelphia: Puerto Rican Workers and Post War Economies (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2001) p. 227.
20. Carolyn T. Adams et al., Philadelphia: Neighborhoods, Division and Conflict (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1987), 17.
21. José Hernández Alvarez, "The Movement and Settlement of Puerto Rican Migrants Within the United States, 1950-1960", International Migration Review 2:2(Spring 1968):41.
22. Father Antonio Casulleras, C. M., First Annual Report of the Spanish-American Colony (Philadelphia, Pamphlet Collection, 1910), 1-2, St. Charles Borromeo Archives, Archdiocese of Philadelphia (STCA).
23. Boslover Hall was located at 7th and Pine streets and Garden Hall was located at 7th and Morris streets, La Prensa, 8 January 1926, CEPRA, 7.
24. Casulleras, C. M., First AnnualReport, 1; STCA, Philadelphia, PamphletCollection;
25. Father William Rickle, "Interethnic Relations in Hispanic Parishes in the Archdiocese of Philadelphia" (Ph. D. diss., Sociology, Temple University, 1996), 40.
26. Edwin David Aponte, David Bartelt, Luis A. Cortez, Jr., and John C. Raines, The Work of Latino Ministry: Hispanic Protestant Churches in Philadelphia (Philadelphia: Pew Charitable Trusts, 1994), 38;
27. Joan D. Koss, "Puerto Ricans in Philadelphia: Migration and Accommodation" (Ph. D. diss., University of Pennsylvania, 1965), 64-65.
28. Aponte et al., The Work of Latino Ministry, 35-38;
29. Koss, "Puerto Ricans in Philadelphia", 65.
30. Raymond A. Mohl, "Cultural Pluralism in Immigrant Education: The International Institutes of Boston, Philadelphia and San Francisco, 1920-1940", Journal of American Ethnic History (Spring 1982):37, 41;
31. Eleanor Morton, "How the International Institute Operates to Bring About a Feeling of Friendliness Among the City's Many Foreign-Born Groups", Philadelphia Inquirer, 15 July 1936
32. Morton, "How the International Institute Operates" 39.
33. Polk Philadelphia City Directory, 1935-36, 2004;
34. Interview with Jesse Bermúdez, February 6, 1999.
35. Aponte et al., The Work of Latino Ministry, 38;
36. Koss, "Puerto Ricans in Philadelphia", 65.
37. Q. Fereshetian, "Spanish Community, 1951", in NSC, folder 13, TUUA;
38. Virginia Sánchez Korrol, From Colonia to Community: The History of Puerto Ricans in New York City (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983), 18-19;
39. Centro de Estudios Puertorriqueños, Sources for the Study of Puerto Rican Migration, (New York: Research Foundation of the City University of New York, 1982), 4-5.
40. letter from Isabel Moreno, events secretary of La Fraternal, to Marion Lantz, International Institute, inviting the agency to an event, dated March 8, 1945;
41. letter from Clarence Senior to Marion Lantz, November 26, 1946
42. Clarence O. Senior, Puerto Rican Emigration (Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico: Social Science Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, 1947), 7.
43. Koss, "Puerto Ricans in Philadelphia", 65.
44. Carmen T. Whalen, "Puerto Rican MigrationtoPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, 1945-1970: A Historical Perspective on a Migrant Group" (Ph. D. diss., Rutgers University, 1994), 420.
45. Philadelphia Human Relations Commission, "Puerto Ricans in Philadelphia: A Study of Their Demographic Characteristics, Problems and Attitudes", by Arthur Siegel, Harold Orlans, and Lloyd Greer (April 1954; reprint, New York: Arno Press, 1978);
46. "Hurt in Fight of 300 at 15th and Mt. Vernon", Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, 18 July 1953, 3;
47. "7 Hurt as 1000 Clash in Riot", Philadelphia Inquirer, 5.
48. Whalen, From Puerto Rico to Philadelphia, 204-5.
49. Juan D. González, "The Turbulent Progress of Puerto Ricans in Philadelphia", CENTRO Journal, 2:2(Winter 1987-88):37.
50. Carmen T. Whalen, "Bridging Homeland Politics and Barrio Politics: The Young Lords in Philadelphia", The Puerto Rican Movement: Voices from the Diaspora, ed. Andrés Torres and José E. Velázquez (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1998), 107-23.
51. González, "The Turbulent Progress of Puerto Rican", 38.
52. Eugene P. Ericksen et al., The State of Puerto Rican Philadelphia (Philadelpha: Institute for Public Policy, Temple University), iv-vi.
53. Philadelphia Human Relations Commission, "Report to Mayor W. Wilson Goode on Public Hearings Regarding Concerns of the Philadelphia Latino Community", September 1991, I-3;.