Colonialism, citizenship, and the making of the Puerto Rican diaspora: An introduction

Puerto Rican Diaspora: Historical Perspectives

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 1-42

  Whalen, Carmen Teresa ^a  

^a RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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EID: 84901575062     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (101)

1. U. S. Bureau of the Census, 2000 Census of Population and Housing, Table DP-1, Profile of General Demographic Characteristics, Puerto Rico (http://factfinder.census.gov/).
2. Franciso L. Rivera-Batíz and Carlos E. Santiago, Island Paradox: Puerto Rico in the 1990s (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1996), 43.
3. Center for Puerto Rican Studies, History Task Force, Labor Migration Under Capitalism: The Puerto Rican Experience (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1979)
4. Edwin Maldonado, "Contract Labor andthe Origins of Puerto Rican Communities in the United States", International Migration Review 13:1(1979):103-21.
5. Víctor Vázquez-Hernández, "Puerto Ricans in Philadelphia: Origins of a Community, 1910-1945" (Ph. D. diss., Temple University, 2002).
6. Virginia Sanchez Korrol, From Colonia to Community: The History of Puerto Ricans in New York City (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), 12-13;
7. Luis M. Falcón, "Migration and Development: The Case of Puerto Rico", Determinants of Emigration from Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean, ed. Sergio Díaz-Briquets and Sidney Weintraub (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991), 149.
8. Pedro Cabán, Constructing a Colonial People: Puerto Rico and the United States, 1898-1932 (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1999).
9. Amos K. Fiske, New York Times, 11 July 1898, 6
10. in The Puerto Ricans: A Documentary History, ed. Kal Wagenheim and Olga Jiménez de Wagenheim (Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener Publishers, 1994), 81-84.
11. Fiske, New York Times, 11 July 1898, 81-84.
12. Cabán, Constructing a Colonial People, 116.
13. James Dietz, Economic History of Puerto Rico: Institutional Change and Capitalist Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986), 119.
14. Frank Bonilla and Ricardo Campos, "Wealth of Poor: Puerto Ricans in the New Economic Order", Daedalus 110(Spring 1981):133.
15. Center for Puerto Rican Studies, History Task Force, Sources for the Study of Puerto Rican Migration, 1879-1930 (New York: Research Foundation of the City University of New York, 1982), 14-15.
16. "Address of Hon. Arthur Yager, Governor of Porto Rico, at the Lake Mohonk Conferences, October 22, 1915", Center for Puerto Rican Studies, Sources, 97-101.
17. Carmen Whalen, From Puerto Rico to Philadelphia: Puerto Rican Workers and Postwar Economies (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2001).
18. Nitza C. Medina, "Rebellion in the Bay: California's First Puerto Ricans", Centro: Journal of the Center for Puerto Rican Studies 13(Spring 2001):82-93.
19. "First Annual Report of Charles Allen", 15.
20. La Correspondencia, 31 July 1900, trans., Center for Puerto Rican Studies, Sources, 214.
21. LaCorrespondencia, 27 February 1901, trans. CenterforPuerto Rican Studies, Sources;
22. and La Correspondencia, 6 March 1901, trans., Center for Puerto Rican Studies, Sources, 217, 216.
23. "The Porto Rican Exodus", New York Times, 4 April 1901;
24. "Emigrantes en Colón, Puertorriqueños Descontentos, No Más Emigraciones", La Correspondencia, 26 April 1901;
25. "Porto Rican Emigration", New York Times, 27 April 1901
26. Center for Puerto Rican Studies, Sources, 35, 37, 38.
27. "An Act to provide for the repatriation of certain Porto Rican emigrants residing in Mexico", 9 March 1911, Center for Puerto Rican Studies, Sources, 93, 94.
28. "Second Annual Report of the Labor Bureau to the Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico, 1914", Center for Puerto Rican Studies, Sources, 96.
29. "Address of Hon. Arthur Yager", 97-101.
30. "Alarma entre puertorriqueñas en San Luis. Dicen que estan en la calle muertas de hambre", La Correspondencia, 19 January 1905;
31. "Veinte señoritas puertorriqueñas han retornado de St. Luis, La Democracia, 4 February 1905, Center for Puerto Rican Studies, Sources, 72-73, 76-77.
32. Bernardo Vega, Memoirs of Bernardo Vega: A Contribution to the History of the Puerto Rican Community in New York, ed. Cesar Andreu Iglesias (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1984).
33. Quoted from U. S. Congressional Record, 56th Congress, 1st Session, 26 February 1900, 2231, Wagenheim, Puerto Ricans, 111.
34. "Porto Ricans Not Aliens", New York Times, 5 January 1904
35. Center for Puerto Rican Studies, Sources, 68-70.
36. Maldonado, "Contract Labor and the Origins of Puerto Rican Communities", 103, 121.
37. Cabán, Constructing a Colonial People, 198-99;
38. Cabán, Constructing a Colonial People, 202.
39. Luis Muñoz Rivera, Congressional Record, 64th Congress, 1st Session, 1916, LIII, 7470-73, Wagenheim, Puerto Ricans, 126, 131, 132.
40. José de Diego, Puerto Rico House of Representatives, Wagenheim, Puerto Ricans, 136-37.
41. Dietz, Economic History, 133, 106, 109.
42. Cabán, Constructing a Colonial People, 216.
43. Falcon, "Migration and Development", 150-54;
44. Dietz, Economic History, 111;
45. Center for Puerto Rican Studies, Labor Migration Under Capitalism, 110-12.
46. Frank McIntyre, War Department, Bureau of Insular Affairs, "Memorandum for the Secretary of War", 17 April 1917, Center for Puerto Rican Studies, Sources, 104.
47. "Letter from Frank McIntyre to Arthur Yager", 8 August 1917, Center for Puerto Rican Studies, Sources, 111.
48. "Resolution No. 8 upon emigration", 12 October, 1918;
49. "Letter from Santiago IglesiastoSamuel Gompers", 12 September 1917, Center for Puerto Rican Studies, Sources, 119, 120, 113.
50. "Letter from Perry Lippitt to Frank McIntyre", 31 July 1917, Center for Puerto Rican Studies, Sources, 106.
51. "Resolution No. 8", 120, 122.
52. "To Increase Common Labor Supply with Porto Ricans", U. S. Employment Service Bulletin, 21 May 1918;
53. "Donde se encuentran los trabajadores portorriqueños que han ido a los EE. UU, El Tiempo, 14 November 1918
54. Center for Puerto Rican Studies, Sources, 117, 127.
55. "Telegram from Reyes to Commissioner of Porto Rico", (undated), trans., Center for Puerto Rican Studies, Sources, 118.
56. "Rafael Marchán Statement", 24 October 1918, Center for Puerto Rican Studies, Sources, 123-26.
57. "Emigrants from Porto Rico", Union Obrera, 28 December 1918
58. Center for Puerto Rican Studies, Sources, 132.
59. "Porto Rico Senate Resolution", 16 April 1919, Center for Puerto Rican Studies, Sources, 135-39.
60. "An Act to Regulate Emigration from Porto Rico, and for Other Purposes", 29 May 1919, Center for Puerto Rican Studies, Sources, 140-41.
61. "Octavo Informe Annual del Negociado del Trabajo de Puerto Rico", 1921, Center for Puerto Rican Studies, Sources, 144-51.
62. "Local Labor Men Caring for Porto Ricans", Arizona Labor Journal, 25 September 1926
63. Center for Puerto Rican Studies, Sources, 188-89.
64. "Report from Jaime Bague to the Commissioner of Agriculture and Labor", 11 October 1926, Center for Puerto Rican Studies, Sources, 190-93.
65. Clarence Senior, Puerto Rican Emigration (Rio Piedras: Social Science Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, 1947), 22.
66. "Hacia Hawaii", La Democracia, 16 May 1921;
67. "Las condiciones en que iran los emigrantes al Hawaii", 6 June 1921, Center for Puerto Rican Studies, Sources, 154-57.
68. "Una carta de Hawaii", La Democracia, 17 October 1924, Center for Puerto Rican Studies, Sources, 182.
69. Senior, Emigration, 21-22.
70. "Emigracion", La Democracia, 23 May 1927;
71. "Octavo Informe Anual", Center for Puerto Rican Studies, Sources, 196-98, 151-52.
72. Senior, Emigration, 69.
73. "Dos Cartas Obreras", Justicia, 5 February 1923
74. Center for Puerto Rican Studies, Sources, 162.
75. Senior, Emigration, 15, 7-8.
76. "Se piden facilidades para la emigración a Estados Unidos de trabajadores nativos", La Correspondencia, 12 February 1927
77. Center for Puerto Rican Studies, Sources, 202-3.
78. "Informe Anual del Negociado del Trabajo de Puerto Rico", 1929, Center for Puerto Rican Studies, Sources, 206.
79. "Decimocuarto Informe Anual del Negociado del Trabajo de Puerto Rico", 1930, Center for Puerto Rican Studies, Sources, 209-10.
80. "Letter from Frank MacIntyre to Arthur Yager", Sources, 110.
81. "Rafael Marchán Statement", 123.
82. Ruth Glasser, My Music is My Flag: Puerto Ricans and Their New York Communities, 1917-1940 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), 42, 15, 51, 52.
83. "La colonia portorriqueña de California cuenta con dos grandes sociedades que trabajan por el mejoramiento de nuestros compatriotas residents alli", La Correspondencia, 12 October 1925
84. Center for Puerto Rican Studies, Sources, 183-86;
85. see also "La Colonia Puertorriqueñaen California", La Correspondencia, 3 November 1923
86. Center for Puerto Rican Studies, Sources, 176.
87. Dietz, Economic History, 259, 227.
88. Senior, Emigration, 119, 69, 75-77, 62, 82.
89. Michael Lapp, "The Migration Division of Puerto Rico and Puerto Ricans in New York City, 1948-1969", Immigration to New York, ed. William Pencak, Selma Berrol, and Randall M. Miller (Philadelphia: Balch Institute Press, 1991), 200, 204-5.
90. Clarence Senior, "Patterns of Puerto Rican Dispersion in the Continental United States", Social Problems (October 1954):95-96;
91. Clarence Senior, "Migration to the Mainland", Monthly Labor Review 78(December 1955):1356;
92. These arguments about women and population control, and women as labor migrants are developed in Whalen, From Puerto Rico to Philadelphia, and Whalen, "Labor Migrants or Submissive Wives: Competing Narratives of Puerto Rican Women in the Post-World War II Era", Puerto Rican Women's History: New Perspective, eds. Félix V. Matos Rodríguez and Linda C. Delgado (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1998), 206-26.
93. Maldonado, "Contract Labor", 117-19.
94. Dennis Nodin Valdes, Al Norte: Agricultural Workers in the Great Lakes Region, 1917-1970 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991), 127, 132.
95. Maldonado, "Contract Labor", 117-19.
96. "Puerto Rican Migrants Jam New York City", Life, 25 August 1947, 23-29.
97. Rivera-Batíz, Island Paradox, 10, 87.
98. John Betancur, Teresa Cordova, and Maria De Los Angeles Torres, "Economic Restructuring and the Process of Incorporation of Latinos into the Chicago Economy", Latinos in a Changing U. S. Economy: Comparative Perspectives on Growing Inequality, ed. Rebecca Morales and Frank Bonilla (Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1993), 132.
99. Rivera-Batíz, Island Paradox, 55, 57-58, 97.
100. Angelo Falcón, Atlas of Stateside Puerto Ricans (Washington, DC: Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration, 2004).
101. U. S. Commission on Civil Rights, Puerto Ricans in the Continental United States: An Uncertain Future (October 1976), 144-45, ii-iii.