Local treatment of the axilla in early breast cancer: Concepts from the national surgical adjuvant breast and bowel project b-04 to the planned intergroup sentinel mamma trial

Breast Care

Volumn 9, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 87-95

  Reimer, Toralf ^a   Hartmann, Steffi ^a   Stachs, Angrit ^a   Gerber, Bernd ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ROSTOCK   (Germany)

Author keywords

Axilla; Breast cancer; INSEMA; Radiotherapy; Surgery

Indexed keywords

ADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY; AXILLARY LYMPH NODE; BREAST CANCER; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC TEST ACCURACY STUDY; DISEASE FREE SURVIVAL; EXTERNAL BEAM RADIOTHERAPY; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; INFLAMMATORY BREAST CANCER; INTRAOPERATIVE RADIOTHERAPY; LOCAL THERAPY; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE; MAMMOGRAPHY; MASTECTOMY; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); MICROMETASTASIS; OVERALL SURVIVAL; PARTIAL MASTECTOMY; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIATION DOSE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SENTINEL LYMPH NODE BIOPSY; SYSTEMIC THERAPY; TUMOR VOLUME; AXILLA; CANCER ADJUVANT THERAPY; CANCER SURGERY; EARLY CANCER; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY;

EID: 84901393753     PISSN: 16613791     EISSN: 16613805     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000360411     Document Type: Review

References (71)

1. Giuliano AE, McCall L, Beitsch P, Whitworth PW, Blumencranz P, Leitch AM, Saha S, Hunt KK, Morrow M, Ballman K: Locoregional recurrence after sentinel lymph node dissection with or without axillary dissection in patients with sentinel lymph node metastases. Ann Surg 2010;252:426-433.
2. Giuliano AE, Hunt KK, Ballman KV, Beitsch PD, Whitworth PW, Blumencranz PW, Leitch AM, Saha S, McCall LM, Morrow M: Axillary dissection vs no axillary dissection in women with invasive breast cancer and sentinel node metastasis. JAMA 2011;305:569-575.
3. Rutgers EJ, Donker M, Straver ME, Meijnen P, Van De Velde CJH, Mansel RE, et al.: Radiotherapy or surgery of the axilla after a positive sentinel node in breast cancer patients: final analysis of the EORTC AMAROS trial (10981/22023). J Clin Oncol 2013;31(suppl):abstr LBA1001.
4. Morrow M: It is not always necessary to do axillary dissection for T1 and T2 breast cancer-point. Cancer Res 2013;73:7151-7154.
5. Sabel MS: It is not always necessary to do axillary dissection for T1 and T2 breast cancer-reply to point. Cancer Res 2013;73:7155.
6. Sabel MS: The need for axillary lymph node dissection in T1/T2 breast cancer surgery-counterpoint. Cancer Res 2013;73:7156-7160.
7. Morrow M: The need for axillary lymph node dissection in T1/T2 breast cancer surgery-reply to counterpoint. Cancer Res 2013;73:7161.
8. Fisher B, Jeong JH, Anderson S, Bryant J, Fisher ER, Wolmark N: Twenty-five-year follow-up of a randomized trial comparing radical mastectomy, total mastectomy, and total mastectomy followed by irradiation. N Engl J Med 2002;347:567-575.
9. Krag DN, Anderson SJ, Julian TB, Brown AM, Harlow SP, Costantino JP, et al.: Sentinel-lymphnode resection compared with conventional axillary-lymph-node dissection in clinically node-negative patients with breast cancer: overall survival findings from the NSABP B-32 randomised phase trial. Lancet Oncol 2010;11:927-933.
10. Galimberti V, Cole BF, Zurrida S, Viale G, Luini A, Veronesi P, et al.: Axillary dissection versus no axillary dissection in patients with sentinelnode micrometastases (IBCSG 23-01): a phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 2013; 14:297-305.
11. Whelan TJ, Olivotto I, Ackerman I, Chapman W, Chua B, et al.: NCIC-CTG MA.20: an intergroup trial of regional nodal irradiation in early breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2011;29(suppl):abstr LBA1003.
12. Dengel LT, Van Zee KJ, King TA, Stempel M, Cody HS, El-Tamer M, et al.: Axillary dissection can be avoided in the majority of clinically nodenegative patients undergoing breast-conserving therapy. Ann Surg Oncol 2014;21:22-27.
13. Ibrahim-Zada I, Grant CS, Glazebrook KN, Boughey JC: Preoperative axillary ultrasound in breast cancer: safely avoiding frozen section of sentinel lymph nodes in breast-conserving surgery. J Am Coll Surg 2013;217:7-15.
14. Stachs A, Gode K, Hartmann S, Stengel B, Nierling U, Dieterich M, Reimer T, Gerber B: Accuracy of axillary ultrasound in preoperative nodal staging of breast cancer-size of metastases as limiting factor. SpringerPlus 2013;2:350.
15. Alvarez S, Añorbe E, Alcorta P, López F, Alonso I, Cortès I: Role of sonography in the diagnosis of axillary lymph node metastases in breast cancer: a systematic review. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2006; 186:1342-1348.
16. Houssami N, Ciatto S, Turner RM, Cody HS, Macaskill P: Preoperative ultrasound-guided needle biopsy of axillary nodes in invasive breast cancer. Ann Surg 2011;254:243-251.
17. Mainiero MB, Cinelli CM, Koelliker SL, Graves TA, Chung MA: Axillary ultrasound and fine-needle aspiration in the preoperative evaluation of the breast cancer patient: an algorithm based on tumor size and lymph node appearance. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2010;195:1261-1267.
18. Esen G, Gurses B, Yilmaz MH, Ilvan S, Ulus S, Celik V, Farahmand M, Calay OO: Gray-scale and power Doppler US in the preoperative evaluation of axillary metastases in breast cancer patients with no palpable lymph nodes. Eur Radiol 2005;15: 1215-1223.
19. Peare R, Staff RT, Heys SD: The use of FDG-PET in assessing axillary lymph node status in breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010;123: 281-290.
20. Mortellaro VE, Marshall J, Singer L, Hochwald SN, Chang M, Copeland EM, Grobmyer SR: Magnetic resonance imaging for axillary staging in patients with breast cancer. J Magn Reson Imaging 2009; 30:309-312.
21. Kaufmann M, von Minckwitz G, Mamounas EP, Cameron D, Carey LA, Cristofanilli M, et al.: Recommendations from an international consensus conference on the current status and future of neoadjuvant systemic therapy in primary breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2012;19:1508-1516.
22. Gradishar WJ, Anderson BO, Blair SL, Burstein HJ, Cyr A, Elias AD, et al.: NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN guidelines) Breast Cancer, version 1,2014. www.nccn.org.
23. Members of the German AGO Breast Committee: Diagnosis and Treatment of Patients with Primary and Metastatic Breast Cancer. Guidelines of the AGO Breast Committee 2013. www.ago-online.de.
24. Kelly AM, Dwamena B, Cronin P, Carlos RC: Breast cancer sentinel node identification and classification after neoadjuvant chemotherapy: systematic review and meta analysis. Acad Radiol 2009; 16:551-563.
25. Xing Y, Foy M, Cox DD, Kuerer HM, Hunt KK, Cormier JN: Meta-analysis of sentinel lymph node biopsy after preoperative chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer. Br J Surg 2006;93:539-546.
26. van Deurzen CH, Vriens BE, Tjan-Heijnen VC, van der Wall E, Albregts M, van Hilligersberg R, Monninkhof EM, van Diest PJ: Accuracy of sentinel node biopsy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients: a systematic review. Eur J Cancer 2009;45:3124-3130.
27. Tan VK, Goh BK, Fook-Chong S, Khin LW, Wong WK, Yong WS: The feasibility and accuracy of sentinel lymph node biopsy in clinically nodenegative patients after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer: a systematic review and metaanalysis. J Surg Oncol 2011;104:97-103.
28. Morrow M, Dang CT: Sentinel node biopsy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy: a new standard for patients with axillary metastases? JAMA 2013; 310:1449-1450.
29. Kuehn T, Bauerfeind I, Fehm T, Fleige B, Hausschild M, Helms G, et al.: Sentinel-lymphnode biopsy in patients with breast cancer before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (SENTINA): a prospective, multicentre cohort study. Lancet Oncol 2013;14:609-618.
30. Boughey JC, Suman VJ, Mittendorf EA, Ahrendt GM, Wilke LG, Taback B, et al.: Sentinel lymph node surgery after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with node-positive breast cancer: the ACOSOG Z1071 (Alliance) clinical trial. JAMA 2013;310:1455-1461.
31. Giuliano AE, Kirgan DM, Guenther JM, Morton DL: Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy for breast cancer. Ann Surg 1994;220:391-398.
32. Canavese G, Catturich A, Vecchio C, Tomei D, Gipponi M, Villa G, Carli F, Bruzzi P, Dozin B: Sentinel node biopsy compared with complete axillary dissection for staging early breast cancer with clinically negative lymph nodes: results of randomized trial. Ann Oncol 2009;20:1001-1007.
33. Purushotham AD, Upponi S, Klevesath MB, Bobrow L, Millar K, Myles JP, Duffy SW: Morbidity after sentinel lymph node biopsy in primary breast cancer: results from a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:4312-4321.
34. Veronesi U, Viale G, Paganelli G, Zurrida S, Luini A, Galimberti V, et al.: Sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer: ten-year results of a randomized controlled study. Ann Surg 2010;251:595-600.
35. Fleissig A, Fallowfield LJ, Langridge CI, Johnson L, Newcombe RG, Dixon JM, Kissin M, Mansel RE: Post-operative arm morbidity and quality of life. Results of the ALMANAC randomised trial comparing sentinel node biopsy with standard axillary treatment in the management of patients with early breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2006;95: 279-293.
36. Zavagno G, De Salvo GL, Scalco G, Bozza F, Barutta L, Del Bianco P, Renier M, Racano C, Carraro P, Nitti D; GIVOM Trialists: A randomized clinical trial on sentinel lymph node biopsy versus axillary lymph node dissection in breast cancer: results of the Sentinella/GIVOM trial. Ann Surg 2008;247:207-213.
37. Gill G; SNAC Trial Group of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons (RACS) and NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre: Sentinel-lymph-node-based management or routine axillary clearance? Oneyear outcomes of sentinel node biopsy versus axillary clearance (SNAC): a randomized controlled surgical trial. Ann Surg Oncol 2009;16:266-275.
38. Wang Z, Wu LC, Chen JQ: Sentinel lymph node biopsy compared with axillary lymph node dissection in early breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011;129:675-689.
39. Rao R, Euhus D, Mayo HG, Balch C: Axillary node interventions in breast cancer: a systematic review. JAMA 2013;310:1385-1394.
40. De Gournay E, Guyomard A, Coutant C, Boulet S, Arveux P, Causeret S, et al.: Impact of sentinel biopsy on long-term quality of life in breast cancer patients. Br J Cancer 2013;109:2783-2791.
41. Toesca A, Luini A, Veronesi P, Intra M, Gentilini O: Sentinel lymph node biopsy in early breast cancer: the experience of the European Institute of Oncology in special clinical scenarios. Breast Care 2011;6:208-214.
42. Kothari MS, Rusby JE, Agusti AA, MacNeill FA: Sentinel lymph node biopsy after previous axillary surgery: a review. Eur J Surg Oncol 2012;38:8-15.
43. International Breast Cancer Study Group, Rudenstam CM, Zahrieh D, Forbes JF, Crivellari D, Holmberg SB, Rey P, et al.: Randomized trial comparing axillary clearance versus no axillary clearance in older patients with breast cancer: first results of International Breast Cancer Study Group Trial 10-93. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:337-344.
44. Agresti R, Martelli G, Sandri M, Tagliabue E, Carcangiu ML, Maugeri I, et al.: Axillary lymph node dissection versus no dissection in patients with T1N0 breast cancer: a randomized clinical trial (INT09/98). Cancer 2013; doi: 10.1002/ cncr.28499.
45. Martelli G, Boracchi P, Ardoino I, Lozza L, Bohm S, Vetrella G, Agresti R: Axillary dissection versus no axillary dissection in older patients with T1N0 breast cancer: 15-year results of a randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg 2012;256:920-924.
46. Johansen H, Kaae S, Jensen MB, Mouridsen HT: Extended radical mastectomy versus simple mastectomy followed by radiotherapy in primary breast cancer. A fifty-year follow-up to the Copen hagen Breast Cancer randomised study. Acta Oncol 2008;47:633-638.
47. Veronesi U, Orecchia R, Zurrida S, Galimberti V, Luini A, Veronesi P, et al.: Avoiding axillary dissection in breast cancer surgery: a randomized trial to assess the role of axillary radiotherapy. Ann Oncol 2005;16:383-388.
48. Louis-Sylvestre C, Clough K, Asselain B, Vilcoq JR, Salmon RJ, Campana F, Fourquet A: Axillary treatment in conservative management of operable breast cancer: dissection or radiotherapy? Results of a randomized study with 15 years of follow-up. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:97-101.
49. Evans SB, Gass J, Wazer DE: Management of the axilla after the finding of a positive sentinel lymph node: a proposal for an evidence-based risk-adapted algorithm. Am J Clin Oncol 2008;31:293-299.
50. Lyman GH, Giuliano AE, Sommerfield MR, Benson AB 3rd, Bodurka DC, Burstein HJ, et al.: American Society of Clinical Oncology guideline recommendations for sentinel lymph node biopsy in early-stage breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23:7703-7720.
51. Cserni G, Amendoeira I, Apostolikas N, Bellocq JP, Bianchi S, Bussolati G, et al.: Pathological work-up of sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer. Review of current data to be considered for the formulation of guidelines. Eur J Cancer 2003;39:1654-1667.
52. Green FL, Page DL, Fleming ID: American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging Manual, ed 6. Philadelphia, Springer, 2002.
53. McCready DR, Yong WS, Ng AK, Miller N, Done S, Youngson B: Influence of the new AJCC breast cancer staging system on sentinel lymph node positivity and false-negative rates. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004;96:873-875.
54. Giuliano AE, Hawes D, Ballmann KV, Whitworth PW, Blumencranz PW, Reintgen DS, Morrow M, Leitch AM, Hunt KK, McCall LM, Abati A, Cote R: Association of occult metastases in sentinel lymph nodes and bone marrow with survival among women with early-stage invasive breast cancer. JAMA 2011;306:385-393.
55. Julian TB, Anderson SA, Krag DN, Harlow SP, Costantino JP, Ashikaga T, Weaver DL, Mamounas EP, Wolmark N; National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project: 10-yr followup results of NSABP B-32, a randomized phase III clinical trial to compare sentinel node resection (SNR) to conventional axillary dissection (AD) in clinically node-negative breast cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 2013;31(suppl):abstr 1000.
56. Weaver DL, Ashikaga T, Krag DN, Skelly JM, Anderson SJ, Harlow SP, Julian TB, Mamounas EP, Wolmark N: Effect of occult metastases on survival in node-negative breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2011;364:412-421.
57. Galimberti V, Botteri E, Chifu C, Gentilini O, Luini A, Intra M, et al.: Can we avoid axillary dissection in the micrometastatic sentinel node in breast cancer? Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012; 131:819-825.
58. Goldhirsch A, Wood WC, Coates AS, Gelber RD, Thürlimann B, Senn HJ: Strategies for subtypes-dealing with the diversity of breast cancer: highlights of the St. Gallen International Expert Consensus on the Primary Therapy of Early Breast Cancer 2011. Ann Oncol 2011;22:1736-1747.
59. van Wely BJ, Teerenstra S, Schinagl DAX, Aufenacker TJ, de Wilt JH, Strobbe LJ: Systematic review of the effect of external beam radiation therapy to the breast on axillary recurrence after negative sentinel lymph node biopsy. Br J Surg 2011;98:326-333.
60. Interdisziplinäre S3-Leitlinie für die Diagnostik, Therapie und Nachsorge des Mammakarzinoms, Langversion 3.0, Aktualisierung 2012. www.krebsgesellschaft.de /download/ S3-Brustkrebs-Update-2012-Langversion.pdf.
61. Latosinsky S, Berrang TS, Cutter CS, George R, Olivotto I, Julian TB, Hayashi A, Baliski C, Croshaw RL, Erb KM, Chen J: CAGS and ACS Evidence Based Reviews in Surgery. 40. Axillary dissection versus no axillary dissection in women with invasive breast cancer and sentinel node metastasis. Can J Surg 2012;55:66-69.
62. Milgrom S, Cody H, Tan L, Morrow M, Pesce C, Setton J, Rogers K, Arnold B, Eaton A, Catalano J, McCormick B, Powell S, Ho A: Characteristics and outcomes of sentinel node-positive breast cancer patients after total mastectomy without axillary-specific treatment. Ann Surg Oncol 2012; 19:3762-3770.
63. Reimer T: Axillary resection-hotly debated after Z0011. Breast Care 2012;7:341-343.
64. Naik AM, Fey J, Gemignani M, Heerdt A, Montgomery L, Petrek J, Port E, Sacchini V, Sclafani L, VanZee K, Wagman R, Borgen PI, Cody HS 3rd: The risk of axillary relapse after sentinel lymph node biopsy breast cancer is comparable with that of axillary lymph node dissection. A follow-up study of 4008 procedures. Ann Surg 2004;240:462-471.
65. Hwang RF, Gonzalez-Angulo AM, Yi M, Buchholz TA, Meric-Bernstam F, Kuerer HM, Babiera GV, Tereffe W, Liu DD, Hunt KK: Low locoregional failure rates in selected breast cancer patients with tumor-positive sentinel lymph nodes who do not undergo completion axillary dissection. Cancer 2007;110:723-730.
66. Bilimoria KY, Bentrem DJ, Hansen NM, Bethke KP, Rademaker AW, Ko CY, Winchester DP, Winchester DJ: Comparison of sentinel lymph node biopsy alone and completion axillary lymph node dissection for node-positive breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:2946-2953.
67. Goldhirsch A, Winer EP, Coates AS, Gelber RD, Piccart-Gebhart M, Thürlimann B, Senn HJ: Personalizing the treatment of women with early breast cancer: highlights of the St. Gallen International Expert Consensus on the Primary Therapy of Early Breast Cancer 2013. Ann Oncol 2013; 24:2206-2223.
68. Darby S, McGale P, Correa C, Taylor C, Arriagada R, Clarke M, Cutter D, Davies C, Ewertz M, Godwin J, Gray R, Pierce L, Whelan T, Wang Y, Peto R; Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group (EBCTCG): Effect of radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery on 10-year recurrence and 15-year breast cancer death: metaanalysis of individual patient data for 10,801 women in 17 randomised trials. Lancet 2011; 378:1707-1716.
69. Clarke M, Collins R, Darby S, Davies C, Elphinstone P, Evans E, Godwin J, Gray R, Hicks C, James S, MacKinnon E, McGale P, McHugh T, Peto R, Taylor C, Wang Y; Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group (EBCTCG): Effects of radiotherapy and of differences in the extent of surgery for early breast cancer on local recurrence and 15-year survival: an overview of the randomised trials. Lancet 2005;366:2087-2106.
70. Gentilini O, Veronesi U: Abandoning sentinel lymph node biopsy in early breast cancer? A new trial in progress at the European Institute of Oncology of Milan (SOUND: Sentinel node vs Observation after axillary UltraSouND). Breast 2012;21:678-681.
71. Engel J, Lebeau A, Sauer H, Holzel D: Are we wasting our time with the sentinel technique? Fifteen reasons to stop axilla dissection. Breast 2006;15:452-455.