Current trends for the use of androgen deprivation therapy in conjunction with radiotherapy for patients with unfavorable intermediate-risk, high-risk, localized, and locally advanced prostate cancer

Cancer

Volumn 120, Issue 11, 2014, Pages 1620-1629

  Roach III, Mack ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

androgen deprivation therapy; gonadotrophin releasing hormone antagonist; luteinizing hormone releasing hormone agonist; prostate cancer; radiotherapy

Indexed keywords

DEGARELIX; FOLLITROPIN RECEPTOR; LEUPRORELIN; PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN; TESTOSTERONE;

ADVANCED CANCER; ANDROGEN DEPRIVATION THERAPY; CANCER ADJUVANT THERAPY; CANCER HORMONE THERAPY; CANCER LOCALIZATION; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER RISK; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURVIVAL; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; COMORBIDITY; COMPARATIVE EFFECTIVENESS; EARLY CANCER; HUMAN; LONG TERM CARE; OVERALL SURVIVAL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CANCER; REVIEW; SALVAGE THERAPY; TREATMENT DURATION; TREND STUDY;

ANDROGEN DEPRIVATION THERAPY; GONADOTROPHIN-RELEASING HORMONE ANTAGONIST; LUTEINIZING HORMONE-RELEASING HORMONE AGONIST; PROSTATE CANCER; RADIOTHERAPY;

ANDROGEN ANTAGONISTS; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; HUMANS; MALE; ORCHIECTOMY; PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS; SALVAGE THERAPY;

EID: 84901372456     PISSN: 0008543X     EISSN: 10970142     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/cncr.28594     Document Type: Review

References (65)

1. Bastian PJ, Boorjian SA, Bossi A, et al. High-risk prostate cancer: from definition to contemporary management. Eur Urol. 2012; 61: 1096-1106.
2. Mohler JL, Armstrong AJ, Bahnson RR, et al. Prostate cancer, Version 3.2012: featured updates to the NCCN guidelines. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2012; 10: 1081-1087.
3. Lu-Yao GL, Albertsen PC, Moore DF, et al. Survival following primary androgen deprivation therapy among men with localized prostate cancer. JAMA. 2008; 300: 173-181.
4. D'Amico AV, Manola J, Loffredo M,. 6-month androgen suppression plus radiation therapy vs radiation therapy alone for patients with clinically localized prostate cancer: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004; 292: 821-827.
5. Denham JW, Steigler A, Lamb DS, et al. Short-term androgen deprivation and radiotherapy for locally advanced prostate cancer: results from the Trans-Tasman Radiation Oncology Group 96.01 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2005; 6: 841-850.
6. Jones CU, Hunt D, McGowan DG, et al. Radiotherapy and short-term androgen deprivation for localized prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2011; 365: 107-118.
7. Laverdiere J, Nabid A, De Bedoya LD, et al. The efficacy and sequencing of a short course of androgen suppression on freedom from biochemical failure when administered with radiation therapy for T2-T3 prostate cancer. J Urol. 2004; 171: 1137-1140.
8. Roach M III, Bae K, Speight J, et al. Short-term neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy and external-beam radiotherapy for locally advanced prostate cancer: long-term results of RTOG 8610. J Clin Oncol. 2008; 26: 585-591.
9. Henderson A, Langley SE, Laing RW,. Is bicalutamide equivalent to goserelin for prostate volume reduction before radiation therapy? Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2003; 15: 318-321.
10. Zelefsky MJ, Leibel SA, Burman CM, et al. Neoadjuvant hormonal therapy improves the therapeutic ratio in patients with bulky prostatic cancer treated with 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1994; 29: 755-761.
11. Lawton CA, DeSilvio M, Roach M, 3rd, et al. An update of the phase III trial comparing whole pelvic to prostate only radiotherapy and neoadjuvant to adjuvant total androgen suppression: updated analysis of RTOG 94-13, with emphasis on unexpected hormone/radiation interactions. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007; 69: 646-655.
12. Gottschalk AR, Roach M III,. The use of hormonal therapy with radiotherapy for prostate cancer: analysis of prospective randomised trials. Br J Cancer. 2004; 90: 950-954.
13. Pilepich MV, Winter K, Lawton CA, et al. Androgen suppression adjuvant to definitive radiotherapy in prostate carcinoma-long-term results of phase III RTOG 85-31. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005; 61: 1285-1290.
14. Bolla M, Gonzalez D, Warde P, et al. Improved survival in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer treated with radiotherapy and goserelin. N Engl J Med. 1997; 337: 295-300.
15. Bolla M, Collette L, Blank L, et al. Long-term results with immediate androgen suppression and external irradiation in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer (an EORTC study): a phase III randomised trial. Lancet. 2002; 360: 103-108.
16. Bolla M, Van Tienhoven G, Warde P, et al. External irradiation with or without long-term androgen suppression for prostate cancer with high metastatic risk: 10-year results of an EORTC randomised study. Lancet Oncol. 2010; 11: 1066 -1073.
17. Martinez AA, Demanes DJ, Galalae R, et al. Lack of benefit from a short course of androgen deprivation for unfavorable prostate cancer patients treated with an accelerated hypofractionated regime. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005; 62: 1322-1331.
18. Jacob R, Hanlon AL, Horwitz EM, et al. Role of prostate dose escalation in patients with greater than 15% risk of pelvic lymph node involvement. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005; 61: 695-701.
19. Roach M, 3rd, Thomas K,. Overview of randomized controlled treatment trials for clinically localized prostate cancer: implications for active surveillance and the United States preventative task force report on screening? J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2012; 2012: 221-229.
20. Stone NN, Potters L, Davis BJ, et al. Multicenter analysis of effect of high biologic effective dose on biochemical failure and survival outcomes in patients with Gleason score 7-10 prostate cancer treated with permanent prostate brachytherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009; 73: 341-346.
21. Potters L, Morgenstern C, Calugaru E, et al. 12-year outcomes following permanent prostate brachytherapy in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer. J Urol. 2005; 173: 1562-1566.
22. Widmark A, Klepp O, Solberg A, et al. Endocrine treatment, with or without radiotherapy, in locally advanced prostate cancer (SPCG-7/SFUO-3): an open randomised phase III trial. Lancet. 2009; 373: 301-308.
23. Warde P, Mason M, Ding K, et al. Combined androgen deprivation therapy and radiation therapy for locally advanced prostate cancer: a randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2011.
24. Hanks GE, Pajak TF, Porter A, et al. Phase III trial of long-term adjuvant androgen deprivation after neoadjuvant hormonal cytoreduction and radiotherapy in locally advanced carcinoma of the prostate: the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Protocol 92-02. J Clin Oncol. 2003; 21: 3972-3978.
25. Hanks GE, Bae K, Porter AT, et al. Ten year follow-up of RTOG 92-02: a phase III trial of the duration of elective androgen deprivation in locally advanced prostate cancer [abstract]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006; 66 (3 suppl 1): S13. Abstract 22.
26. Horowitz EM, Bae K, Hanks GE, et al. Ten-year follow-up of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group protocol 92-02: a phase III trial of the duration of elective androgen deprivation in locally advanced prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008; 26: 2497-2504.
27. Bolla M, De Reijke TM, van Tienhoven G, et al. Duration of androgen suppression in the treatment of prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2009; 360: 2516-2527.
28. Roach M, 3rd, Lu J, Pilepich MV, et al. Predicting long-term survival, and the need for hormonal therapy: a meta-analysis of RTOG prostate cancer trials. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000; 47: 617-627.
29. Pilepich MV, Krall JM, Al-Sarraf M, et al. Androgen deprivation with radiation therapy compared with radiation therapy alone for locally advanced prostatic carcinoma: a randomized comparative trial of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group. Urology. 1995; 45: 616-623.
30. Crook J, Ludgate C, Malone S, et al. Final report of multicenter Canadian Phase III randomized trial of 3 versus 8 months of neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy before conventional-dose radiotherapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009; 73: 327-333.
31. Armstrong JG, Gillham CM, Dunne MT, et al. A randomized trial (Irish Clinical Oncology Research Group 97-01) comparing short versus protracted neoadjuvant hormonal therapy before radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011; 81: 35-45.
32. Pisansky TM, Hunt D, Gomella LG, Amin MB, Balogh AG, Chinn DM, Seider M, Duclos Rosenthal, SA,. Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 9910: Phase 3 Trial to Evaluate the Duration of Neoadjuvant (NEO) Total Androgen Suppression (TAS) and Radiation Therapy (RT) in Intermediate-Risk Prostate Cancer (PCa) In: Zietman A, editor. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. Atlanta, Ga.: Elsevier, 2013: S1.
33. Denham JW, Steigler A, Lamb DS, et al. Short-term neoadjuvant androgen deprivation and radiotherapy for locally advanced prostate cancer: 10-year data from the TROG 96.01 randomised trial. Lancet Oncol. 2011; 12: 451-459.
34. Alexander A, Crook J, Jones S, et al. Is biochemical response more important than duration of neoadjuvant hormone therapy before radiotherapy for clinically localized prostate cancer? An analysis of the 3- versus 8-month randomized trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010; 76: 23-30.
35. Crook J, Ludgate C, Malone S, et al. Report of a multicenter Canadian phase III randomized trial of 3 months vs. 8 months neoadjuvant androgen deprivation before standard-dose radiotherapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004; 60: 15-23.
36. Tseng YD, Chen MH, Beard CJ, et al. Posttreatment prostate specific antigen nadir predicts prostate cancer specific and all cause mortality. J Urol. 2012; 187: 2068-2073.
37. D'Amico AV, Chen MH, de Castro M, et al. Surrogate endpoints for prostate cancer-specific mortality after radiotherapy and androgen suppression therapy in men with localised or locally advanced prostate cancer: an analysis of 2 randomised trials. Lancet Oncol. 2012; 13: 189-195.
38. Cury FL, Hunt D, Roach M, 3rd, et al. Prostate-specific antigen response after short-term hormone therapy plus external-beam radiotherapy and outcome in patients treated on Radiation Therapy Oncology Group study 9413. Cancer. 2013; 119: 1999 -2004.
39. Roach M III, DeSilvio M, Lawton C, et al. Phase III trial comparing whole-pelvic versus prostate-only radiotherapy and neoadjuvant versus adjuvant combined androgen suppression: Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 9413. J Clin Oncol. 2003; 21: 1904-1911.
40. Roach M III, DeSilvio M, Valicenti R, et al. Whole-pelvis, "mini-pelvis," or prostate-only external beam radiotherapy after neoadjuvant and concurrent hormonal therapy in patients treated in the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 9413 trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006; 66: 647-653.
41. Klotz L, Boccon-Gibod L, Shore ND, et al. The efficacy and safety of degarelix: a 12-month, comparative, randomized, open-label, parallel-group phase III study in patients with prostate cancer. BJU Int. 2008; 102: 1531-1538.
42. Cheung R, Kamat AM, de Crevoisier R, et al. Outcome of salvage radiotherapy for biochemical failure after radical prostatectomy with or without hormonal therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005; 63: 134-140.
43. Katz MS, Zelefsky MJ, Venkatraman ES, et al. Predictors of biochemical outcome with salvage conformal radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2003; 21: 483-489.
44. Spiotto MT, Hancock SL, King CR,. Radiotherapy after prostatectomy: improved biochemical relapse-free survival with whole pelvic compared with prostate bed only for high-risk patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007; 69: 54-61.
45. Stephenson AJ, Scardino PT, Kattan MW, et al. Predicting the outcome of salvage radiation therapy for recurrent prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. J Clin Oncol. 2007; 25: 2035-2041.
46. Granfors T, Modig H, Damber JE, et al. Combined orchiectomy and external radiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone for nonmetastatic prostate cancer with or without pelvic lymph node involvement: a prospective randomized study. J Urol. 1998; 159: 2030-2034.
47. Da Pozzo LF, Cozzarini C, Briganti A, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with prostate cancer and nodal metastases treated by pelvic lymphadenectomy and radical prostatectomy: the positive impact of adjuvant radiotherapy. Eur Urol. 2009; 55: 1003-1011.
48. D'Amico AV, Chen MH, Renshaw AA, Loffredo M, Kantoff PW,. Androgen suppression and radiation vs radiation alone for prostate cancer: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2008; 299: 289-295.
49. Parekh A, Chen MH, D'Amico AV, et al. Identification of comorbidities that place men at highest risk of death from androgen deprivation therapy before brachytherapy for prostate cancer. Brachytherapy. 2013; 12: 415-421.
50. Nguyen PL, Je Y, Schutz FA, et al. Association of androgen deprivation therapy with cardiovascular death in patients with prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. JAMA. 2011; 306: 2359-2366.
51. Roach M, Wallner K, Hsu I-CJ, et al. Cancer of the prostate. In, Hoppe R, Phillips TL, Roach M, eds. Leibel and Phillips Textbook of Radiation Oncology: Expert Consult. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2010: 925-986.
52. Thompson IM,. Flare Associated with LHRH-Agonist Therapy. Rev Urol. 2001; 3 suppl 3: S10-14.
53. Morote J, Orsola A, Planas J, et al. Redefining clinically significant castration levels in patients with prostate cancer receiving continuous androgen deprivation therapy. J Urol. 2007; 178: 1290-1295.
54. Van Poppel H, Klotz L,. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone: an update review of the antagonists versus agonists. Int J Urol. 2012; 19: 594-601.
55. Broqua P, Riviere PJ, Conn PM, Rivier JE, Aubert ML, Junien JL,. Pharmacological profile of a new, potent, and long-acting gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist: degarelix. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002; 301: 95-102.
56. Tombal B, Miller K, Boccon-Gibod L, et al. Additional analysis of the secondary end point of biochemical recurrence rate in a Phase 3 trial (CS21) comparing degarelix 80 mg versus leuprolide in prostate cancer patients segmented by baseline characteristics. Eur Urol. 2010; 57: 836-842.
57. Crawford ED, Tombal B, Miller K, et al. A phase III extension trial with a 1-arm crossover from leuprolide to degarelix: comparison of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist and antagonist effect on prostate cancer. J Urol. 2011; 186: 889-897.
58. Radu A, Pichon C, Camparo P, et al. Expression of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor in tumor blood vessels. N Engl J Med. 2010; 363: 1621-1630.
59. Mariani S, Salvatori L, Basciani S, et al. Expression and cellular localization of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor in normal human prostate, benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. J Urol. 2006; 175: 2072-2077.
60. Huang Y, Hua K, Zhou X, et al. Activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway mediates FSH-stimulated VEGF expression in ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma. Cell Res. 2008; 18: 780-791.
61. Van Poppel H, Tombal B, de la Rosette JJ, et al. Degarelix: a novel gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor blocker-results from a 1-yr, multicentre, randomised, phase 2 dosage-finding study in the treatment of prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2008; 54: 805-813.
62. Gittelman M, Pommerville PJ, Persson BE, et al. A 1-year, open label, randomized phase II dose finding study of degarelix for the treatment of prostate cancer in North America. J Urol. 2008; 180: 1986-1992.
63. Anderson J, Al-Ali G, Wirth M, et al. Degarelix versus goserelin (+ antiandrogen flare protection) in the relief of lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to prostate cancer: results from a Phase IIIb study (NCT00831233). Urol Int. 2013; 90: 321-328.
64. Axcrona K, Aaltomaa S, da Silva CM, et al. Androgen deprivation therapy for volume reduction, lower urinary tract symptom relief and quality of life improvement in patients with prostate cancer: degarelix vs goserelin plus bicalutamide. BJU Int. 2012; 110: 1721-1728.
65. Mason M, Maldonado Pijoan X, Steidle C, et al. Neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy for prostate volume reduction, lower urinary tract symptom relief and quality of life improvement in men with intermediate- to high-risk prostate cancer: a randomised non-inferiority trial of degarelix versus goserelin plus bicalutamide. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2013; 25: 190-196.