Gastrointestinal Motility

Fetal and Neonatal Physiology E-Book, Fourth Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 1212-1226

  Omari, Taher I ^a,b   Rudolph, Colin D ^c,d  

^a and Women s Health Service   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE   (Australia)

^c St Vincent Heart Center of Indiana   (United States)

^d MEDICAL COLLEGE OF WISCONSIN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84901308985     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4160-3479-7.10112-0     Document Type: Chapter

References (140)

1. R.D. Stevenson and J.H. Allaire (1991) The development of normal feeding and swallowing, Pediatr Clin. N Am 39 1439-1453.
2. S.E. Morris (1982) Implications for Assessment and Treatment. The Normal Acquisition of Oral Feeding Skills New York: Therapeutic Media, Inc
3. F. Bu’Lock, M.W. Woolridge and J.D. Baum (1990) Development of coordination of sucking, swallowing and breathing. Dev Med Clin Neurol 32 669-678.
4. L.A. Newman, R.H. Cleveland, J.G. Blinckman, et al. (1991) Videofluoroscopic Analysis of the Infant Swallow. Invest Radiol 26 870-873.
5. O. Bamford, V. Taciak and I.H. Gewolb (1992) The relationship between rythmix swallowing and breathing during suckle feeding in term neonates. Pediatr Res 31 619-624.
6. J.L. Miller, B.C. Sonies and C. Macedonia (2003) Emergence of oropharyngeal, laryngeal and swallowing activity in the developing fetal upper aerodigestive tract: an ultrasound evaluation. Early Hum Dev 71 61-87.
7. M. Hack, M.M. Estabrook and S.S. Robertson (1985) Development of sucking rhythm in preterm infants. Early Hum Dev 11 133-140.
8. C. Lau, R. Alagugurusamy, R.J. Schanler, et al. (2000) Characterization of the developmental stages of sucking in preterm infants during bottle feeding. Acta Paediatr 89 846-852.
9. C. Lau, H.R. Sheena, R.J. Shulman and R.J. Schanler (1997) Oral feeding in low birth weight infants. J Pediatr 130 561-569.
10. P. Stolovitz and E. Gisel (1991) Circumoral movements in response to three different food textures in children 6 months to 2 years of age. Dysphagia 6 17-25.
11. J. Sheppard and E. Mysak (1984) Ontogeny of infantile oral reflexes and emerging chewing. Child Devel 55 831-843.
12. W.J. Dodds (1989) The physiology of swallowing. Dysphagia 3 171-178.
13. A.J. Miller (1993) The search for the central swallowing pathway: the quest for clarity. Dysphagia 8 185-194.
14. J.F. Bosma, L.G. Hepburn, S.D. Josell and K. Baker (1990) Ultrasound demonstration of tongue motions during suckle feeding. Dev Med Clin. Neurol 32 223-229.
15. J.S. Koenig, A.M. Davies and B.T. Thach (1990) Coordination of breathing, sucking, and swallowing during bottle feedings in human infants. J Appl Physiol 69 1623-1629.
16. P.J. Kahrilas, J.A. Logemann, S. Lin and G.A. Ergun (1992) Pharyngeal clearance during swallowing: a combined manometric and videofluoroscopic study. Gastroenterology 103 128-136.
17. J.A. Pritchard (1966) Fetal swallowing and amniotic fluid volume. Obstet Gynecol 28 606-610.
18. D.J. Sherman, M.G. Ross, L. Day and M.G. Ervin (1990) Fetal swallowing: correlation of electromyography and esophageal fluid flow. Am J Physiol 258 R1386-R1394.
19. R.A. Brace (1986) Amniotic fluid volume and its relationship to fetal fluid balance: review of experimental data. Semin Perinatol 10 103-112.
20. J. Trahair and R. Harding (1992) Ultrastructural anomalies in the fetal small intestine indicate that fetal swallowing is important for normal development: an experimental study. Virchows Archiv A Pathol. Anat 420 305-312.
21. J. Laitman and J. Reidenberg (1993) Specialization of the human upper respiratory and upper digestive systems as seen through comparative and developmental anatomy. Dysphagia 8 318-325.
22. J.C. Bernbaum, G.R. Pereira, J.B. Watkins and G.J. Peckham (1983) Nonnutritive sucking during gavage feeding enhances growth and maturation in premature infants. Pediatrics 71 41-45.
23. O.P. Mathew (1988) Respiratory control during nipple feeding in preterm infants. Pediatr Pulmonol 5 220-224.
24. I. Cook, W.J. Dodds, R.O. Dantas, et al. (1989) Opening mechanisms of the human upper esophageal sphincter. Am J Physiol 257 G748-G759.
25. P. Jacob, P.J. Kahrilas, J.A. Logemann, et al. (1989) Upper esophageal sphincter opening and modulation during swallowing. Gastroenterology 97 1469-1478.
26. G.P. Davidson, J. Dent and J. Willing (1991) Monitoring of upper oesophageal sphincter pressure in children. Gut 32 607-611.
27. J. Willing, G.P. Davidson, J. Dent and I. Cook (1993) Effect of gastro-oesophageal reflux on upper oesophageal sphincter motility in children. Gut 34 904-910.
28. J. Willing, Y. Furukawa, G.P. Davidson and J. Dent (1994) Stain induced augmentation of upper oesophageal sphincter pressure in children. Gut 35 159-164.
29. T. Omari, A. Snel, C. Barnett, et al. (1999) Measurement of upper esophageal sphincter tone and relaxation during swallowing in premature infants. Am J Physiol 277 G862-G866.
30. I. Cook, J. Dent, S. Shannon and S. Collins (1987) Measurement of upper esophageal sphincter pressure: effect of acute emotional stress. Gastroenterology 93 526-532.
31. P. Kahrilas, W. Dodds, J. Dent, et al. (1987) Effect of sleep, spontaneous gastroesophageal reflux and a meal on upper esophageal sphincter pressure in normal human volunteers. Gastroenterology 92 466-471.
32. S.R. Jadcherla, H.Q. Duong, R.G. Hoffmann and R. Shaker (2003) Esophageal body and upper esophageal sphincter motor responses to esophageal provocation during maturation in preterm newborns. J Pediatr 143 31-38.
33. S.R. Jadcherla (2003) Manometric evaluation of esophageal-protective reflexes in infants and children. Am J Med 18(3A Suppl 115), 157S-160S.
34. S.R. Jadcherla, H.Q. Duong, C. Hofmann, et al. (2005) Characteristics of upper oesophageal sphincter and oesophageal body during maturation in healthy human neonates compared with adults. Neurogastroenterol Motil 17 663-670.
35. S.R. Jadcherla, R.G. Hoffmann and R. Shaker (2006) Effect of maturation of the magnitude of mechanosensitive and chemosensitive reflexes in the premature human esophagus. J Pediatr 149 77-82.
36. T. Omari, M. Benninga, C. Barnett, et al. (1999) Characterization of esophageal body and lower esophageal sphincter motor function in the very premature neonate. J Pediatr 135 517-521.
37. T.I. Omari, C. Barnett, A. Snel, et al. (1998) Mechanisms of gastroesophageal reflux in healthy premature infants. J Pediatr 133 650-654.
38. T.I. Omari, K. Miki, G. Davidson, et al. (1997) Characterisation of relaxation of the lower oesophageal sphincter in healthy premature infants. Gut 40 370-375.
39. J. Janssens, V. Annese and G. Vantrappen (1993) Bursts of non-deglutitive simultaneous contractions may be a normal oesophageal motility pattern. Gut 34 1021-1024.
40. J. Gryboski, W.R. Thayer Jr. and H. Spiro (1963) Esophageal motility in infants and children. Pediatrics 31 382-395.
41. J. Boix-Ochoa and J. Canals (1976) Maturation of the lower oesophagus. J Pediatr Surg 11 749-756.
42. J. Gryboski (1969) Suck and swallow in the premature infant. Pediatrics 43 96-102.
43. S. Newell, P. Sarkar, G. Durbin, et al. (1988) Maturation of the lower oesophageal sphincter in the preterm baby. Gut 29 167-172.
44. T.I. Omari, K. Miki, R. Fraser, et al. (1995) Esophageal body and lower esophageal sphincter function in healthy premature infants. Gastroenterology 109 1757-1764.
45. G.P. Davidson and T.I. Omari (2000) Reflux in Children. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 14 839-855.
46. R. Mittal, R. Holloway, R. Penagini, et al. (1995) Transient lower esophageal relaxation. Gastroenterology 109 601-610.
47. R.H. Holloway (2000) The anti-reflux barrier and mechanisms of gastro-oesophageal reflux. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 14 681-699.
48. R.H. Holloway, M. Hongo, K. Berger and R.W. McCallum (1985) Gastric distension: a mechanism for post-prandial gastroesophageal reflux. Gastroenterology 89 779-784.
49. T.I. Omari, C.P. Barnett, M.A. Benninga, et al. (2002) Mechanisms of gastro-oesophageal reflux in preterm and term infants with reflux disease. Gut 51 475-479. Oct
50. S.J. Franzi, C.J. Martin, M.R. Cox and J. Dent (1990) Response of canine lower esophageal sphincter to gastric distension. Am J Physiol 259 G380-G385.
51. J.D. Chen, E. Co, J. Liang, et al. (1997) Patterns of gastric myoelectrical activity in human subjects of different ages. Am J Physiol 272 G1022-G1027.
52. J. Zhang, H. Ouyang, H.B. Zhu, et al. (2006) Development of gastric slow waves and effects of feeding in pre-term and full-term infants. Neurogastroenterol Motil 18 284-291.
53. A. Ropert, S. Bruley des Varannes, Y. Bizais, et al. (1993) Simultaneous assessment of liquid emptying and proximal gastric tone in humans. Gastroenterology 105 667-674.
54. C. Di Lorenzo, H. Mertz, D. Rehm, et al. (1994) Postnatal maturation of gastric response to distension in newborn infants. Gastroenterology 107 A1222.
55. J.F. Lind, H.L. Duthie, J.F. Schlegel and C.F. Code (1961) Motility of the gastric fundus. Am J Physiol 201 197-202.
56. W.B. Cannon and C.W. Lieb (1911) The receptive relaxation of the stomach. Am J Physiol 29 267-273.
57. H. Abrahamsson and G. Jansson (1973) Vago-vagal gastro-gastric relaxation in the cat. Acta Physiol Scand 88 289-295.
58. D. Grundy, D. Hutson and T. Scratcherd (1986) A permissive role for the vagus nerves in the genesis of antro-antral reflexes in the ferret. J Physiol 381 377-384.
59. P.L.R. Andrews, D. Grundy and T. Scratcherd (1980) Reflex excitation of antral motility induced by gastric distention in the ferret. J Physiol 298 79-84.
60. R. Heddle, P.J. Collins and J. Dent (1989) The motor mechanisms associated with slowing of the gastric emptying of a solid meal by a intraduodenal lipid infusion. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 4 437-447.
61. F. Azpiroz and J.R. Malagelada (1985) Intestinal control of gastric tone. Am J Physiol 249 G501-G509.
62. W.R. Ewart (1993) Hepatic afferents affecting ingestive behaviour. D.A. Booth (Eds) Neurophysiology of Ingestion Oxford, United Kingdom: Pergamon Press 33-46.
63. D. Grundy and T. Scratcherd (1989) Sensory afferents from the gastrointestinal tract. J.D. Wood (Eds) Handbook of Physiology Bethesda, Md: American Physiological Society 593-620.
64. D. Grundy (1992) Vagal afferent mechanisms of mechano- and chemoreception. S. Ritter, R.C. Ritter, C. Barnes (Eds) Neuroanatomy and Physiology of Abdominal Vagal Afferents, Pullman, Wash CRC Press 179-192.
65. L.A. Blackshaw and D. Grundy (1993) Grundy: Gastrointestinal mechanoreception in the control of ingestion. D.A. Booth (Eds) Neurophysiology of Ingestion Oxford, United Kingdom: Pergamon Press 57-78.
66. B.P. Brown, K. Schulze-Delreiu, J.E. Schrier and M.M. Abu-Yousef (1993) The configuration of the human gastroduodenal junction in the separate emptying of liquids and solids. Gastroenterology 105 433-440.
67. K. Kelly (1980) Gastric emptying of liquids and solids: roles of proximal and distal stomach. Am J Physiol 239 G71-G76.
68. C.H. Malbert and C. Mathis (1994) Antropyloric modulation of transpyloric flow of liquids in pigs. Gastroenterology 107 37-46.
69. M. Edelbroek (1993) Netherlands: PhD University of Utrecht
70. M. Horowitz and J. Dent (1994) The study of gastric mechanics and flow: a mad hatter’s tea party starting to make sense. Gastroenterology 107 302-305.
71. S.J. Newell, S. Chapman and I.W. Booth (1993) Ultrasonic assessment of gastric emptying in the preterm infant. Arch Dis Child 69 32-36.
72. A.K. Ewer, G.M. Durbin, M.E.I. Morgan and I.W. Booth (1994) Gastric emptying in preterm infants. Arch Dis Child 71 F24-F27.
73. B. Cavell (1979) Gastric emptying in preterm infants. Acta Paediatr Scand 68 725-730.
74. C.B. Barnett, A. Snel, T.I. Omari, et al. (1999) Reproducibility of the 13C-octanoic acid breath test for the assessment of gastric emptying in premature infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 29 26-30.
75. C.L. Berseth and P.I. Ittmann (1992) Antral and duodenal motor responses to duodenal feeding in preterm and term infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 14 182-186.
76. J. Hunt and D. Stubbs (1975) The volume and energy content of meals as determinants of gastric emptying. J Physiol 245 209-225.
77. M. Seigel, B. Krantz and E. Lebenthal (1985) Effect of fat and carbohydrate composition on the gastric emptying of isocaloric feedings in premature infants. Gastroenterology 89 785-790.
78. M. Siegel, E. Lebenthal and B.S. Krantz (1984) Effect of caloric density on gastric emptying in premature infants. J Pediatr 104 118-122.
79. J. Husband, P. Husband and C.N. Mallinson (1970) Gastric emptying of starch meals in the newborn. Lancet 2 290-292.
80. I. Blumenthal, G.T. Lealman and D.R. Shoesmith (1980) Effect of feed temperature and phototherapy on gastric emptying in the neonate. Arch Dis Child 55 562-574.
81. C. Costalos, I. Ross, A.G.M. Campbell and M. Sofi (1979) Is it necessary to warm infants’ feeds? Arch Dis Child 54 899-901.
82. J.S. Szabo, C. Hillemeier and W. Oh (1985) Effect of non-nutritive and nutritive suck on gastric emptying in premature infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 4 348-351.
83. M. Gupta and Y.W. Brans (1978) Gastric retention in neonates. Pediatrics 62 26-29.
84. B.B. Hassan, R. Butler, G. Davidson, et al. (2002) Patterns of antropyloric motility in fed healthy preterm infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 87 F95-F99.
85. A. Lucas, D.L. Sarson, A.M. Blackburn, et al. (1980) Breast vs bottle: endocrine responses are different with formula feeding. Lancet 1 1267-1269.
86. C. Reiquim, R. Allen and D. Akers (1965) Normal and abnormal small bowel length. Am J Dis Child 109 447-451.
87. J.. Siebert (1980) Small-intestine length in infants and children. Am J Dis Child 134 593-595.
88. E.M. Quigley, T.J. Borody, S.F. Phillips, et al. (1984) Motility of the terminal ileum and ileocecal sphincter in healthy humans. Gastroenterology 87 857-866.
89. P. Kamath, M. Hoepfner and S. Phillips (1987) Phillips: Short chain fatty acids stimulate motility in the canine ileum. Am J Physiol 253 G427-G433.
90. N. Weisbrodt (1991) Motility of the small intestine. L. Johnson (Eds) Gastrointestinal Physiology St. Louis: Mosby 50-56.
91. C. Code and J. Marlett (1975) The interdigestive myo-electric complex of the stomach and small bowel of dogs. J Physiol 246 289-309.
92. S. Sarna (1985) Cyclic motor activity; migrating motor complex. Gastroenterology 89 894-913. 1985
93. G. Vantrappen, J. Janssens, J. Hellemans and Y. Ghoos (1977) The interdigestive motor complex of normal subjects and patients with bacterial overgrowth of the small intestine. J Clin Invest 59 1158-1166.
94. N. Read, M. Al-Janabi, C. Edwards and D. Barber (1984) Relationship between postprandial motor activity in the human small intestine and the gastrointestinal transit of food. Gastroenterology 86 721-727.
95. C. Eeckhout, I. De Wever, G. Vantrappen and J. Hellemans (1979) Local disorganization of the interdigestive migrating motor complex (MMC) by perfusion of a Thiry-Vella loop. Gastroenterology 76 1127-1131.
96. Y. Ruckebusch and L. Bueno (1973) The effect of weaning on the motility of the small intestine in the calf. Br J Nutr 30 491-499.
97. J. Stewart, T. Burks and N. Weisbrodt (1977) Intestinal myoelectric activity after activation of central emetic mechanisms. Am J Physiol 233 E131-E137.
98. L. Bueno and Y. Ruckebusch (1979) Perinatal development of intestinal myoelectrical activity of the small intestine in dogs and sheep. Am J Physiol 237 E61-E67.
99. P. Milla and T. Fenton (1983) Small intestinal motility patterns in the perinatal period. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2(Suppl 1), S141-S144.
100. W. Bisset, J. Watt, R. Rivers and P. Milla (1988) Ontogeny of fasting small intestinal motor activity in the human infant. Gut 29 483-488.
101. C. Berseth (1989) Gestation evolution of small intestine motility in preterm and term infants. J Pediatr 115 646-651.
102. R. Amarnath, C. Berseth, J. Malagelada, et al. (1989) Postnatal maturation of small intestinal motility in preterm and term infants. Journal of Gastrointestinal Motility 1 138-143.
103. T. Tomomasa, Z. Itoh, T. Koizumi and T. Kuroume (1985) Nonmigrating rhythmic activity in the stomach and duodenum of neonates. Biol Neonate 48 1-9.
104. S. Cucchiara, M. Bortolotti, C. Colombo, et al. (1991) Abnormalities of gastrointestinal motility in children with nonulcer dyspepsia and in children with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Dig Dis Sci 36 1066-1073.
105. V. Pineiro-Carrero, J. Andres, R. Davis and J. Mathias (1988) Abnormal gastroduodenal motility in children and adolescents with recurrent functional abdominal pain. J Pediatr 113 820-825.
106. T. Tomomasa, P. Hyman, K. Itoh, et al. (1987) Gastroduodenal motility in neonates: Response to human milk compared with cow’s milk formula. Pediatrics 80 434-438.
107. C. Berseth (1990) Neonatal small intestinal motility: motor responses to feeding in term and preterm infants. J Pediatr 117 777-782.
108. W. Koenig, R. Amarnath, V. Hench and C. Berseth (1995) Manometrics for preterm and term infants: A new tool for old questions. Pediatrics 95 203-206.
109. T. Tomomasa, H. Yagi, S. Kimura, et al. (1993) Erythromycin increases gastric antral motility in human premature infants. Biol Neonate 48 1-9.
110. S.R. Jadcherla and C.L. Berseth (2002) Effect of erythromycin on gastroduodenal contractile activity in developing neonates. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 34 16-22.
111. F. Morriss, M. Moore, N. Weisbrodt and M. West (1986) Ontogenic development of gastrointestinal motility: IV. Duodenal contraction in preterm infants. Pediatrics 78 1106-1113.
112. C. Berseth and C. Nordyke (1993) Enteral nutrients promote postnatal maturation of intestinal motor activity in preterm infants. Am J Physiol 264 G1046-G1051.
113. C. Berseth and C. Nordyke (1992) Manometry can predict feeding readiness in preterm infants. Gastroenterology 103 1523-1528.
114. S. Sarna (1991) Physiology and pathophysiology of colonic motor activity (Part one). Dig Dis Sci 36 827-862.
115. M. Proano, M. Camilleri, S. Phillips, et al. (1990) Transit of solids through the human colon: regional quantification in the unprepared colon. Am J Physiol 258 G856-G862.
116. F. Narducci, G. Bassotti, M. Gaburri and A. Morellia (1987) Twenty-four hour manometric recording of colonic motor activity in humans. Gut 28 17-25.
117. E. Soffer, P. Scalabrini and D. Wingate (1989) Prolonged ambulant monitoring of human colonic motility. Am J Physiol 257 G601-G606.
118. C. Di Lorenzo, F. Watanabe, A. Flores and P. Hyman (1993) Inhibition of high-amplitude propagated contractions (HAPCs) characterized maturation of colonic motility. Gastroenterology 104 A617.
119. C. Di Lorenzo, A. Flores, S. Reddy and P. Hyman (1992) Use of colonic manometry to differentiate causes of intractable constipation in children. J Pediatr 120 690-695.
120. S. Sarna (1991) Physiology and pathophysiology of colonic motor activity (Part two). Dig Dis Sci 35 998-1018.
121. R. Cannon and A. Cheung (1989) Development of methodology for recording colonic myoelectrical activity in the primate. Biomater Artif Cells Artif Organs 17 81-92.
122. S. Sherry and I. Kramer (1955) The time of passage of the first stool and first urine by the newborn infant. J Pediatr 46 158-159.
123. D. Clark (1977) Times of first void and first stool in 500 newborns. Pediatrics 60 457-459.
124. A. Verma and R. Dhanireddy (1993) Time of first stool in extremely low birth weight (< or = 1000 grams) infants. J Pediatr 122 626-629.
125. G. Gregory, C. Gooding, R. Phibbs, et al. (1974) Meconium aspiration in infants: a prospective study. J Pediatr 85 848-852.
126. O. Matthew and J. Warshaw (1979) Relevance of the gestational age distribution of meconium passage in utero. Pediatrics 64 30-31.
127. A.J.P.M. Smout and L.M.A. Akkermans (1992) Normal and Disturbed Motility of the Gastrointestinal Tract. Petersfield, United Kingdom: Wrightson Biomedical Publishing
128. R. Goei (1990) Defecography: A Radiological Study on Anorectal Function and Related Disorders. Maastricht, the Netherlands: Rijksuniversiteit Limburg
129. P. Mahieu, J. Pringot and P. Bodart (1984) Defecography. I. Description of a new procedure and results in normal patients. Gastrointest Radiol 9 247-251.
130. N.W. Read and W.M. Sun (1991) Disordered anorectal motor function. J. Dent (Eds) Practical Issues in Gastrointestinal Motor Disorders London: Bailliere Tindall 479-503.
131. N.W. Read and J.J. Bannister (1985) Anorectal manometry: techniques in health and anorectal disease. M.M. Henry, M. Swash (Eds) Coloproctology and the Pelvic Floor, London: Butterworth 65-87.
132. H.L. Duthie and R.C. Bennett (1963) The relations of sensation in the anal canal to the function of the anal sphincter: a possible factor in anal continence. Gut 4 179-182.
133. W.M. Sun and N.W. Read (1989) Anorectal function in normal subjects: the effect of gender. Int J Colorectal Dis 4 188-196.
134. V. Loening-Baucke (1994) Anorectal manometry and biofeedback training. P.E. Hyman (Eds) Pediatric Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders New York: Academy Professional Information Services 231-252.
135. M.A. Benninga, T.I. Omari, R. Haslam, et al. (2001) Characterization of anorectal pressure and the anorectal inhibitory reflex in healthy preterm and term infants. J Pediatrics 139 233-237.
136. M. Lopez-Alonso and J. Ribas (1991) Technical improvement for anorectal manometry in newborns. J Pediatr Surg 26 1215-1218.
137. K.L. Bowes and S. Kling (1979) Anorectal manometry in premature infants. J Pediatr Surg 14 533-535.
138. M. Holschneider, E. Kellner, P. Streibl and W.G. Sippell (1976) The development of anorectal continence and its significance in the diagnosis of Hirschsprung’s disease. J Pediatr Surg 11 151-156.
139. F. De Lorijn, W.P. Voskuijl, T.I. Omari, et al. (2005) Assessment of the rectoanal inhibitory reflex in preterm infants with delayed meconium passage. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 40 434-437.
140. V. Loening-Baucke, K. Pringle and E. Ekwo (1985) Anorectal manometry for the exclusion of Hirschsprung’s disease in neonates. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 4 596-603.