The relationship between the migration experience and risk perception: A factor in the decision to become an entrepreneur

International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal

Volumn 10, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 297-317

  Hormiga, Esther ^a   Bolívar Cruz, Alicia ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA   (Spain)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LAS PALMAS DE GRAN CANARIA   (Spain)

Author keywords

Entrepreneurship; Immigration; Perception of risk; Start up

Indexed keywords

EID: 84901198918     PISSN: 15547191     EISSN: 15551938     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11365-012-0220-9     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Ahn, T. (2010). Attitudes toward risk and self-employment of young workers. Labour Economics, 17, 434-442.
2. Altinay, L., & Altinay, E. (2006). Determinants of ethnic minority entrepreneurial growth in the catering sector. The Service Industries Journal, 26(2), 203-221.
3. Appelbaum, E., & Katz, E. (1986). Measures of risk aversion and comparative statics of industry equilibrium. The American Economic Review, 76(3), 524-529.
4. Arenius, P., & Minniti, M. (2005). Perceptual variables and nascent entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 24(3), 233-347.
5. Bergmann, H., & Sternberg, R. (2007). The changing face of entrepreneurship in Germany. Small Business Economics, 28, 205-221.
6. Caliendo, M., Fossen, F. M., & Kritikos, A. S. (2009). Risk attitudes of nascent entrepreneurs: new evidence from an experimentally-validated survey. Small Business Economics, 32(2), 153-167.
7. Camerer, C., & Weber, M. (1992). Recent developments in modeling preferences: uncertainty and ambiguity. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 5, 325-370.
8. Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. (2003). Optimism. In S. J. Lopez & C. R. Snyder (Eds.), Positive psychological assessment: A handbook of models and measures (pp. 75-89). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
9. Chaganti, R. S., & Greene, P. G. (2002). Who are ethnic entrepreneurs? A study of entrepreneurs' ethnic involvement and business characteristics. Journal of Small Business Management, 40(2), 126-143.
10. Chaganti, R. S., Watts, A., Chaganti, R., & Zimmerman-Treichel, M. (2008). Ethnic-immigrants in founding teams: effects on prospector strategy and performance in new internet ventures. Journal of Business Venturing, 23(1), 113-139.
11. Corman, J., Perles, B., & Vancini, P. (1988). Motivational factors influencing high-technology entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business Management, 26(January), 36-42.
12. Cramer, J. S., Hartog, J., Jonker, N., & van Praag, C. M. (2002). Low risk aversion encourages the choice for entrepreneurship: an empirical test of a truism. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 48(1), 29-36.
13. De la Vega, I., Coduras, A., Cruz, C., & Justo, R. (2010). Informe Ejecutivo GEM España 2009. Madrid: Instituto de Empresas.
14. Delmar, F., & Davidsson, P. (2000). Where do they come from? Prevalence and characteristics of nascent entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 12(1), 1-23.
15. Dequech, D. (1999). Expectations and confidence under uncertainty. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 21(3), 415-430.
16. Dequech, D. (2000). Fundamental uncertainty and ambiguity. Eastern Economic Journal, 26(1), 1, 41-60.
17. Dequech, D. (2006). The new institutional economics and the theory of behaviour under uncertainty. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 59, 109-131.
18. Douglas, E. J., & Shepherd, D. A. (2002). Self-employment as a career choice: attitudes, entrepreneurial intentions, and utility maximization. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(3), 81-90.
19. Dustmann, C. (1997). Return migration, uncertainty and precautionary savings. Journal of Development Economics, 52, 295-316.
20. Ekelund, J., Johansson, E., Jarvelin, M., & Lichtermann, D. (2005). Self-employment and risk aversion-evidence from psychological test data. Labour Economics, 12(5), 649-659.
21. Fairchild, G. B. (2008). The influence of residential segregation and its correlates on ethnic enterprise in urban areas. Journal of Business Venturing, 23, 513-527.
22. Frijters, P., Shields, M. A., & Whetley, S. W. (2005). Job search methods and their success: a comparison of immigrants and natives in the UK. Economic Journal, 115, 359-376.
23. Frisch, D., & Baron, J. (2005). Ambiguity and rationality. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 1(3), 149-157.
24. Gifford, S. (2003). Risk and uncertainty. In Z. Acs & D. Audretsch (Eds.), Handbook of entrepreneurship research: An interdisciplinary survey and introduction (pp. 37-52). New York: Springer.
25. Gupta, V. K., Turban, D. B., Wasti, S. A., & Sikdar, A. (2009). The role of gender stereotypes in perceptions of entrepreneurs and intentions to become an entrepreneur. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(2), 397-417.
26. Hamilton, B. (2000). Does entrepreneurship pay? An empirical analysis of the returns to self-employment. Journal of Political Economy, 108, 604-631.
27. Hmieleski, K. M., & Baron, R. A. (2009). Entrepreneurs' optimism and new venture performance: a social cognitive perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 52(3), 473-488.
28. Hormiga, E., Batista-Canino, R. M., & Sánchez-Medina, A. (2011). The role of intellectual capital in the success of new ventures. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 7(1), 71-92.
29. Hosmer, D. W., & Lemeshow, S. (2000). Applied logistic regression (2nd ed.). New York: Chichester: Wiley.
30. Janney, J., & Dess, G. G. (2006). Reconsidering the risk concept for young firms in the knowledge economy. Journal of Business Venturing, 21(3), 385-400.
31. Johannisson, B. (2000). Networking and entrepreneurial growth. In D. L. Sexton & H. Land-Ström (Eds.), The Blackwell handbook of entrepreneurship (pp. 368-386). Oxford: Blackwell.
32. Kanbur, S. (1979). Of risk taking and the personal distribution of income. Journal of Political Economy, 87(4), 769-797.
33. Katz, E., & Stark, O. (1986). Labor migration and risk aversion in less developed countries. Journal of Labor Economics, 4(1), 134-149.
34. Keynes, J. M. (1936). The general theory of employment, interest and money. London: Macmillan.
35. Kihlstrom, R. E., & Laffont, J. J. (1979). A general equilibrium entrepreneurial theory of firm formation based on risk aversion. Journal of Political Economy, 87, 719-748.
36. Knight, F. H. (1971). Risk, uncertainly and profit. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
37. Kraatz, M. S. (1998). Learning by association? Interorganizational networks and adaptation to environmental change. Academy Management Journal, 41(6), 621-643.
38. Kwong, C., Thompson, P., Jones-Evans, D., & Brooksbank, D. (2009). Nascent entrepreneurial activity within female ethnic minority groups. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 15(3), 262-281.
39. Levesque, M., & Minniti, M. (2006). The effect of aging on entrepreneurial behavior. Journal of Business Venturing, 21(2), 177-194.
40. Levie, J. (2007). Immigration, in-migration, ethnicity and entrepreneurship in the United Kingdom. Small Business Economics, 28, 143-169.
41. Light, I. (1979). Disadvantaged minorities in self-employment. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 28, 31-45.
42. Light, I., & Gold, S. (2000). Ethnic economies. San Diego: Academic.
43. Light, I., Bhachu, P., & Karageorgis, S. (1993). Migration networks and immigrant entrepreneurship. In I. Light & P. Bhachu (Eds.), Immigration and entrepreneurship: Culture, capital and ethnic networks (pp. 101-141). New Brunswick: Transaction.
44. Logan, J. R., Alba, R. D., & Stults, B. J. (2003). Enclaves and entrepreneurs: assessing the payoff for immigrants and minorities. International Migration Review, 37(2), 344-388.
45. Macko, A., & Tyzska, T. (2009). Entrepreneurship and risk taking. Applied Psychology: an International Review, 58(3), 469-487.
46. Masclet, D., Colombier, N., Denant-Boemont, L., & Lohéac, Y. (2009). Group and individual risk preferences: a lottery-choice experiment with self-employed and salaried workers. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 70, 470-484.
47. Masurel, E., Nijkamp, P., & Vindigni, G. (2004). Breeding places for ethnic entrepreneurs: a comparative marketing approach. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 16, 77-86.
48. McCarthy, B. (2000). The cult of risk taking and social learning: a study of Irish entrepreneurs. Management Decision, 38(8), 563-574.
49. Millar, C., & Choi, C. J. (2008). Worker identity, the liability of foreignness, the exclusion of local managers and unionism. A conceptual analysis. Journal of Organizational Change, 21(4), 460-470.
50. Min, P. G., & Bozorgmehr, M. (2000). Immigrant entrepreneurship and business patterns: a comparison of Koreans and Iranians in Los Angeles. International Migration Review, 34, 707-738.
51. Noh, S., & Avison, W. R. (1996). Asian immigrants and the stress process: a study of Koreans in Canada. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 37(2), 192-206.
52. O'Connell, P. G. J. (1997). Migration under uncertainty: "try your luck" or "wait and see". Journal of Regional Science, 37(2), 331-347.
53. Ostgaard, T. A., & Birley, S. (1996). New venture growth and personal networks. Journal of Business Research, 36, 37-50.
54. Palich, L. E., & Bagby, D. R. (1995). Using cognitive theory to explain entrepreneurial risk-taking: challenging conventional wisdom. Journal of Business Venturing, 10(6), 425-438.
55. Rath, J., & Kloosterman, R. (2000). Outsiders' business: a critical review of research on immigrant entrepreneurship. International Migration Review, 34, 657-681.
56. Rauch, A., & Frese, M. (2000). Psychological approaches to entrepreneurial success: a general model and an overview of findings. In C. L. Cooper & I. T. Robertson (Eds.), International review of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 101-141). Chichester: Wiley & Sons.
57. Razin, E. (2002). The economic context, embeddedness and immigrant entrepreneurs. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 8(1/2), 162-167.
58. Remmenick, L. (2005). Immigration, gender and psychosocial adjustment: A study of 150 immigrant couples in Israel. Sex Roles, 53(11/12), 847-863.
59. Reynolds, P., Bosma, N., Autio, E., Hunt, S., De Bono, N., Servais, I., et al. (2005). Global entrepreneurship monitor: data collection design and implementation 1998-2003. Small Business Economics, 24, 205-231.
60. Rieta-Carbonell, J., Pedraz-Hernández, J. C., & Lara-García, F. J. (2011). Business creation by immigrant entrepreneurs in valencian community. The influence of education. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal. doi: 10. 1007/s11365-011-0211-2.
61. Roper, S., & Scott, J. M. (2009). Perceived financial barriers and the start-up decision. International Small Business Journal, 27(2), 149-171.
62. Rueda-Armengot, C., & Peris-Ortiz, M. (2011). The emigrant entrepreneur: a theoretical framework and empirical approximation. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal. doi: 10. 1007/s11365-010-0164-x.
63. Sarasvathy, D. K., Simon, H. A., & Lave, L. (1998). Perceiving and managing business risks: differences between entrepreneurs and bankers. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 33, 207-225.
64. Say, J. B. (1971). A treatise on political economy or the distribution and consumption of wealth (1st ed.). New York: Augustus M. Kelley.
65. Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (2001). Optimism, pessimism, and psychological well-being. In E. C. Chang (Ed.), Optimism and pessimism: Implications for theory, research, and practice (pp. 189-216). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
66. Shaver, K. G., & Scott, L. R. (1991). Person, process, choice: the psychology of new venture creation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 16(2), 23-45.
67. Sheshinski, E., & Dreze, J. H. (1976). Demand fluctuations, capacity utilization, and costs. American Economic Review, 66, 731-742.
68. Simon, R. J. (2001). Immigrant women. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
69. Simon, M., Houghton, S. M., & Aquino, K. (2000). Cognitive biases, risk perception and venture formation: how individuals decide to start companies. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(2), 115-134.
70. Solé, C., Parella, S., & Cavalcanti, L. (2007). El empresariado inmigrante en España. Barcelona: Fundación "la Caixa".
71. Urbano, D., Toledano, N., & Ribeiro-Soriano, D. (2011). Socio-cultural factors and transnational entrepreneurship: A multiple case study in Spain. International Small Business Journal, 29(2), 119-134.
72. van Praag, C., & Cramer, J. (2001). The roots of entrepreneurship and labour demand: individual ability and low risk aversion. Economica, 68(269), 45-62.
73. Wagner, J., & Sternberg, R. (2004). Start-up activities, individual characteristics, and the regional milieu: lessons for entrepreneurship support policies from German micro data. The Annals of Regional Science, 38, 219-240.
74. Zhou, M. (2004). Revisiting ethnic entrepreneurship: convergencies, controversies, and conceptual advancements. International Migration Review, 38(3), 1040-1074.