Secession and civil war

Secession as an International Phenomenon

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 37-55

  Armitage, David ^a  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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EID: 84901000256     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (81)

1. Tanisha M. Fazal, State Death: The Politics and Geography of Conquest, Occupation, and Annexation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007), 19-30.
2. Peter Radan, "Secession: A Word in Search of a Meaning", in On the Way to Statehood: Secession and Globalisation, ed. Aleksandar Pavkovic and Peter Radan (Aldershot, U. K.: Ashgate, 2008), 18-19.
3. Mikulas Fabry, Recognizing States: International Society and the Establishment of New States since 1776 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010).
4. Aleksandar Pavkovic with Peter Radan, Creating New States: Theory and Practice of Secession (Aldershot, U. K.: Ashgate, 2007), 65.
5. Andreas Wimmer and Brian Min, "From Empire to Nation-State: Explaining Wars in the Modern World, 1816-2001", American Sociological Review 71, no. 6(2006):881;
6. Andreas Wimmer, Lars-Erik Cederman, and Brian Min, "Ethnic Politics and Armed Conflict: A Configurational Analysis of a New Global Data Set", American Sociological Review 74, no. 2(2009):316-37.
7. The Åland Islands Question, League of Nations Doc. B7.21/68/106(1921), 28
8. Andrew Hurrell, "International Law and the Making and Unmaking of Boundaries", in States, Nations, and Borders: The Ethics of Making Boundaries, ed. Allen Buchanan and Margaret Moore (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 292.
9. James Crawford, The Creation of States in International Law, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 375 (my emphasis).
10. Marcelo G. Kohen, introduction, in Secession: International Law Perspectives, ed. Marcelo G. Kohen (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 3 (my emphasis).
11. Allen Buchanan, "The Making and Unmaking of Boundaries: What Liberalism Has to Say", in States, Nations, and Borders, 246.
12. Bruno Coppieters, introduction, in Contextualizing Secession: Normative Studies in Comparative Perspective, ed. Bruno Coppieters and Richard Sakwa (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 4;
13. Buchanan, "The Making and Unmaking of Boundaries", 259 n. 17;
14. Radan, "Secession: A Word in Search of a Meaning", 18.
15. Stathis Kalyvas, "Civil Wars", in The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics, ed. Carles Boix and Susan Stokes (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 416;
16. cf. Jan Angstrom, "Towards a Typology of Internal Armed Conflict: Synthesising a Decade of Conceptual Turmoil", Civil Wars 4, no. 3(2001):93-116
17. and Nicholas Sambanis, "What Is Civil War? Conceptual and Empirical Complexities of an Operational Definition", Journal of Conflict Resolution 48, no. 6(2004):814-58.
18. John Keegan and Bartle Bull, "What Is a Civil War? Are We Witnessing One in Iraq?" Prospect, Dec. 2006, 18-19.
19. Melvin Small and J. David Singer, Resort to Arms: International and Civil Wars, 1816-1980 (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1982), 210-20.
20. David A. Patten, "Is Iraq in a Civil War?" Middle East Quarterly 14, no. 3(2007):27-32.
21. Errol A. Henderson and J. David Singer, "Civil War in the Post-Colonial World, 1946-92", Journal of Peace Research 37, no. 3(2000):275-99.
22. FM 100-20, Military Operations in Low Intensity Conflict, Dec. 5, 1990, www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/army/fm/100-20/10020gl.htm, accessed Jan. 12, 2009.
23. Abraham Lincoln, "Message to Congress in Special Session", July 4, 1861, in The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, 11 vols., ed. Roy P. Basler (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1953-55), 4:426, 435, 436 (Lincoln's emphases).
24. Abraham Lincoln, "Address Delivered at the Dedication of the Cemetery at Gettysburg", Nov. 19, 1863, in Lincoln, Collected Works, 7:23 (my emphasis).
25. Stephen C. Neff, Justice in Blue and Gray: A Legal History of the Civil War (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2010), 14-15.
26. Christopher Heath Wellman, A Theory of Secession: The Case for Political Self-Determination (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 65-96
27. and Peter Radan, "Lincoln, the Constitution, and Secession", in this volume.
28. Lincoln, "Message to Congress in Special Session", 4:433.
29. Abraham Lincoln, "First Inaugural Address", Mar. 4, 1861, in Lincoln, Collected Works, 4:265.
30. Pavkovic with Radan, Creating New States, 221-40.
31. Lincoln, "Address Delivered at the Dedication of the Cemetery at Gettysburg", 7:23.
32. Quincy Wright, "The American Civil War (1861-65)", in The International Law of Civil War, ed. Richard A. Falk (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1971), 43;
33. Neff, Justice in Blue and Gray, 4-29.
34. Congressional Record, Jan. 11, 1907, 944-49
35. E. Merton Coulter, "A Name for the American War of 1861-1865", Georgia Historical Quarterly 36, no. 2(1952):109-31;
36. Michael P. Musick, "A War by Any Other Name", Prologue: The Journal of the National Archives 27, no. 2(1995):149;
37. and John M. Coski, "The War Between the Names", North and South 8, no. 7(2006):62-71.
38. Thomas M. Patterson (D-Colo.), Congressional Record, Jan. 11, 1907, 944.
39. The Prize Cases, 67 U. S. 635 (1863);
40. Brian McGinty, Lincoln and the Court (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2008), 118-43;
41. Thomas H. Lee and Michael D. Ramsey, "The Story of the Prize Cases: Executive Action and Judicial Review in Wartime", in Presidential Power Stories, ed. Christopher H. Schroeder and Curtis A. Bradley (New York: Foundation Press, 2009), 53-92;
42. Neff, Justice in Blue and Gray, 24-28.
43. Richard R. Baxter, "The First Modern Codification of the Law of War: Francis Lieber and General Orders No. 100", The International Review of the Red Cross 3(1963), 170-89, 243-50;
44. James F. Childress, "Francis Lieber's Interpretation of the Laws of War: General Orders No. 100 in the Context of His Life and Thought", American Journal of Jurisprudence 21(1976):34-70;
45. Richard Shelly Hartigan, Lieber' s Code and the Law of War (Chicago: Precedent Publishing, 1983).
46. Henry Halleck, annotation to Francis Lieber, A Code for the Government of Armies in the Field, as Authorized by the Laws and Usages of War on Land, Printed as Manuscript for the Board Appointed by the Secretary of War (February 1863), 25-[26], 43077, Henry E. Huntington Library, San Marino, Calif. (hereafter HEH).
47. Francis Lieber to George Stillman Hillard, May 11, 1861, Lieber mss, li 2308, HEH.
48. Lieber to Halleck, Mar. 4, 1863, Lieber mss, li 1778, HEH;
49. Francis Lieber, [Instructions for the Government of the Armies of the United States, in the Field] Section X: Insurrection-Rebellion-Civil War-Foreign Invasion of the United States [1863], 240460, HEH.
50. Francis Lieber, "Twenty-seven Definitions and Elementary Positions Concerning the Laws and Usages of War", 1861, Lieber mss, box 2, item 15, Eisenhower Library, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.
51. Francis Lieber, Instructions for the Government of Armies of the United States, in the Field (New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1863), 34.
52. Stephen C. Neff, War and the Law of Nations: A General History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 256-57;
53. Neff, Justice in Blue and Gray, 15-19.
54. Paul Jal, La guerre civile à Rome: Étude littéraire et morale (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1963), 19-21;
55. Robert Brown, "The Terms Bellum Sociale and Bellum Ciuile in the Late Republic", in Studies in Latin Literature and Roman History, ed. Carl Deroux (Brussels: Latomus, 2003), 102-20.
56. U. S. Department of War, The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, 70 vols. (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1880-91).
57. Francis Lieber, "[Notes on the] English and Ferench [sic] Revolutions", ca. 1850, li 365, HEH.
58. Francis Lieber, "Some Questions Answered-Secession-The Strength of Armies and Navys, & ca", ca. 1851, li 369, HEH.
59. Francis Lieber, [Remarks regarding the Right of Secession], ca. 1851, li 368, HEH.
60. Henry Belcher, The First American Civil War: First Period, 1775-1778, 2 vols. (London: Macmillan, 1911).
61. John Shy, A People Numerous and Armed: Reflections on the Military Struggle for American Independence, rev. ed. (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1990), 183-92;
62. Andrew O'Shaughnessy, An Empire Divided: The American Revolution and the British Caribbean (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000);
63. Brendan Simms, Three Victories and a Defeat: The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire, 1714-1783 (London: Allen Lane, 2007), 593-600;
64. and Wim Klooster, Revolutions in the Atlantic World: A Comparative History (New York: New York University Press, 2009), 11-44.
65. "Declaration⋯ Setting Forth the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms", July 6, 1775, in A Decent Respect to the Opinions of Mankind: Congressional State Papers, 1774-1776, ed. James H. Hutson (Washington, D. C.: Library of Congress, 1975), 96, 97.
66. r;
67. David Hartley, Substance of a Speech in Parliament, upon the State of the Nation and the Present Civil War with America (London: J. Almon, 1776), 19;
68. and John Roebuck, An Enquiry, Whether the Guilt of the Present Civil War in America, Ought to Be Imputed to Great Britain or America [n. p., n. d. (1776?)].
69. Thomas Paine, Common Sense: Addressed to the Inhabitants of America (Philadelphia: Robert Bell, 1776), 26.
70. J. G. A. Pocock, "The Fourth English Civil War: Dissolution, Desertion and Alternative Histories in the Glorious Revolution", Government and Opposition 23, no. 2(1988):151-66.
71. Richard Henry Lee, "Resolution of Independence", June 7, 1776, in Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789, 5 vols., ed. Worthington C. Ford (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1904-6), 5:425-26.
72. David Armitage, The Declaration of Independence: A Global History (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2007).
73. A Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress Assembled, July 4, 1776 (Philadelphia: John Dunlap, 1776), n. p.
74. Pavkovic with Radan, Creating New States, 5.
75. David Armitage, "The Contagion of Sovereignty: Declarations of Independence since 1776", South African Historical Journal 52, no. 1(2005):1-18;
76. Armitage, The Declaration of Independence, 103.
77. "Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union", Dec. 24, 1860, in Journal of the Convention of the People of South Carolina, Held in 1860, 1861 and 1862 (Columbia, S. C.: R. W. Gibbes, 1862), 461-66 (my emphasis).
78. Emory M. Thomas, The Confederacy as a Revolutionary Experience (Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 1971).
79. Pavkovic with Radan, Creating New States, 257-58.
80. James D. Fearon, "Separatist Wars, Partition, and World Order", Security Studies 13, no. 4(2004):402.
81. Wimmer and Min, "From Empire to Nation-State", 883, 887-88, table 2.