The American Jeremiad

The American Jeremiad

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 1-239

  Bercovitch, Sacvan ^a  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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References (491)

1. John Winthrop, A Model of Christian Charity (1630), in Puritan Political Ideas, 1558-1194, ed. Edmund S. Morgan (New York, 1965), pp. 90-91.
2. John Cotton, Gods Promise to His Plantations (London, 1630), in Old South Leaflets (Boston, [1896]), Vol. III, no. 53, pp. 4, 13.
3. Perry Miller, "Errand into the Wilderness," in Errand into the Wilderness (Cambridge, Mass., 1958), pp. 8, 15.
4. Perry Miller, The New England Mind: From Colony to Province (1953; rpt. Boston, 1961), p. 29.
5. Hannah More, letter to Mrs. Boscawen, in William Roberts, Memoirs of the Life and Correspondence of Mrs. Hannah More (London, 1835), I, 186;
6. Samuel Willard, Uséful Instructions (Cambridge, Mass., 1673), p. 12.
7. Winthrop, Model, pp. 90-91;
8. Cotton, Gods Promise, p. 3;
9. Loren Baritz, City on a Hill: A History of Ideas and Myths in America (New York, 1964), p. 31;
10. Jesper Rosenmeier, "VERITAS: The Sealing of the Promise," Harvard Library Bulletin, 16 (1968), 33.
11. Miller, "Errand," pp. 8-9.
12. Samuel Danforth, A Brief Recognition of New England's Errand into the Wilderness (1670), in The Wall and the Garden: Selected Massachusetts Election Sermons, ed. A. William Plumstead (Minneapolis, 1968), p. 57.
13. Nicholas Noyes, New-Englands Duty (Boston, 1698), p. 43.
14. Danforth, Brief Recognition, pp. 75-77, 64-65.
15. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, ed. J. P. Mayer, trans. George Lawrence (Garden City, N. Y., 1969), pp. 34-35, 56, 279.
16. Douglass C. North and Robert Paul Thomas, eds., The Growth of the American Economy (New York, 1968), p. 5;
17. Ralph Barton Perry, Puritanism and Democracy (New York, 1944), p. 297;
18. Robert E. Brown, Middle-Class Democracy and the Revolution in Massachusetts, 1691-1780 (Ithaca, N. Y., 1955), p. 82.
19. Cotton, Gods Promise, p. 5 (see also p. 14).
20. Cotton Mather, "Biblia Americana," quoted in Cheryl Rivers, "Cotton Mather and the Traditions of Puritan Scholarship," Diss. Columbia 1976, pp. 86-87;
21. Danforth, Brief Recognition, pp. 59, 72;
22. John G. Cawelti, Apostles of the Self-Made Man (Chicago, 1965), p. 4.
23. Christopher Hill, The Century of Revolution: 1603-III4 (Edinburgh, 1961) , p. 97;
24. Emery Battis, Saints and Sectaries: Ann Hutchinson and the Antinomian Controversy in the Massachusetts Bay Colony (Chapel Hill, N. C, 1962) , p. 255;
25. Edmund S. Morgan, "The Revolutionary Era as an Age of Politics," in The Role of Ideology in the American Revolution, ed. John R. Howe, Jr. (New York, 1970), p. 11.
26. Victor Turner, The Forest of Symbols (Ithaca, N. Y., 1967).
27. Johan Huizinga, America, trans. Robert H. Rowen (New York, 1972), pp. 8-9;
28. Larzer Ziff, Puritanism in America: New Culture in a New World (New York, 1973), pp. 189-90 (citing Bellingham and the committee report).
29. Miller, Colony to Province, p. 400.
30. Herman Melville, Pierre; or, The Ambiguities, ed. Harrison Hayford, Herschel Parker, and G. Thomas Tanselle (Evanston, III., 1971), pp. 33, 13, 211-13.
31. Perry Miller, The New England Mind: The Seventeenth Century (1939; rpt. Boston, 1961), p. 462.
32. Melville, Pierre, pp. 214, 211-12.
33. Alan Charity, Events and Their Afterlife: The Dialectics of Christian Typology in the Bible and Dante (Cambridge, 1966), pp. 32-33 (see further pp. 75-76, 78-79).
34. Clement Cotton, Dedication to John Calvin, Two and Twenty Lectures Upon Jeremiah (London, 1620), sigs. A2-A2V;
35. John Cotton, The Covenant of Grace (London, 1655), p. 40
36. 4 Treatise of Grace (London, 1659), p. 18 (see also pp. 19-21).
37. Andrew Willet, Hexapla (London, 1620), p. 3 (paraphrasing Calvin);
38. John Calvin, Commentaries on the Prophet Jeremiah, trans, and ed. John Owen (Grand Rapids, Mich., 1950), IV, 127.
39. Martin Luther, "Preface to the Prophet Jeremiah," in Works, ed. Henry Eyster Jacobs and Adolph Spaeth (Philadelphia, 1915-32), VI, 409-10 (see also pp. 488-89);
40. George Joye, Preface to Jeremy (Antwerp, 1534), sig. Av (citing Luther).
41. John Milton, Areopagitica (1644), ed. William Haller, in Works, ed. Frank Allen Patterson (New York, 1931), IV, 341;
42. John Bale, The Image of Both Churches (1548), in Select Works, ed. Henry Christmas (Cambridge, 1849), p. 252 (see also pp. 410 ff.);
43. Thomas Beard, The Theatre of Gods Judgements (London, 1597), p. 460;
44. Thomas Fuller, The Church History of Britain, ed. J. S. Brewer (Oxford, 1845), I, 7, 2 (Dedication).
45. Robert Dowglas, A Phenix; or, The Solemn League and Covenant (Edinburgh, [1662]); pp. 38-39, 3;
46. Joseph Mede, Works, ed. John Worthington (London, 1677), p. 370;
47. Herschel Baker, The Race of Time: Three Lectures on Renaissance Historiography (Toronto, 1967), p. 38 (citing various Renaissance historians).
48. Heinrich Bullinger, A Hundred Sermons Uppon the Apocalipse, trans. John Dawes (London, 1573), p. 32;
49. John Canne, A Necessity of Separation (1634), ed. Charles Stead (London, 1849), p. 194;
50. John Robinson, A Justification of Separation (1610), in Works, ed. Robert Ashton (London, 1851), II, 304, 311, 473.
51. Robinson, Justification, in Works, II, 116, 126-27.
52. William Haller, The Elect Nation: The Meaning and the Relevance of Foxe's "Book of Martyrs" (New York, 1963), p. 109;
53. Thomas Shepard and John Allin, A Defence of the Answer (London, 1648), p. 8;
54. Joy B. Gilsdorf, "The Puritan Apocalypse: New England Eschatology in the Seventeenth Century," Diss. Yale, 1964, pp. 120, 133 (citing Hooker);
55. John Winthrop, letter of May 15, 1629, quoted in Peter N. Carroll, Puritanism and the Wilderness: The Intellectual Significance of the New England Frontier, 1629-1100 (New York, 1969), p. 19;
56. John Winthrop, "Conclusions" (1629), in Old South Leaflets (Boston, [1896]), Vol. II, no. 60, pp. 3-4, 6.
57. Richard Mather, An Apologie of the Churches in New-England (London, 1643), p. 12;
58. John Milton, Of Reformation, ed. Harry M. Ayres, in Works, ed. Patterson, III, 4;
59. Robinson, Justification, in Works, II, 134;
60. John Cotton, Gods Promise to His Plantations, in Old South Leaflets (Boston, [1896]), Vol. III, no. 53, p. 15;
61. John Winthrop, A Model of Christian Charity (1630), in Puritan Political Ideas, 1558-1194, ed. Edmund S. Morgan (New York, 1965), pp. 87, 93.
62. Nathaniel Ward, The Simple Cobler of Aggawam in America (1647), ed. R. M. Zall (Lincoln, Neb., 1969), p. 6.
63. Roger Williams, Complete Writings, ed. Perry Miller (New York, 1963), IV, 403, 181; I, 76; III, 322.
64. John Cotton, The Bloody Tenent, Washed (London, 1647), pp. 68, 126 (see also pp. 61-64).
65. Cotton Mather, quoted in Mason I. Lowance, "Typology and the New England Way: Cotton Mather and the Exegesis of Biblical Types," Early American Literature, 4 (1969), 30-31;
66. Jonathan Mitchel, Nehemiah on the Wall (Cambridge, Mass., 1671), p. 9;
67. Nicholas Noyes, New-Englands Duty (Boston, 1698), p. 43;
68. William Adams, Gods Eye on the Contrite (Cambridge, Mass., 1685), p. 1;
69. Urian Oakes, New England Pleaded With (Cambridge, Mass., 1673), p. 19.
70. Larzer Ziff, "The Social Bond of Church Covenant," American Quarterly, 10 (1958), 455-62;
71. Edmund S. Morgan, Visible Saints: The History of a Puritan Idea (New York, 1963), pp. 83 ff.;
72. R. Mather, Apologie, pp. 26, 6;
73. Peter Bulkeley, The Gospel-Covenant (London, 1651), p. 39.
74. Samuel Hudson, The Essence and Unitie of the Church (London, 1645), p. 7;
75. Geoffrey F. Nuttall, Visible Saints: The Congregational Way, 1640-1660 (Oxford, 1957), p. 69 (citing Owen);
76. Perry Miller, The New England Mind: From Colony to Province (1953; rpt. Boston, 1961), p. 70;
77. John Cotton, A Sermon Delivered at Salem (1646), in John Cotton on the Churches of New England, ed. Larzer Ziff (Cambridge, Mass., 1968), pp. 44-45, 55-56 (ellipses deleted);
78. R. Mather, Apologie, pp. 1-3 (ellipses deleted).
79. William Hooke, New-Englands Sence (London, 1645), p. 23.
80. Edward Winslow, Good Newes from New-England (1624), in Alexander Young, ed., Chronicles of the Pilgrim Fathers (Boston, 1841), p. 372.
81. John Higginson, The Cause of God (Cambridge, Mass., 1663), p. 10.
82. John Davenport, A Sermon Preached at the Election (Cambridge, Mass., 1669) , p. 16;
83. Richard Mather and William Tompson, An Heart-Melting Exhortation (London, 1650), p. 7.
84. Norman Pettit, The Heart Prepared: Grace and Conversion in Puritan Spiritual Life (New Haven, 1966), pp. 19, 219.
85. Bulkeley, Gospel-Covenant, pp. 17, 35, 361 (see also pp. 314-15, 326-27).
86. Bulkeley, Gospel-Covenant, p. 105;
87. Cotton, Covenant of Grace, pp. 48, 100;
88. Bulkeley, Gospel-Covenant, pp. 29-30 (see also pp. 75, 102, 325, 373, 390, 411);
89. Thomas Hooker, The Saitns [sic] Dignitie (London, 1651), p. 38.
90. Ziff, Introduction to Cotton on the Churches, ed. Ziff, p. 28;
91. Edmund S. Morgan, The Puritan Family: Essays in Religion and Domestic Relations in Seventeenth-Century New England (Boston, 1944), pp. 90, 94;
92. Bulkeley, Gospel-Covenant, pp. 276, 279, 281 (ellipses deleted).
93. Thomas Shepard, The Sincere Convert (London, 1669), p. 110;
94. John Cotton, Gods Mercie Mixed with His Justice (1641), ed. Everett H. Emerson (Gainesville, 1958), p. 17;
95. Bulkeley, Gospel-Covenant, p. 75.
96. William Stoughton, New-Englands True Interest (Cambridge, Mass., 1670) , pp. 16-17.
97. Richard Mather, A Farewel-Exhortation (Cambridge, Mass., 1657), p. 23;
98. Increase Mather, David Serving His Generation (Boston, 1698), p. 22;
99. Cotton Mather, Wonders of the Invisible World (Boston, 1693), p. 9, and A Pillar of Gratitude (Boston, 1700), pp. 13-14.
100. R. Mather, Farewel-Exhortation, p. 23;
101. Increase Mather, Preface to Samuel Torrey, An Exhortation unto Reformation (Cambridge, Mass., 1674), sig. A2V;
102. Oakes, New-England Pleaded With, pp. 13, 27;
103. Samuel Whiting, The Way of Israel's Welfare (Boston, 1686), p. 7;
104. John Oxen-bridge, New-England Freemen (Boston, 1673), p. 18;
105. John Norton, The Evangelical Worshipper (1663), in Three Choice and Profitable Sermons (Boston, 1669), p. 35;
106. Samuel Torrey, A Plea For the Life of Dying Religion (Boston, 1683), pp. 43-4.
107. Torrey, Plea, p. 42;
108. John Wilson, A Seasonable Watch-Word (Cambridge, Mass., 1677), p. 9;
109. Miller, Colony to Province, p. 33;
110. Stoughton, New-Englands True Interest, p. 27;
111. Samuel Hooker, Righteousness Rained from Heaven (Hartford, 1677), p. 17
112. Cotton Mather, The Everlasting Gospel (Boston, 1700), pp. 71-72;
113. William Williams, The Great Salvation (Boston, 1717), pp. v, 1.
114. Cotton Mather, The Serviceable Man (Boston, 1690), pp. 13-14, and Things to Be Look'dFor (Cambridge, Mass., 1691), pp. 57, 59-60;
115. Thomas Shepard, Preface to Samuel Danforth, A Brief Recognition of New Englands Errand (Cambridge, Mass., 1671), sig. A2;
116. Mitchel, Nehemiah, pp. 25, 33;
117. Torrey, Plea, pp. 28, 40-41 (ellipses deleted).
118. Higginson, Cause of God, p. 24;
119. William Hubbard, The Happiness of a People (Boston, 1676), p. 53;
120. John Davenport, Gods Call (Cambridge, Mass., 1669), pp. 24, 27.
121. Torrey, Plea, pp. 42-45;
122. Samuel Willard, The Checkered State of the Gospel Church (Boston, 1701), p. 193;
123. Oxenbridge, New-England Freemen, pp. 19, 47;
124. Whiting, Way of Israel's Welfare, p. 16;
125. Urian Oakes, Preface to Increase Mather, The Day of Trouble Is Near (Cambridge, Mass., 1674), sigs. Al-Alv.
126. Gurdon Saltonstall, A Sermon before the Assembly (Boston, 1697), p. 55;
127. Hubbard, Happiness, p. 60;
128. Samuel Wakeman, Sound Repentance (Hartford, 1685), p. 11;
129. Thomas Thacher, Preface to Thomas Shepard, Eye-Salve (Cambridge, Mass., 1673), sig. A2V;
130. Increase Mather, Ichabod (Boston, 1701), pp. 83-84.
131. Bale, Image, p. 295;
132. Increase Mather, The Times of Man (Boston, 1675), pp. 16, 19-20;
133. John Sherman and Thomas Shepard, Jr., Preface to Oakes, New-England Pleaded With, sig. A2.
134. John Norton, The Heart of N-England Rent (Cambridge, Mass., 1659), p. 5.
135. Cotton, Covenant of Grace, p. 102;
136. Thomas Hooker, The Soules Preparation for Christ (London, 1638), pp. 131-32 (see also John Norton, The Believers Consolation, in Three Choice Sermons, p. 26);
137. C. Mather, Things to Be Looked for, p. 25 (see also Hubbard, Happiness, pp. 59-60, and Stoughton, New-Englands True Interest, p. 19).
138. Cotton Mather, Things for a Distressed People to Think Upon (Boston, 1696), p. 27;
139. I. Mather, Preface to Torrey, Exhortation, sig. A4;
140. Danforth, Brief Recognition, p. 20;
141. Torrey, Plea, p. 45.
142. I. Mather, Day of Trouble, pp. 4-5, 12-14, 26-28 (ellipses deleted).
143. William Williams, A Plea for God (Boston, 1719), p. 34 (see also Cotton Mather, The Way to Prosperity [Boston, 1690], p. 23, and Torrey, Exhortation, p. 6);
144. Charles L. Sanford, The Quest for Paradise: Europe and the American Moral Imagination (Urbana, III., 1961), p. 83.
145. Norton, quoted in Increase Mather, The First Principles of New England (Cambridge, Mass., 1675), p. 17;
146. Edmund S. Morgan, The Puritan Family: Religion and Domestic Relations in Seventeenth-Century New England (Boston, 1944), p. 103;
147. Increase Mather, A Discourse concerning Baptism (Boston, 1675), pp. 7-8, 26.
148. Cotton Mather, summarizing the position of the emigrants, in Magnalia Christi Americana (1702), ed. Thomas Robbins (Hartford, 1853-55), II, 8, and The Duty of Children (Boston, 1703), p. 28.
149. Peter Bulkeley, The Gospel-Covenant (London, 1651), p. 36;
150. Richard Mather, A Farewel-Exhortation (Cambridge, Mass., 1657), p. 12;
151. John Cotton, The Covenant of Grace (London, 1655), p. 56;
152. Cotton Mather, Parentator (Boston, 1726), p. 26, and Duty of Children, p. 20.
153. Increase Mather, A Discourse concerning Apostasy (Boston, 1685), p. 65, and Pray for the Rising Generation (Cambridge, Mass., 1678), pp. 14-15.
154. John Higginson, Cause of God (Cambridge, Mass., 1663), p. 12;
155. Joshua Scottow, Narrative of Massachusetts (Boston, 1694), in Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 4, 4th ser. (1858), 31 1, 305;
156. William Stoughton, New-Englands True Interest (Cambridge, Mass., 1670), pp. 19, 33;
157. James Fitch, An Holy Connexion (Cambridge, Mass., 1674), pp. 12-13;
158. Cotton Mather, The Wonders of the Invisible World (Boston, 1693), p. 10.
159. Gerald R. Cragg, Puritanism in the Period of the Great Persecution (Cambridge, 1957), p. 258.
160. C. Mather, Magnalia, I, 42;
161. Jonathan Mitchel, Nehemiah on the Wall (Cambridge, Mass., 1671), p. 9;
162. John Goodwin, Imputatio Fidei (1642), quoted in A. S. P. Woodhouse, ed., Puritanism and Liberty (London, 1938), p. [46];
163. John Bale, The Image of Both Churches, ed. Henry Christmas (Cambridge, 1849), pp. 598, 252;
164. Samuel Sewall, Phaenomena quaedam Apocalyptica (Boston, 1697), pp. 2, 40.
165. Samuel Torrey, An Exhortation unto Reformation (Cambridge, Mass., 1674), p. 1;
166. Cotton Mather, Things for a Distressed People to Think Upon (Boston, 1696), pp. 32-33 (see also pp. 35-36, 38); increase Mather, Morning Star, appended to The Righteous Man (Boston, 1702), p. 81.
167. Scottow, Narrative, pp. 286-87;
168. Torrey, Exhortation, pp. 7, 31-32;
169. Increase Mather, The Day of Trouble Is Near (Cambridge, Mass., 1674), p. 27;
170. Urian Oakes, New-England Pleaded With (Cambridge, Mass., 1673), pp. 17, 20, 23.
171. Oakes, New-England Pleaded With, pp. 21, 23 (ellipses omitted);
172. Cotton Mather, The Serviceable Man (Boston, 1690), p. 28;
173. Sewall, Phaenomena, p. 2.
174. Abba Hillel Silver, A History of Messianic Speculation in Israel, from the First through the Seventeenth Centuries (New York, 1927), p. 150.
175. Gorton, quoted in Charles Sanford, The Quest for Paradise: Europe and the American Moral Imagination (Urbana, III., 1961), p. 82;
176. Increase Mather, Preface to, 4 Discourse concerning Prayer (Boston, 1710), p. i;
177. Mitchel, Preface to Thomas Shepard, The Parable of the Ten Virgins (London, 1660), sigs. A3-A3V (the parable itself [Matthew 25], according to traditional interpretations, speaks of the Parousia);
178. John Cotton, A Briefe Exposition of Canticles (London, 1642), pp. 182, 200;
179. Sewall, Phaenomena, pp. 27-28;
180. Cotton Mather, Things to Be Look'dFor (Cambridge, Mass., 1691), pp. 3, 10;
181. Thomas Shepard, The Clear Sun-shine of the Gospel (London, 1648), p. 30.
182. Increase Mather, The Mystery of Israel's Salvation (London, 1669), p. 52 (see also pp. 80, 90, 171, 177);
183. Bulkeley, Gospel-Covenant, pp. 22-24 (ellipses deleted);
184. William Williams, The Great Duty (Boston, 1726), p. 2.
185. Peter Folger, A Looking Glass for the Times (1676), in Rhode Island Historical Tracts, 16 (1883), 16;
186. Samuel Willard, The Fountain Opened (Boston, 1700), pp. 7-9.
187. Cotton Mather, A Pillar of Gratitude (Boston, 1700), pp. 4 ff.
188. John Eliot, Preface to The Christian Commonwealth (London, 1659), sig. B4V;
189. Mitchel, Nehemiah, p. 9;
190. Edward Johnson, The Wonder-Working Providence of Sion's Savior, ed. J. Franklin Jameson (New York, 1910), pp. 203, 238-39, 256, 271-73 (ellipses deleted).
191. Increase Mather, A Discourse concerning Prayer (Boston, 1710), p. 96;
192. Joy Gilsdorf, "The Puritan Apocalypse: New England Eschatology in the Seventeenth Century," Diss. Yale 1964, p. 142 (citing I. Mather);
193. Oakes, New-England Pleaded With, p. 25;
194. Samuel Willard, The Perils of the Times (Boston, 1700), p. 78;
195. Perry Miller, The New England Mind: From Colony to Province (1953; rpt. Boston, 1961), pp. 187-88;
196. Cotton Mather, Theopolis Americana (Boston, 1710), pp. 43-44.
197. Cotton Mather, Decennium Luctuosum (1699), in Narratives of the Indian Wars, 1615-1699, ed. Charles H. Lincoln (New York, 1913), p. 184;
198. Increase Mather, Renewal of Covenant (Boston, 1677), p. 13;
199. Thomas Thacher, A Fast of God's Chasing (Boston, 1678), p. 7.
200. William Adams, The Necessity of the Pouring Out of the Spirit (Boston, 1679), p. 13;
201. I. Mather, Renewal of Covenant, p. 7.
202. I. Mather, Renewal of Covenant, p. 7, and An Earnest Exhortation (Boston, 1676), p. 13;
203. William Williams, A Plea for God (Boston, 1719), p. 40;
204. C. Mather, Serviceahle Man, p. 14;
205. Cotton Mather, The Everlasting Gospel (Boston, 1700), p. 28.
206. John Norton, Sion the Out-Cast, in Three Choice and Profitable Sermons (Cambridge, Mass., 1664), pp. 6-7;
207. Samuel Danforth, A Brief Recognition of New England's Errand into the Wilderness (Cambridge, Mass., 1671), pp. 19-21.
208. Torrey, Exhortation, pp. 6, 10.
209. Samuel Torrey, Man's Extremity, God's Opportunity (Cambridge, Mass., 1695), pp. 2-3;
210. W. Adams, Necessity, pp. 6-9 (on the representative quality of this sermon see William DeLoss Love, Jr., The Fast and Thanksgiving Days of New England [Boston, 1895], p. 214).
211. Urian Oakes, The Soveraign Efficacy of Divine Providence (Boston, 1682), p. 17 (see also p. 19);
212. Higginson, Cause of God, p. 24;
213. Nicholas Noyes, New-Englands Duty (Boston, 1698), pp. 63-64 (ellipses deleted).
214. Cotton Mather, A Midnight Cry (Boston, 1692), pp. 29-30, 22, 24, Eleutheria (London, 1698), pp. 87, 27, undMagnalia, I, 44, 46, and II, 579.
215. C. Mather, Magnalia, I, 330-31;
216. Shepard, Parable, II, 8;
217. James Allin, New-Englands Choicest Blessing (Boston, 1679), p. 5;
218. Increase Mather, The Surest Way to Greatest Honour (Boston, 1699), p. 24.
219. Cotton Mather, Diary, ed. Worthington C. Ford (New York, 1957), I, 358 (July 4, 1700);
220. Norton, Sion the Out-Cast, p. 6;
221. Stoughton, New-Englands True Interest, p. 21;
222. I. Mather, Preface to Samuel Torrey, A Plea (Boston, 1683), sig. A2;
223. C. Mather, Magnalia, I, 36, 27.
224. Darrett B. Rutman, "Local Freedom and Puritan Control," in Puritanism in Seventeenth-Century Massachusetts, ed. David D. Hall (New York, 1968), p. 118;
225. Joseph Morgan, The History of the Kingdom of Basaruah (1715), ed. Richard Schlatter (Cambridge, Mass., 1946), p. 110;
226. Thomas Prince, Chronological History (Boston, 1736), I, Dedication, sig. A2-A2V, pp. 170, 104, 98, 103, 199, and Preface, p. iii.
227. Prince, Chronological History, p. 1;
228. Thomas Prince, The People of New England (1730), in The Wall and The Garden: Selected Massachusetts Election Sermons, 1660-1116, ed. A. W. Plumstead (Minneapolis, 1968), pp. 199, 219, 205, 220;
229. Darrett B. Rutman, Winthrop's Boston: Portrait of a Puritan Town, 1630-1649 (Chapel Hill, 1965), pp. 278-79.
230. William Clebsch, From Sacred to Profane America: The Role of Religion in American History (New York, 1968).
231. David E. Smith, "Millenarian Scholarship in America," American Quarterly, 17 (1965), 530 (see also pp. 537, 541-42).
232. William Hubbard, The Happiness of a People (Boston, 1676), p. 61.
233. William Adams, The Necessity of the Pouring Out of the Spirit (Boston, 1679), p. 35.
234. John Cotton, quoted in Cotton Mather, Magnolia Christi Americana (1702), ed. Thomas Robbins (Hartford, 1853-55), I, 325;
235. Joy B. Gilsdorf, "The Puritan Apocalypse: New England Eschatology in the Seventeenth Century," Diss. Yale 1964, pp. 97, 99 (see also p. 125);
236. James Allin, New Englands Choicest Blessing (Boston, 1679), p. 13;
237. Increase Mather, Preface to Samuel Torrey, An Exhortation unto Reformation (Cambridge, Mass., 1674), sig. A2;
238. Cotton Mather, Things to Be Look'd For (Cambridge, Mass., 1691), pp. 26, 33;
239. John Higginson, "Attestation" to C. Mather, Magnolia, I, 14-17 (ellipses deleted).
240. Edwards, quoted in Stephen J. Stein, "A Notebook on the Apocalypse, by Jonathan Edwards," William and Mary Quarterly, 29 (1972), 623;
241. Edwards, Works, I, 354, 481-83;
242. Cambridge Synod, The Cambridge Platform (Cambridge, Mass., 1649), p. 10.
243. C. C. Goen, "Jonathan Edwards: A New Departure in Eschatology," Church History, 28 (1959), 32; towards, Works, I, 484-86.
244. Edwards, Works, I, 469, and III, 308-9.
245. Alan Heimert, Religion and the American Mind, from the Great Awakening to the Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., 1966), pp. 64, 66; Edwards, Works, III, 291, 483 (see also III, 334, 492);
246. Samuel Buell, The Excellence of Saving Knowledge (New York, 1761), pp. 12-13.
247. Edwards, Works, III, 458-59.
248. Heimert, Religion, p. 55 (citing Edwards);
249. Edwards, Works, III, 410, 417-18, and I, 487 (see also III, 424, 431, 433, 457, 454).
250. Mather, Magnolia, I, 42-43;
251. David Austin, "Advertisement" sto Jonathan Edwards, History of Redemption, ed. Austin (New York, 1793), p. iv.
252. William Ellery Channing, quoted in H. Richard Niebuhr, The Kingdom of God in America (Hamden, Conn., 1956), p. 144;
253. Charles Chauncy, Seasonable Thoughts (1743), in The Great Awakening, ed. Alan Heimert and Perry Miller (New York, 1967), pp. 299, 302n., 302-3.
254. Alan Heimert, Introduction to Edwards's Humble Inquiry, in Great Awakening, ed. Heimert and Miller, p. 424;
255. "A Letter from the Ministers of Windham" (1745), in Great Awakening, ed. Heimert and Miller, p. 401;
256. Heimert, Religion, pp. 123-24 (citing Edwards and the Separates; see also pp. 125-30).
257. Perry Miller, Jonathan Edwards (New York, 1949), p. 62;
258. David Lyttle, "Jonathan Edwards on Personal Identity," Early American Literature, 1 (1972), 165;
259. Clebsch, From Sacred to Profane, p. 144;
260. Roland Delattre, "Beauty and Politics: A Problematic Legacy of Jonathan Edwards," in American Philosophy from Edwards to Quine, ed. R. W. Shahan and K. R. Merrill (Norman, Okla., 1977), pp. 21-22;
261. Clebsch, From Sacred to Profane, p. 185.
262. Cushing Strout, The New Heavens and New Earth: Political Religion in America (New York, 1975), p. 113;
263. Edwards, Works, I, 10
264. Images or Shadows of Divine Things, ed. Perry Miller (New Haven, 1948), p. 102.
265. Richard Bushman, From Puritan to Yankee: Character and the Social Order in Connecticut, 1690-1165 (New York, 1967), p. 259.
266. Timothy Dwight, The Conquest of Canaan (Hartford, 1785), Bk. VI, 1. 83 (my italics);
267. Heimert, Religion, pp. 287, 284;
268. John Barnard, The Throne Established by Righteousness (1734), in The Wall and the Garden, ed. A. William Plumstead (Minneapolis, 1968), p. 280;
269. Jonathan Mayhew, A Sermon PreacWd (1754), in Wall and Garden, ed. Plumstead, pp. 299, 302;
270. Ebenezer Thayer, Jerusalem Instructed (Boston, 1725), pp. 41-42.
271. Heimert, Religion, pp. 350, 438;
272. William Smith, "Sermon VIII," in Works (Philadelphia, 1803), II, 170-72.
273. Smith, "Sermon VIII," in Works, II, 172-73;
274. Thomas Foxcroft, Observations on the Rise of New England (Boston, 1730), p. 5;
275. Thomas Frink, A Sermon Delivered at Stafford (Boston, 1757), pp. 4-5, and A Sermon Preached before His Excellency (Boston, 1758), pp. 30-31, 38.
276. George Duffield, quoted in Strout, New Heavens, p. 69;
277. Edwards, Images or Shadows, p. 92;
278. Ezra Stiles, The United States Elevated to Glory (Worcester, Mass., 1785), pp. 7-9;
279. John Adams, Familiar Letters of John Adams and His Wife Abigail Adams, ed. Charles Francis Adams (New York, 1876), p. 403.
280. John Murray, Nehemiah; or, The Struggle for Liberty (Newburyport, Mass., 1779), p. 56;
281. Ebenezer Baldwin, The Duty of Rejoicing (New York, 1776), p. 39;
282. Charles Turner, Due Glory Given to God (Boston, 1783), p. 28;
283. John Mellen, A Sermon Delivered before the Governor (Boston, 1797), p. 7.
284. Michael McGiffert, The Question of 16 (Williamsburg, Va., 1977), pp. 10-12 (citing various eighteenth-century writers);
285. Mercy Austin Warren, The History of the American Revolution (Boston, 1805), III, 435-36;
286. William Smith, A Sermon on the Present Situation (Philadelphia, 1775), p. 28;
287. Joel Barlow, "The Prospect of Peace" (1778), in Works, ed. William K. Bottorff and Arthur L. Ford (Gainesville, Fla., 1970), pp. 11, 10;
288. anon. [Timothy Dwight?], America; or, A Poem on the Settlement of the British Colonies (New Haven, 1780), pp. 9, 11-12;
289. Philip Freneau and Hugh Henry Brackenridge, "A Poem, on the Rising Glory of America," in Colonial American Poetry, ed. Kenneth Silverman (New York, 1968), pp. 440-442.
290. John Burt, The Mercy of God (Newport, R. I., 1759), p. 4;
291. Nathaniel Appleton, A Sermon Preached (Boston, 1760), p. 36;
292. Samuel Davies, The Crisis, in Sermons on Important Subjects (Philadelphia, 1818), pp. 257-58;
293. Nathan O. Hatch, "The Origins of Civil Millennialism in America: New England Clergymen, War with France, and the Revolution," William and Mary Quarterly, 31 (1974), 417;
294. Jonathan Mayhew, Two Discourses (Boston, 1759), p. 61;
295. Mather Byles, A Sermon, Delivered (New London, Conn., 1760), p. 13;
296. Charles Chauncy, Marvellous Things (Boston, 1745), p. 21. The sermon referred to in the text is Eli Forbes, God the Strength and Salvation of His People (Boston, 1761).
297. Jonathan Edwards, Apocalyptic Writings, ed. Stephen J. Stein (New Haven, 1977), pp. 254-57, 267, 261, 449, 459.
298. David Hall, Israel's Triumph (Boston, 1761), p. 11;
299. Paul A. Varg, "The Advent of Nationalism, 1758-1776," American Quarterly, 16 (1964), 180-81 (citing Judah Champion).
300. Jonathan Mayhew, A Sermon Preach'd (Boston, 1754), p. 23;
301. Samuel Cooper, A Sermon before Thomas Pownall (Boston, 1759), p. 48;
302. Jonathan Bascom, A Sermon at Eastham (Boston, 1775), p. 19.
303. Theodorus Frelinghuysen, A Sermon on the Late Treaty (New York, 1754), p. 9.
304. Samuel Haven, Joy and Salvation (Portsmouth, N. H., 1763), p. 28;
305. Matthias Harris, A Sermon in Lewis (Philadelphia, 1757), pp. 35-36.
306. Jonas Clarke, A Sermon Preached before John Hancock (Boston, 1781), p. 31;
307. Samuel MacClintock, A Sermon Preached before the Council (Portsmouth, N. H., 1784), p. 35.
308. John Adams, Adams Family Correspondence, ed. L. H. Butterfield (Cambridge, Mass., 1963-73), II, 28;
309. John and Abigail Adams, Familiar Letters, pp. 306, 403 (see also Cecelia Tichi, "Worried Celebrants of the American Revolution," in American Literature, 1764-1789: The Revolutionary Years, ed. Everett Emerson [Madison, 1977], pp. 275-91);
310. Thomas Chittenden, broadside, quoted in Mason I. Lowance, Jr., Introduction to Early Vermont Broadsides, ed. John Duffy (Hanover, N. H., 1975), p. xvii.
311. Chittenden, cited in Lowance, Early Vermont Broadsides, ed. Duffy, p. xvii;
312. Strout, New Heaven, p. 12.
313. Edmund S. Morgan, "The Puritan Ethic and the American Revolution," William and Mary Quarterly, 24 (1967), 8-9;
314. Gordon Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, 1776-1789 (New York, 1969), pp. 107-8, 414.
315. Heimert, Religion, pp. 493-94 (citing various writers of the times; see also pp. 284, 396, 409-10, 543);
316. David Griffith, Passive Obedience Considered (Williamsburg, Va., 1776), p. 14;
317. Jacob Duché, The American Vine (Philadelphia, 1775), p. 26;
318. Thomas Jefferson, Writings, ed. P. L. Ford (New York, 1892-99), I, 11;
319. Thomas Paine, Common Sense, ed. N. F. Adkins (Indianapolis, 1953), pp. 27, 3, 23.
320. David Ramsay, History of the American Revolution (Lexington, Ky., 1815), I, 243;
321. Humphreys, cited in Ernest L. Tuveson, Redeemer Nation: The Idea of America's Millennial Role (Chicago, 1968), p. 169;
322. Duché, American Vine, pp. 17, 27;
323. Sam Adams, cited in Stephen E. Lucas, Portents of Rebellion: Rhetoric and Revolution in Philadelphia, 1765-1776 (Philadelphia, 1976), p. 195.
324. John Cotton, Gods Promise to His Plantations, in Old South Leaflets (Boston, [1896], Vol. III, no. 53, pp. 4, 6-8.
325. Chandler Robbins, A Sermon Preached at Plymouth (Boston, 1794), p. 16.
326. Robbins, Sermon at Plymouth, pp. 6, 8;
327. Samuel Cooper, A Sermon Preached before John Hancock (New York, 1780), pp. 43, 57.
328. Richard Hooker, Ecclesiastical Polity, in Works (Oxford, 1807), I, 366.
329. Jeremy Belknap, letter of March 9, 1786, in Massachusetts Historical Society Collections, 5th ser., Vol. II, part 1 (1877), p. 431;
330. Henry Cumings, A Sermon Preached before Thomas Cushing (Boston, 1783), p. 44;
331. Timothy Dwight, A Discourse on Some Events (New Haven, 1801), p. 33;
332. David Austin, The Millennial Door (East Windsor, Conn., 1799), p. 35;
333. Asa Burton, A Sermon Preached at Windsor (Windsor, Vt., 1786), p. 13;
334. William Symmes, A Sermon Preached before His Honor (Boston, 1785), p. 16;
335. Zabdiel Adams, A Sermon before His Excellency (Boston, 1782), p. 48;
336. John Adams, A Defence of the Constitutions of the United States of America (1787-88), in The American Enlgihtenment, ed. Adrienne Koch (New York, 1965), p. 257.
337. Merrill Jensen, The New Nation: A History of the United States during the Confederation, 1781-1789 (New York, 1962), p. 426;
338. "Philadelphiensis" (Dec. 5, 1787), quoted in The Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, ed. Earl Latham (Lexington, Mass., 1976), p. 166;
339. Merrill Jensen, The American Revolution within America (New York, 1974), p. 9 (see also pp. 10-11);
340. Hamilton, quoted in Declaration, ed. Latham, p. 127.
341. Elizur Goodrich, The Principles of Civil Union (Hartford, 1787), p. 20;
342. Henry Cumings, A Sermon Preached at Billerica (Boston, 1797), p. 16;
343. John Adams, quoted in "The French and American Revolutions," New Cambridge Modern History (Cambridge, 1957-70), Vol. VIII, ed. A. Goodwin, p. 527;
344. David Tappan, Christian Thankfulness (Boston, 1795), p. 20.
345. Cumings, Sermon at Billerica, p. 46;
346. John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, Oct. 9, 1787, in The Adams-Jefferson Correspondence, ed. Lester J. Cappon (New York, 1971), p. xliv;
347. Michael McGiffert, The Question of 76 (Williamsburg, Va., 1976), p. 17 (citing Hamilton);
348. Thomas Paine, Representative Selections, ed. Harry H. Clark (New York, 1961), p. 61.
349. Martin Diamond, "Ethics and Politics: The American Way" (MS), p. 12;
350. Alexander Hamilton, Federalist 6
351. James Madison, Federalist 51, in The Federalist Papers, ed. Clinton Rossiter (New York, 1961), pp. 57, 59, 322, 324.
352. Diamond, "Ethics," pp. 11, 25.
353. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, ed. J. P. Mayer, trans. George Lawrence (Garden City, N. Y., 1969), p. 290;
354. Wesley Frank Craven, The Legend of the Founding Fathers (Ithaca, N. Y., 1956), p. 71;
355. Thomas Yarrow, An Oration Delivered (Mount Pleasant, N. Y., 1798), p. 10;
356. Alexander Wilson, Oration on Liberty (Philadelphia, 1801), p. 11;
357. Jonathan Maxcy, An Oration in Providence (Providence, 1795), pp. 19-20;
358. Stephen Thacker, An Oration Pronounced (Boston, 1803), pp. 12-13;
359. James Madison, Manifestations (Richmond, Va., 1795), p. 8;
360. David Foster, A Sermon before John Hancock (Boston, 1790), p. 25;
361. John Lathrop, Jr., An Oration (Boston, 1796), p. 5;
362. Francis Blake, An Oration at Worcester (Worcester, Mass., 1796), p. 18;
363. Abiel Abbot, Traits of Resemblance (Haverhill, Mass., 1799), p. 6
364. Ernest L. Tuveson, Redeemer Nation: The Idea of America's Millennial Role (Chicago, 1968), pp. 53-54, 171;
365. Herbert G. Gutman, "Protestantism and the American Labor Movement: The Christian Spirit in the Gilded Age," American Historical Review, 72 (1966), 74;
366. John L. Thomas, "Romantic Reform in America, 1815-1865," American Quarterly, 17 (1965), 673;
367. William Cabell Rives, cited in Rush Welter, The Mind of America, 1820-1860 (New York, 1975), p. 52;
368. Cushing Strout, The New Heaven and the New Earth: Political Religion in America (New York, 1975), p. 229 (citing Joseph Bellamy);
369. John O'Sullivan, "The Great Nation of Futurity," United States Magazine and Democratic Review, 6 (1839), 427, 430.
370. Albany Argus, cited in Welter, Mind of America, p. 3.
371. Walker and Rantoul, cited in Welter, Mind of America, pp. 4-5, 49.
372. Josiah Bent, Jr., National Jubilee (Boston, 1826), p. 10;
373. Westerlo Wood-worth, Oration before the Young Men's Association (Albany, 1834), p. 23.
374. Daniel Webster, "The Bunker Hill Monument," in Works (Boston, 1857), I, 78, 72-73, 75-77, 61.
375. W[illiam] E[vans] Arthur, Oration (Covington, Ky., 1850), p. 36 and inscription.
376. Arthur, Oration, pp. 3-5.
377. Arthur, Oration, p. 37;
378. Henry David Thoreau, Waiden, ed. Brooks Atkinson (New York, 1950), p. 15;
379. Thomas Shepard, Preface to Peter Bulkeley, The Gospel-Covenant (London, 1651), sig. B2V;
380. Arthur, Oration, p. 32.
381. Arthur, Oration, pp. 11, 22-23, 34-35, 7.
382. Arthur, Oration, pp. 36, 40;
383. Enos Hitchcock, Oration at Providence (Providence, R. I., 1788), p. 18;
384. Arthur, Oration, p. 23.
385. Arthur, Oration, pp. 6, 9;
386. Clay, cited in Welter, Mind of America, p. 24;
387. Charles D. Drake, The Duties of an American Citizen (St. Louis, 1837), p. 27;
388. Abram P. Maury, Address on Advantages of the United States (Nashville, Tenn., 1847), p. 24;
389. Arthur, Oration, pp. 38, 40.
390. Arthur, Oration, pp. 38-40.
391. George Rude, ed., Robespierre (Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 1967), p. 173.
392. William Appleman Williams, America Confronts a Revolutionary World (New York, 1976), p. 20;
393. James Fenimore Cooper, Notions of the Americans (Philadelphia, 1828), II, 143;
394. Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Marble Faun, ed. Murray Krieger (New York, 1961), p. vi.
395. Mason L. Weems, A History of George Washington (Philadelphia, 1800), p. 71;
396. Sigmund Diamond, The Reputation of the American Businessman (Cambridge, Mass., 1955), p. 2 (citing an English newspaper account of 1853);
397. David Ramsay, History of the American Revolution (Philadelphia, 1789), II, 321.
398. Kathryn Kish Sklar, Catharine Beecher (New Haven, 1973), pp. 159-61;
399. Catharine Beecher, A Treatise on Domestic Economy (1841), ed. Kathryn Kish Sklar (New York, 1977), p. 13.
400. Susan P. Conrad, Perish the Thought: Intellectual Women in Romantic America (New York, 1976), pp. 123-24, 148 (citing Stanton and Smith);
401. Ann Douglas, The Feminization of American Culture (New York, 1977), pp. 282, 285.
402. Benjamin F. Tefft, The Far West (Indianapolis, 1845), p. 35;
403. M. Augustus Jewett, An Oration, Delivered (Terre Haute, Ind., 1840), p. 11;
404. William Gilpin, quoted in Henry Nash Smith, Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth (New York, 1957), p. 40;
405. Robert C. Winthrop, quoted in Julius W. Pratt, "The Origins of'Manifest Destiny'," American Historical Review, 32 (1926-27), 797.
406. David C. Huntington, The Landscapes of Frederic Edwin Church: Vision of an American Era (New York, 1966), pp. x-xi, 10, 36-37;
407. William Gil-more Simms, Views and Reviews in American Literature, History, and Fiction: First Series, ed. C. Hugh Holman (Cambridge, Mass., 1962), pp. 16, 20, 26 (ellipses deleted; see also pp. 17-19).
408. J. F. Maclear, "The Republic and the Millennium," in The Religion of the Republic, ed. Elwyn A. Smith (Philadelphia, 1971), pp. 194-95.
409. Tocqueville, Democracy in America, pp. 290, 530, 292, 530;
410. Philip Schaff, America: A Sketch of Its Political, Social, and Religious Character, ed. Perry Miller (Cambridge, Mass., 1961), pp. 4, 15-16, 18, 20-24 (ellipses deleted).
411. Tocqueville, Democracy in America, pp. 470, 295, 592.
412. Lyman Beecher, A Plea for the West (Cincinnati, 1835), p. 177 (see also his Memory of Our Fathers, in Works [Boston, 1852-53], II, 176);
413. Albert Barnes, quoted in Martin Marty, Righteous Empire: The Protestant Experience in America (New York, 1970), p. 129;
414. Fred Somkin, Unquiet Eagle: Memory and Desire in the Idea of American Freedom (Ithaca, N. Y., 1967), p. 34;
415. Francis Wayland, "Encouragement to Religious Efforts," American National Preacher, 5 (1830), 44.
416. William Conant, quoted in Perry Miller, The Life of the Mind in America (New York, 1965), p. 73;
417. Francis Wayland, The Elements of Moral Science (1835), in The American Evangelicals, ed. William G. McLoughlin (Gloucester, Mass., 1976), p. 126 (see also p. 102);
418. Maclear, "Republic and Millennium," p. 204;
419. Miller, Life of the Mind, p. 93.
420. William Stoughton, New England's True Interest (Cambridge, Mass., 1670), pp. 17, 24, 32 (ellipses deleted);
421. Maclear, "Republic and Millennium," p. 204.
422. Daniel Aaron, The Unwritten War: American Writers and the Civil War (New York, 1973), pp. xiii-xiv (italics deleted);
423. Theodore Weld (abolitionist leader), quoted in H. Richard Niebuhr, The Kingdom of God in America (Hamden, Conn., 1956), p. 157;
424. George M. Frederickson, The Inner Civil War: Northern Intellectuals and the Crisis of the Union (New York, 1961), p. 118 (see also pp. 7, 68, 82);
425. Lincoln, quoted in Edward M. Burns, The American Idea of Mission: Concepts of National Purpose and Destiny (New Brunswick, N.J., 1957), p. 14;
426. Herman Melville, White-Jacket; or, The World in a Man-of-War, ed. Hen-nig Cohen (New York, 1967), pp. 149-50. In citing Melville, Hawthorne, Thoreau, and Whitman, I have used readily available editions of their works.
427. Victor Turner, Dramas, Fields, and Metaphors: Symbolic Action in Human Society (Ithaca, N. Y., 1974).
428. Warren I. Susman, "History and the Intellectual Uses of a Usable Past," in The American Experience, ed. Hennig Cohen (Boston, 1968), p. 93.
429. Newton Arvin, in "Our Country and Our Culture: A Symposium," Partisan Review, 19 (1952), 286;
430. Henry David Thoreau, Waiden, ed. Bruce Atkinson (New York, 1950), p. 279.
431. Ralph Waldo Emerson, Journals and Miscellaneous Notebooks, ed. William H. Oilman (Cambridge, Mass., 1960-77), II, 3, 114;
432. Ralph Waldo Emerson, Works, ed. Edward Waldo Emerson (Boston, 1903-4), XI, 537-38, VIII, 233-34; XI, 205, 397; II, 218; I, 127; III, 71-72.
433. Leo Marx, The Machine in the Garden: Technology and the Pastoral Ideal in America (New York, 1964), pp. 253, 265;
434. Edwin Fussell, Frontier: American Literature and the American West (Princeton, N. J., 1965), pp. 224, 229;
435. Thoreau, Waiden, p. 84.
436. James Mcintosh, Thoreau as Romantic Naturalist: His Shifting Stance towards Nature (Ithaca, N. Y., 1974), pp. 223-24 (citing Thoreau);
437. Thoreau, "Walking," in Waiden and Other Writings, ed. Bruce Atkinson (New York, 1950), p. 612;
438. Stanley Cavell, The Senses of "Waiden" (New York, 1972), p. 13;
439. Thoreau, "Walking," p. 612;
440. James Fenimore Cooper, Home as Found, ed. Lewis Leary (New York, 1961), pp. 23-24.
441. H. S. Canby, "American Challenge: A Study of Waiden," Saturday Review, 20 (1939), 16 (see also pp. 10-12);
442. Henry David Thoreau, Reform Papers, ed. Wendell Click (Princeton, N. J., 1973), p. 332n.;
443. George Bancroft, History of the United States (Boston, 1876), IV, 411;
444. Marvin Meyers, The Jacksonian Persuasion: Politics and Belief (Stanford, 1957), pp. 193, 172, 126, 170, 193 (citing various Jacksonian economists).
445. S. Todd Lowry, "The Archaeology of the Circulation Concept in Economic Theory," Journal of the History of Ideas, 35 (1974), 429-44
446. cited in Richard Berke, "Thoreau and the Jacksonian Homo Economicus," Diss. Columbia 1977;
447. Mircea Eliade, The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion, trans. Willard Trask (New York, 1959), pp. 22, 25, 36.
448. Stephen E. Whicher, Freedom and Fate: An Inner Life of Ralph Waldo Emerson (New York, 1953), p. 11;
449. Emerson, Journals, VII, 24, and Works, II, 346.
450. Herman Melville, "Hawthorne and His Mosses," in The Portable Melville, ed. Jay Leyda (New York, 1952), pp. 409-10;
451. A. N. Kaul, The American Vision: Actual and Ideal Society in Nineteenth-Century Fiction (New Haven, 1963), p. 259.
452. Herman Melville, Moby-Dick; or, The Whale, ed. Charles Feidelson (Indianapolis, 1964), p. 80.
453. Melville, quoted in Daniel Aaron, The Unwritten War: American Writers and the Civil War (New York, 1973), pp. 80, 88;
454. Loren Baritz, City on a Hill (New York, 1964), p. 273.
455. Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams, ed. James T. Adams (New York, 1931), pp. 314, 232, 343, 5, 280, 92 (my italics).
456. Cotton Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana (1702), ed. Thomas Robbins (Hartford, 1853-55), II, 181 (see also I, 103);
457. Edwards, paraphrased in Alan Heimert, Religion and the American Mind: From the Great Awakening to the Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., 1966), p. 67;
458. James T. Adams, Introduction to Adams, Education, p. ix;
459. Adams, Education, pp. 328-29, 91 (see also pp. 12-14, 21, 308).
460. Adams, Education, pp. 12-14, 308, x, 21, 343, 383, xi (see also pp. 238, 3 1 3).
461. Adams, Education, p. 280;
462. Adams, quoted in Martha Banta, "American Apocalypses: Excrement and Ennui," Studies in the Literary Imagination, 7 (1974), 24;
463. Adams, Education, pp. 505, 272 (see also pp. 273, 324, 337);
464. Mark Twain, The Mysterious Stranger, in The Portable Mark Twain, ed. Bernard De Voto (New York, 1946), pp. 742-44.
465. Leo Stoller, "Thoreau's Doctrine of Simplicity," New England Quarterly, 29 (1956), 443;
466. Walt Whitman, The Eighteenth Presidency, ed. Edward F. Grier (Lawrence, Kansas, 1956), pp. 34-35 (see also pp. 23-24, 39)
467. "A Backward Glance O'er Travel'd Roads," and Democratic Vistas, in Complete Poetry and Selected Prose, ed. James E. Miller, Jr. (Boston, 1959), pp. 449, 500, 456.
468. Whitman, Democratic Vistas, pp. 456, 460-61, 478, 499, 476.
469. Emerson, Works, VII, 417, and VI, 200;
470. Maurice Gonnaud, "Emerson and the Imperial Self: A European Critique," in Emerson: Prophecy, Metamorphosis, and Influence, ed. David Levin (New York, 1975), p. 127;
471. Emerson, Works, IX, 199, and VII, 399;
472. Journals, III, 14;
473. "Oration and Response," New England Society Orations, ed. Cephas Brainerd and Eveline Warner (New York, 1901), II, 33;
474. Works, VIII, 142-43; XI, 383, 385-87.
475. Emerson, quoted in Aaron, Unwritten War, pp. 34-35;
476. Emerson, Journals, X, 195;
477. Works, XI, 538, 319, 516.
478. Emerson, Works, XI, 514-15, 525-30, 534-37, 540, 544 (ellipses deleted).
479. George Frederickson, The Inner Civil War: Northern Intellectuals and the Crisis of the Union (New York, 1965), pp. 176-78.
480. Emerson, Works, I, 81, 115, and XI, 530.
481. Michael D. Bell, Hawthorne and the Historical Romance (Princeton, N. J., 1971), p. 23;
482. Kaul, American Vision, p. 319;
483. Gretchen G. Jordan, "Hawthorne's Bell: Historical Evolution Through Symbol," Nineteenth-Century Fiction, 19 (1964), 125-26;
484. Charles L. Sanford, The Quest for Paradise: Europe and the American Moral Imagination (Urbana, III., 1961), pp. 183-84;
485. Hawthorne, quoted in Arnold Rampersad, Melville's Israel Potter: A Pilgrimage and Progress (Bowling Green, Ohio, 1969), p. 97;
486. Roy Harvey Pearce, Historicism Once More: Problems and Occasions for the American Scholar (Princeton, N. J., 1969), pp. 168-69.
487. Hugo McPherson, Hawthorne as Myth-Maker: A Study in Imagination (Toronto, 1969), p. 145;
488. Leo Levy, "The Landscape Mode of The Scarlet Letter," Nineteenth-Century Fiction, 23 (1969), 375;
489. Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Life of Franklin Pierce, in Works, ed. George P. Lathrop (Boston, 1883), XVII, 165-66;
490. Hawthorne, The Ancestral Footstep, quoted in Pearce, Historicism, p. 170.
491. Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Scarlet Letter, ed. Harry Levin (Boston, 1961), p. 261.