Social death: Racialized rightlessness and the criminalization of the unprotected

Social Death: Racialized Rightlessness and the Criminalization of the Unprotected

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 1-224

  Cacho, Lisa Marie ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

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EID: 84900910100     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

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83. Sara Ahmed, The Promise of Happiness (Durham: Duke University Press, 2010), 20.
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90. Dorothy E. Roberts, Killing the Black Body: Race, Reproduction, and the Meaning of Liberty (New York: Vintage, 1999).
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99. Ngai, Impossible Subjects, 258.
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104. John T. Philipsborn, Amicus Curiae. December 14, 2000, 17.
105. Lizabeth N. de Vries, "Guilt by Association: Proposition 21's Gang Conspiracy Law Will Increase Youth Violence in California," University of San Francisco Law Review 37 (2003, 2002): 191-226.
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107. Arnold P. Goldstein and Donald William Kodluboy, Gangs in Schools: Signs, Symbols, and Solutions (Champaign, IL: Research Press, 1998), 69.
108. Larson, "The Adult Boys of Rancho Peñasquitos."
109. Greg Moran, "Three Teens Sentenced for Assault on Migrants," San Diego Union-Tribune, July 24, 2002.
110. Valerie Alvord, "Law Challenged by 'Good Boys' Facing 16 Years," USA Today, September 15, 2000.
111. Habermas, Between Facts and Norms, 450.
112. Denise Ferreira da Silva, "Towards a Critique of the Socio-logos of Justice: The Analytics of Raciality and the Production of Universality," Social Identities: Journal for the Study of Race, Nation and Culture 7, no. 3 (September 2001): 421-454
113. Alvord, "Law Challenged by 'Good Boys' Facing 16 Years."
114. Kimberly Epler, "Two Settlements Approved in Beating Case," North County Times (Escondido, CA, July 7, 2001)
115. Ernesto Cienfuegos, "Vigilante Thugs Sentenced in Beating of Elderly Mexican Workers," La Vozde Aztlán, November 21, 2002, http://www.aztlan.net/vigilantethugs.htm
116. Larson, "The Adult Boys of Rancho Peñasquitos"; Norma de la Vega, "Laborer in Beating Case Living in Tijuana," San Diego Union-Tribune, January 2, 2002.
117. Jacquelyn Giles, "Will Prison Teach Teens Tolerance?" San Diego Union-Tribune, July 21, 2000.
118. Ahmed, Strange Encounters, 4.
119. Giles, "Will Prison Teach Teens Tolerance?"
120. Alex Roth, "Teen-ager Charged in Rampage Speaks Out: Youth Calls Role in Attack on Latino Workers Minor," San Diego Union-Tribune, February 1, 2001.
121. Alex Roth, "Court Rejects Adult Charges in Migrant Beatings," San Diego Union-Tribune, February 8, 2001.
122. Michael Burge and Greg Moran, "Youngest Suspect in Migrant Attack Gets Bail," San Diego Union-Tribune, July 21, 2000
123. Greg Moran, "8th Youth in Beatings Faces Adult Charges," San Diego Union-Tribune, August 2, 2000
124. Greg Moran, "Migrants' Attackers to Be Sentenced: Youths Could Get as Much as 12 Years in Prisonfor Three-Hour Terror Spree," San Diego Union-Tribune, June 27, 2002
125. Alex Roth, "7 Teens Face Trial as Adults in Migrant-Camp Beatings," San Diego Union-Tribune, July 19, 2000
126. Alex Roth, "Teen Admitted Role in Attack, Affidavit Says," San Diego Union-Tribune, July 26, 2000.
127. "Prop. 21: No Youth Crime Remedy," Los Angeles Times, February 22, 2000
128. Ben Fox, "Teens Sentenced for Attack on Mexican Workers," The Associated Press, June 28, 2002
129. Maura Dolan, "Prop. 21 Argued Before Justices," Los Angeles Times, December 6, 2001
130. Maura Dolan and Greg Krikorian, "State Justices Uphold Juvenile Crime Law," Los Angeles Times, March 1, 2002
131. "Juvenile Justice," Online News Hour, February 29, 2000, http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/youth/jan-june00/justice_2-29.html
132. Greg Lucas, "Huge Changes Proposedfor Juvenile Justice: Teenagers Would Face Adult Courts," San Francisco Chronicle, February 14, 2000
133. Rene Sanchez and William Booth, "California Toughens Juvenile Crime Laws: Rules to Treat Young Offenders More Like Adults," The Washington Post, March 13, 2000.
134. Karen S. Johnson-Cartee, News Narratives and News Framing: Constructing Political Reality (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005), 255.
135. Greg Moran, "Four Migrant Attackers Sentenced," San Diego Tribune, June 29, 2002.
136. Carrie A. Rentschler, "Victims' Rights and the Struggle over Crime in the Media," Canadian Journal of Communication 32, no. 2 (June 2007): 219.
137. María Cristina García, Havana USA: Cuban Exilesand Cuban Americans in South Florida, 1959-1994 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1996)
138. Yvette M. Mastin, "Sentenced to Purgatory: The Indefinite Detention of Mariel Cubans," Scholar: St. Mary's Law Review on Minority Issues 2, no. 1 (2000): 137-186.
139. María De Los Angeles Torres, In the Land of Mirrors: Cuban Exile Politics in the United States (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999), 74-75. Since 1950, 90 percent of the refugees admitted into the United States emigratedfrom communist nations.
140. Lynn Fujiwara, Mothers Without Citizenship: Asian Immigrant Families and the Consequences of Welfare Reform (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008), 59.
141. Torres, In the Land of Mirrors, 80, 174.
142. Roth, "Teen-ager Charged in Rampage Speaks Out."
143. Fred Dickey, "The Perversion of Hate: Laws Against Hate Crimes Are an Idea Gone Sour. Prosecutors Apply Them Unfairly and the List of 'Special Victims' Keeps Growing," Los Angeles Times Magazine, October 22, 2000.
144. Roth, "Teen-ager Charged in Rampage Speaks Out."
145. Laurence Steinberg, "Turning Poor Judgment into a Felony," San Diego Union-Tribune, February 11, 2001.
146. Kyle W. Kusz, "'I Want to Be the Minority': The Politics of Youthful White Masculinities in Sport and Popular Culture in 1990s America," Journal of Sport and Social Issues 25, no. 4 (November 2001): 401.
147. Jeff Mc Donald, "Some Suspects in Camp Attack Had Troubled Pasts: Neighbors, Friends Are Left Puzzled, Distressed," San Diego Union-Tribune, July 22, 2000.
148. Moran, "Three Teens Sentenced for Assault on Migrants."
149. Alex Roth, Jill Spielvogel, and Kim Peterson, "Teens Left Migrant for Dead, Court Told: Returned to Crime Scene to Hide Body, Prosecutor Says," San Diego Union-Tribune, July 20, 2000.
150. Alex Roth, "Judge Upholds Adult Trial for 8 Teens," San Diego Union-Tribune, September 13, 2000.
151. Manduley v. Superior Court 27 Cal.4th at 548.
152. Nicholas Espíritu, "(E)racing Youth: The Racialized Construction of California's Proposition 21 and the Development of Alternate Contestations," Cleveland State Law Review 52, nos. 1-2 (2005): 201. Espíritu is an attorney forthe Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF).
153. Philipsborn, Amicus Curiae. December 14, 2000, 22.
154. Mike Males and Dan Macallair, The Color of Justice: An Analysis of Juvenile Adult Court Transfers in California (Washington, DC: Building Blocks for Youth, January 2000), 5, http://www.jjpl.org/Publications_JJ_In The News/Juvenile Justice Special Reports/BBY/colorofjustice/coj.html.
155. Christopher Hartney and Fabiana Silva, And Justice for Some: Differential Treatment of Youth of Color in the Justice System (Oakland, CA: National Council on Crime and Delinquency, January 2007), 34.
156. Barbara Herrnstein Smith, Contingencies of Value: Alternative Perspectives for Critical Theory (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988), 43.
157. "Sixth Teen Pleads No Contest to Migrant Beating," 10News.com, May 29, 2002, http://www.10news.com/news/1486666/detail.html.
158. "Last of Group Plead No Contest to Migrant Beatings," 10News.com, June 3, 2002, http://www.10news.com/news/1494218/detail.html.
159. Michelle Morgante, "Three More Teens Sentenced in Migrant Beating," Sign On San Diego.com, July 23, 2002, http://legacy.signonsandiego.com/news/northcounty/20020723-1223-ca-migrantattack.html.
160. "More Teens Sentenced for Migrant Attack," 10News.com, November 20, 2002, http://www.10news.com/news/1796704/detail.html.
161. Moran, "Four Migrant Attackers Sentenced."
162. "Another Teen Sentenced for Migrant Attack," 10News.com, July 30, 2002, http://www.10news.com/news/1584879/detail.html.
163. "Sentencing Held for Teens Involved in Migrant Attack," 10News.com, June 28, 2002, http://www.10news.com/news/1536117/detail.html.
164. Larson, "The Adult Boys of Rancho Peñasquitos."
165. "Sentencing Held for Teens Involved in Migrant Attack."
166. Greg Moran, "Three Teens in Migrant Attack Are Sentenced: Activists Say Jail, Probation Too Lenient," San Diego Union-Tribune, November 21, 2002.
167. Cal. Penal Code, Title 7, Chapter 11, Section 186.22 (b)(1)(B): "The California Street Terrorism Enforcement and Prevention Act."
168. Thomas D. Elias, "California Sees Its First Juveniles Charged as Adults under New Law," The Washington Times, April 17, 2000.
169. See Lori Dorfman and Vincent Schiraldi, Off Balance: Youth, Raceand Crime in the News (Washington, DC: Building Blocks for Youth, April 1, 2001), 15-17.
170. Mike A. Males, "Kids and Guns": How Politicians, Experts, and the Press Fabricate Fear of Youth (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 2000).
171. Raymond Smith, "Prop. 21 in Debut; Juvenile Charged: Riverside County Prosecutors Take a Case Directly to Adult Court under the Measure Passedby Voters on March 7," The Press-Enterprise, Riverside, CA, March 21, 2000.
172. "Juvenile Guilty in County's 1st Prop. 21 Case: Prosecutors Had Filed Chargesagainst the Riverside Teen Less than Two Weeks after the Law Took Effect," The Press-Enterprise, Riverside, CA, April 19, 2000. Whether he would servehis term in jail, prison, or a correction facility for juveniles was not reported.
173. Elias, "California Sees Its First Juveniles Charged as Adults under New Law."
174. Tracy Wilson, "Slaying Results in Life Term," Los Angeles Times, September 20, 2002.
175. Kevin Dolan, "Blinded by 'Objectivity': How News Conventions Caused Journalists to Miss the Real Story in the 'Our Lady' Controversy in Santa Fe," Journalism 6, no. 3 (2005): 392.
176. Johnson-Cartee, News Narratives and News Framing.
177. Rentschler, "Victims' Rights and the Struggle over Crime in the Media," 234.
178. Mark Dow, American Gulag (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), 267.
179. For more on the ways in which Cambodian refugees have been regulated inthe United States, see Aihwa Ong, Buddha Is Hiding: Refugees, Citizenship, the New America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003).
180. Melissa Cook, "Banished for Minor Crimes: The Aggravated Felony Provisionof the Immigration and Nationality Act as Human Rights Violation," Boston College Third World Law Journal 23, no. 2 (Spring 2003): 293-329.
181. Bill Ong Hing, Deporting Our Souls: Values, Morality, and Immigration Policy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 4-7.
182. Dow, American Gulag;
183. D. L. Cheng, "Émigrés of the Killing Fields: The Deportation of Cambodian Refugees as a Violation of International Human Rights," Boston College Third World Law Journal 25, no. 1 (Winter 2005): 221-260;
184. Yen H. Trinh, "The Impact of New Policies Adopted after September 11 on Lawful Permanent Residents Facing Deportation under the AEDPA and IIRIRA and the Hope of Relief under the Family Reunification Act," Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law 33, no. 2 (Winter 2005): 543-572.
185. Zadvydas v. Davis et al. and Ashcroft v. Ma, 533 U.S. 678 (2001).
186. Dow, American Gulag, 289-290.
187. For more on criminalization and refugees, see Damien Lawson, "Refugee! Criminal! Terrorist!" New Internationalist Magazine, October 1, 2002, http://www.newint.org/features/2002/10/01/criminalization/;
188. Teresa A. Miller, "Blurring the Boundaries Between Immigration and Crime Control after September 11th," Boston College Third World Law Journal 25, no. 1 (Winter 2005): 1-43;
189. Jennifer M. Chacón, "Managing Migration Through Crime," Columbia Law Review Sidebar 109 (2009): 135-145;
190. Bill Ong Hing, "The Immigrantas Criminal: Punishing Dreamers," Hastings Women's Law Journal 9, no. 1 (Winter 1998): 79-96.
191. For more on Cambodian refugees in general, see Sucheng Chan, Survivors: Cambodian Refugees in the United States (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2004);
192. Ong, Buddha Is Hiding.
193. Lewis Yablonsky, The Violent Gang (Bloomington, IN: i Universe, 2009), xxii-xxiii.
194. Barrett, Blackness and Value, 128.
195. President's Commission on Organized Crime, Organized Crime of Asian Origin: Record of Hearing III October 23-25, 1984, New York, New York (New York & Hong Kong: Books for Business, 2001), v.
196. Sergeant Douglas Zwemke of the San Jose, California, Police Department, speaking to U.S. Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Governmental Affairs, Asian Organized Crime, Hearing beforethe Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Governmental Affairs, 102nd Cong., 1st sess., October 3, November 5-6, 1991, 54.
197. Captain Donald Saviers of the Westminster, California, Police Department, speaking to the President's Commission on Organized Crime, Organized Crime of Asian Origin: Record of Hearing III October 23-25, 1984, New York, New York, 381-382.
198. Delaware Senator William V. Roth Jr., speaking to the U.S. Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Governmental Affairs, Emerging Criminal Groups, Hearings before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, 99th Cong., 2nd sess., September 24, 1986, 50.
199. U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, Learn About the United States: Quick Civics Lessons for the New Naturalization Test, July 2009, 4. All the answers are correct.
200. Kim Ho Ma's appeal to the Board of Immigration Appeals regarding his applicationfor asylum and withholding of deportation was denied December 31, 1997. Paul W. Schmidt, Decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals, October 26, 1998 (C.A. Ex. Rec. 162-168).
201. Ma's applications were included inthe U.S. Supreme Court Briefs for his Writ of Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, Joint Appendix, 54. Janet v. Reno, et al. v. Kim Ho Ma (2000). No. 00-38.
202. Dori Cahn and Jay Stansell, "From Refugee to Deportee: How U.S. Immigration Law Failed the Cambodian Community," in Race, Culture, Psychology, and Law, ed. Kimberly Holt Barrett and William H. George (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2005), 243.
203. "Compilation of Gang-Related Legislation," National Gang Center, n.d., http://www.nationalgangcenter.gov/Legislation.
204. Kim Ho Ma's application for eligibility to apply for asylum or withholding ofdeportation, decision by Immigration Judge Anna Ho, September 12, 1997.
205. Kim Ho Ma's application for Bond Redetermination, decision by Immigration Judge Anna Ho, December 31, 1997.
206. Ma's applications were included inthe U.S. Supreme Court briefs for his Writ of Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, Joint Appendix, 30.
207. Janet v. Reno, et al. v. Kim Ho Ma (2000). No. 00-38.
208. Kim Ho Ma's application for Bond Redetermination, decision by Immigration Judge Anna Ho, December 31, 1997.
209. Ma's applications were included inthe U.S. Supreme Court briefs for his Writ of Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, Joint Appendix, 43. Janet v. Reno, et al. v. Kim Ho Ma (2000). No. 00-38.
210. Michel Foucault, Psychiatric Power: Lectures at the Collège De France, 1973-74, ed. Jacques Lagrange, trans. Graham Burchell (Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), 159.
211. Kim Ho Ma's application for Bond Redetermination, decision by Immigration Judge Anna Ho, December 31, 1997.
212. Ma's applications were included inthe U.S. Supreme Court Briefs for his Writ of Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, Joint Appendix, 42-43.
213. Janet v. Reno, et al. v. Kim Ho Ma (2000). No. 00-38.
214. Michel Foucault, Abnormal: Lectures at the Collège De France, 1974-1975, ed. Valerio Marchetti and Antonella Salomoni, trans. Graham Burchell (New York: Picador, 2003), 316. "[Psychiatry] becomes the discipline of the scientificprotection of society; it becomes the discipline of the biological protectionof the species."
215. Foucault, Psychiatric Power, 85.
216. Lewis Yablonsky, Gangs in Court (Tucson, AZ: Lawyers and Judges Publishing, 2008), 51.
217. Yablonsky, The Violent Gang, 239. Emphasis in the original.
218. Yablonsky, Gangs in Court, 58, 51.
219. Salt Lake County, Utah, Sheriff Aaron D. Kennard, speaking to Senate Committeeon the Judiciary, Gangs: A National Crisis: Hearing before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary on S. 54 A Bill to Reduce Interstate Street Gang and Organized Crime Activity, and for Other Purposes, 105th Cong., 1st sess., April 23, 1997, 40.
220. Also see Paul K. Longmore and Lauri Umansky, eds. The New Disability History: American Perspectives (New York: New York University Press, 2001).
221. Douglas C. Baynton, "Disability and the Justification of Inequality in American History," in The New Disability History: American Perspectives, 36.
222. Dean Spade, "Resisting Medicine, Re/modeling Gender," Berkeley Women's Law Journal 18 (2003): 15-37.
223. Baynton, "Disability and the Justification of Inequality in American History," 33-52.
224. Foucault, Abnormal, 312. Emphasis added. A condition is different than a predispositionbecause one could be "normal and predisposed to an illness," butthe person "who has a condition, is not a normal individual" (312).
225. Yablonsky, Gangs in Court, 52.
226. Foucault, Abnormal, 313.
227. David T. Lykken, The Antisocial Personalities (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1995), ix.
228. Kim Ho Ma's application for eligibility to apply for asylum or withholding ofdeportation, decision by Immigration Judge Anna Ho, September 12, 1997.
229. Ma's applications were included in the U.S. Supreme Court Briefs for his Writof Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, Joint Appendix, 30.
230. Janet v. Reno, et al. v. Kim Ho Ma (2000). No. 00-38. Ma arguedthat he was eligible for asylum and withholding of deportation because heshould not have been tried as an adult in his criminal trial (29-30). If he hadbeen tried as a juvenile, his crime would not have been considered an aggravatedfelony; an aggravated felony is grounds for deportation.
231. Cahn and Stansell, "From Refugee to Deportee," 243.
232. Silva, Toward a Global Idea of Race, xv.
233. Mbembe, "Necropolitics," 25-26. Emphasis in the original. In this quotation, Mbembe is drawing upon Franz Fanon's analysis of the spatialization ofcolonial occupation.
234. Bello, Dark Victory, 27.
235. Bello, Dark Victory, 52.
236. Massimiliano Tomba, "Differentials of Surplus-Value in the Contemporary Forms of Exploitation," The Commoner 12 (Spring/Summer 2007): 33.
237. Bello, Dilemmas of Domination, 87.
238. George Caffentzis, "A Tale of Two Conferences: Globalization, the Crisis of Neoliberalism and Question of the Commons," Presented Atthe Alter-Globalization Conference (San Miguel de Allende, Mexico: The Commoner, 2004), 4, http://www.commoner.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/caffentzis_a-tale-of-two-conferences.pdf.
239. Midnight Notes Collective, "The New Enclosures: Planetary Class Struggle," in Globalize Liberation: How to Uproot the System and Build a Better World, ed. David Solnit (San Francisco: City Lights Books, 2004), 67.
240. George Caffentzis and Monty Neill, "Preface: The New Enclosures: Planetary Class Struggle," in Globalize Liberation: How to Uproot the System and Builda Better World, ed. David Solnit (San Francisco: City Lights Books, 2004), 62-63.
241. For more about political prisoners inthe United States, see Dylan Rodríguez, Forced Passages: Imprisoned Radical Intellectuals and the U.S. Prison Regime (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2006);
242. Assata Shakur, Assata: An Autobiography (Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 1987);
243. Dhoruba Bin Wahad, Mumia Abu-Jamal, and Assata Shakur, Still Black, Still Strong: Survivors of the U.S. War against Black Revolutionaries (New York: Semiotext(e), 1993).
244. On the role of prisons in the U.S. economy, see Ruth Wilson Gilmore, Golden Gulag: Prisons, Surplus, Crisis, and Opposition in Globalizing California (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007);
245. Christian Parenti, Lockdown America: Police and Prisons in the Age of Crisis (London: Verso, 2000).
246. Randall Richard, "For Kim, There Is No Second Chance," Associated Press, November 6, 2003.
247. Lykken, The Antisocial Personalities, 199.
248. Donald W. Kodluboy, "Asian Youth Gangs," School Safety (1996): 8-12.
249. Hing, Deporting Our Souls, 78-117.
250. Eric Tang, "Collateral Damage: Southeast Asian Poverty in the United States," Social Text 18, no. 1 (Spring 2000): 55-79.
251. Nathan S. Caplan, John K. Whitmore, and Marcella H. Choy, The Boat Peopleand Achievement in America: A Study of Family Life, Hard Work, and Cultural Values (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1989), 162-163.
252. Ong, Buddha Is Hiding, 86. Ong claims that Cambodians were ideologicallyblackened whereas the Vietnamese were ideologically whitened.
253. Miranda Joseph, "Family Affairs: The Discourse of Global/Localization," in Queer Globalizations: Citizenship and the Afterlife of Colonialism, ed. Martin Manalansan and Arnaldo Cruz-Malavé (New York: New York University Press, 2002), 80-81.
254. Letha A. (Lee) See, Tensions and Tangles Between Afro Americans and Southeast Asian Refugees: A Study of the Conflict (Atlanta: Wright Publishing, 1986), 147.
255. Jun, Race for Citizenship, 250.
256. Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism, 295-296.
257. Detective William Oldham of the New York City Police Department, speakingto U.S. Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committeeon Governmental Affairs, Asian Organized Crime, Hearing before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Governmental Affairs, 102nd Cong., 1st sess., October 3, November 5-6, 1991, 37.
258. Douglas D. Daye, A Law Enforcement Sourcebook of Asian Crime and Cultures: Tactics and Mindsets (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1996), 263.
259. Sergeant Douglas Zwemke of the San Jose, California, Police Department, speaking to U.S. Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Governmental Affairs, Asian Organized Crime, Hearing beforethe Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Governmental Affairs, 102nd Congress, 1st session, October 3, November 5-6, 1991, 55.
260. David Coyoca, "Our New Neighbors," Ninth Letter 2, no.1 (Spring-Summer 2005): 165.
261. Senator William V. Roth Jr. of Delaware, opening statement to U.S. Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Governmental Affairs, Asian Organized Crime: The New International Criminal, Hearings before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Governmental Affairs, 102nd Cong., 2nd sess., June 18, August 4, 1992, 5.
262. Oldham, 41.
263. Elizabeth Kolby, "Moral Responsibility to Filipino Amerasians: Potential Immigration and Child Support Alternatives," Asian Law Journal 2, no. 1 (May 1995): 61-62.
264. See, for example, Robert S. Mc Kelvey, The Dust of Life: America's Children Abandoned in Vietnam (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1999).
265. Lowe, Immigrant Acts, 77.
266. National Crime Prevention Council, Powerful Partnerships: Twenty Crime Prevention Strategies That Work for Refugees, Law Enforcement, and Communities (Washington, DC: National Crime Prevention Council, 1998), 11.
267. Jim Steinberg, "Lost in America Southeast Asian Youths Coming of Age; Generations Struggle with Cultural Conflicts," The Fresno Bee, July 16, 1995.
268. Lieutenant Kenneth Adair, Garden Grove Police Department, California, Special Investigations, speaking to the President's Commission on Organized Crime, Organized Crime of Asian Origin, Record of Hearing III, October 23-25, 1984, New York, New York (New York: Books for Business, 2001), 325-326.
269. National Crime Prevention Council, Powerful Partnerships, 12.
270. Andrea J. Ritchie and Joey L. Mogul, "In the Shadows of the War on Terror: Persistent Police Brutality and Abuse of People of Color in the United States," De Paul Journal for Social Justice 1, no. 2 (Spring 2008): 181-182.
271. Richard Straka, "The Violence of Hmong Gangs and the Crime of Rape," FBILaw Enforcement Bulletin, February 2003, 15.
272. For more on how culture and feminism are constructed as mutually exclusive, see Uma Narayan, Dislocating Cultures: Identities, Traditions, and Third World Feminism (New York: Routledge, 1997);
273. Leti Volpp, "Feminism versus Multiculturalism," Columbia Law Review 101 (2001): 1181-1218;
274. Julietta Huaand Kasturi Ray, "The 'Practice of Humanity': Neoliberal Constructions of Domestic Workers and 'Sex Slaves,'" Feminist Media Studies 10, no. 3 (September 2010): 253-267;
275. Saba Mahmood, Politics of Piety: The Islamic Revival andthe Feminist Subject (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005);
276. Andrea Smith, Conquest: Sexual Violence and American Indian Genocide (Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 2005);
277. Natalie J. Sokoloff and Christina Pratt, eds., Domestic Violence at the Margins: Readings on Race, Class, Gender, and Culture (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2005).
278. Straka, "The Violence of Hmong Gangs and the Crime of Rape," 16.
279. Carole Pateman, The Sexual Contract (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988).
280. Dow, American Gulag, 269.
281. Senator Warren B. Rudman of New Hampshire, prepared statement for the U.S. Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committeeon Governmental Affairs, Asian Organized Crime, Hearing before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Governmental Affairs, 102nd Cong., 1st sess., October 3, November 5-6, 1991, 202.
282. Mimi Nguyen, Refugee Passages: War, Debt, and Other Gifts of Freedom (Durham: Duke University Press, 2012).
283. Justice Antonin Scalia, Supreme Court transcripts, Zadvydas v. Underdown (No. 99-7791), Ashcroft v. Ma (No. 00-38) February 21, 2001, Washington, DC, 13.
284. Dow, American Gulag, 264.
285. Norton Tooby, Criminal defense attorney in Oakland, California, has compiledseveral resources for other criminal defense lawyers with noncitizenclients "because the criminal conviction may guarantee an immigrationdisaster, at that point it is often already too late.
286. Norton Tooby, Law Offices of Norton Tooby, http://criminalandimmigrationlaw.com (accessed April 11, 2010).
287. See Human Rights Watch, Forced Apart: Families Separated and Immigrants Harmed by United States Deportation Policy, vol. 19, no. 3(g), July 2007.
288. Foucault, Abnormal, 317. Italics mine.
289. Senator Warren B. Rudman of New Hampshire, prepared statement for the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs, Hearing on Asian Organized Crime, 102nd Cong., 1st sess., October 3, November 5-6, 1991, 202.
290. George W. Bush, "Remarks to the Airline Employees in Chicago, Illinois, September 27, 2001," Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: George W. Bush, 2001, vol. 2 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2001), 1170-1171.
291. I am using Jasbir Puar's notion of "reassembled." Puar, Terrorist Assemblages.
292. Michel Foucault, Society Must Be Defended: Lectures at the Collège De France, 1975-76, ed. Mauro Bertani and Alessandro Fontana, trans. David Macey (New York: Picador, 2003), 247.
293. Moustafa Bayoumi, "Racing Religion," CR: The New Centennial Review 6, no. 2 (Fall 2006): 278.
294. Mbembe, "Necropolitics," 12.
295. George W. Bush, "Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress on the United States Response to the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, September 20, 2001," Public Papers of the Presidents of United States: George W. Bush, 2001, vol. 2 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2001), 1141.
296. George W. Bush, "Remarks to Military Personnel and Families at Fort Stewart, Georgia, September 12, 2003," Public Papers of the Presidents of United States: George W. Bush, 2003, vol. 2 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2001), 1144.
297. Leo R. Chavez, The Latino Threat: Constructing Immigrants, Citizens, andthe Nation (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2008), 28.
298. See also Leo R. Chavez, Covering Immigration: Popular Images and the Politics of the Nation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001).
299. Otto Santa Ana, Brown Tide Rising: Metaphors of Latinos in Contemporary American Public Discourse (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2002), 70.
300. Patrick J. Mc Donnell and Russell Carollo, "An Easy Entry for Attackers: Immigration Flaws Garner Attention as Authorities Track the Sept. 11 Hijackers' Movements through the United States," Los Angeles Times, September 30, 2001.
301. Peter Slevin and Mary Beth Sheridan, "Suspects Entered U.S. on Legal Visas: Men Blended In; Officials Say 49 Have Been Detained on Immigration Violations," The Washington Post, September 18, 2001.
302. James V. Grimaldi, Steve Fainaru, and Gilbert M. Gaul, "Losing Track of Illegal Immigrants: Once in U.S., Most Foreigners Easily Escape Notice of INS," The Washington Post, October 7, 2001.
303. Junaid Rana, Terrifying Muslims: Race and Labor in the South Asian Diaspora (Durham: Duke University Press, 2011), 61.
304. Janice Kephart, Immigration and Terrorism: Moving Beyond the 9/11 Staff Reporton Terrorist Travel (Washington, DC: Center for Immigration Studies, September 2005), 7.
305. Puar, Terrorist Assemblages, 158.
306. Michael J. Whidden, "Unequal Justice: Arabs in America and United States Antiterrorism Legislation," Fordham Law Review 69, no. 6 (May 2001): 2827-2828.
307. Raquel Aldana, "September 11 Immigration Detentions and Unconstitutional Executive Legislation," Southern Illinois University Law Journal 29, no. 1 (Fall 2004): 8.
308. Aldana, "September 11 Immigration Detentions and Unconstitutional Executive Legislation," 8-9.
309. Jodi Melamed, "The Spirit of Neoliberalism: From Racial Liberalism to Neoliberal Multiculturalism," Social Text 24, no. 4 (Winter 2006): 1-24.
310. Mahmood Mamdani, Good Muslim, Bad Muslim: America, the Cold War, andthe Roots of Terror (New York: Three Leaves Press, 2004).
311. Sunaina Marr Maira, Missing: Youth, Citizenship, and Empire after 9/11 (Durham: Duke University Press, 2009), 250.
312. Jasbir K. Puar and Amit Rai, "Monster, Terrorist, Fag: The War on Terrorismand the Production of Docile Patriots," Social Text 20, no. 3 (Fall 2002): 138.
313. Ahmed, Strange Encounters.
314. John Ashcroft, "Attorney General Prepared Remarks on the National Security Entry-Exit Registration System," Department of Justice, June 6, 2002, http://www.justice.gov/archive/ag/speeches/2002/060502agpreparedremarks.htm;
315. "Fact Sheet: Changes to National Security Entry/Exit Registration System (NSEERS)," Department of Homeland Security, December 1, 2003, http://www.dhs.gov/xnews/releases/press_release_0305.shtm;
316. "US VISIT and NSEERS," Global Security.org, n.d., http://www.globalsecurity.org/security/ops/usvisit-nseers.htm.
317. Bayoumi, "Racing Religion," 278.
318. Leti Volpp, "The Citizen and the Terrorist," UCLA Law Review 49, no. 5 (June 2002): 1584
319. Elizabeth Llorente, "Illegal Immigration Down Since Terrorist Attacks," The Record, Bergen County, NJ, November 25, 2001.
320. Steven Greenhouse and Mireya Navarro, "The Hidden Victims: Those at Towers' Margin Elude List of Missing," The New York Times, September 17, 2001.
321. Puar, Terrorist Assemblages, 52.
322. Llorente, "Illegal Immigration Down Since Terrorist Attacks."
323. Anita U. Hattiangadi et al., Noncitizens in Today's Military: Final Report (Alexandria, VA: CNA Corporation, April 2005), 25.
324. Mark Stevenson, "U.S. Army Recruiter Crosses Mexico Border," Associated Press, May 9, 2003.
325. Jorge Mariscal, "The Militarization of Everyday Life: Latinos on the Frontlines, Again," Counter Punch, March 22, 2003, http://www.counterpunch.org/mariscal04012003.html.
326. Population Representation in the Military Services, Appendixes B-25, B-30.
327. Betsy Streisand and Samantha Levine, "Latin Heroes," U.S. News and World Report, April 14, 2003, 40.
328. "Fact Sheet: Naturalization through Military Service," U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, n.d., http://www.uscis.gov/military.
329. "Expedited Naturalization of Aliens and Noncitizen Nationals Serving inan Active-Duty Status During the War on Terrorism," Federal Register 67, no. 130 (July 2002): 45287.
330. Hector Amaya, "Dying Americanor the Violence of Citizenship: Latinos in Iraq," Latino Studies 5, no. 1 (April 2007): 3-24.
331. Margaret D. Stock, "When Your Client Fights for Uncle Sam: 'No Card' Soldiersand Expedited Citizenship," Bender's Immigration Bulletin, December 15, 2003.
332. Bruce Finley, "Military Eyeing 'Unknowns': Thousands in Ranks May Not Be Citizens," The Denver Post, February 24, 2004, 7.
333. "10 Steps to Joining the Military," Military.com, n.d., http://www .military.com/Recruiting/Content/0,13898,rec_step07_DQ_other,00.html.
334. Florangela Davila, "Army Private Receives New Rank: U.S. Citizen," The Seattle Times, February 11, 2004;
335. Finley, "Military Eyeing 'Unknowns.'".
336. Amaya, "Dying American or the Violence of Citizenship."
337. Holland, Raising the Dead, 28.
338. Martin Kasindorf, "Guatemala Native Put Off College to Join Marines," USAToday, March 24, 2003.
339. Heidi Specogna, The Short Life of Jose Antonio Gutierrez (Montréal: Atopia, 2007).
340. Kasindorf, "Guatemala Native Put Off College to Join Marines." The quotationwas from Jackie Baker, Gutierrez's foster sister.
341. Specogna, The Short Life of Jose Antonio Gutierrez.
342. Amy Goldstein and Sylvia Moreno, "For Immigrants, a Special Sacrifice: War Takes Toll on Foreign-Born in Armed Forces," The Washington Post, April 7, 2003.
343. Valerie Alvord, "Non-Citizens Fight and Die for Adopted Country," USAToday, April 9, 2003.
344. Holland, Raising the Dead, 28.
345. "Fact Sheet: Naturalization Through Military Service." 68.
346. "Families Conflicted about Posthumous Citizenship for US Troops Killed in Iraq," New York Daily News, March 20, 2008;
347. "Immigrant U.S. Soldier Granted Posthumous Citizenship," Good Morning America, April 8, 2003, http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=125248&page=1;
348. Mark Berman, "Immigrant Killed in Afghanistan Granted Posthumous Citizenship," The Washington Post, July 2, 2008;
349. "Bill Seeks Citizenship for Binghamton Victims," CNN.com, April 9, 2009, http://articles.cnn.com/2009-04-09/us/ny.shooting.\citizenship_1_citizenship-victims-binghamton?_s=PM:US.
350. Don Babwin, "Activists Back Mom Claiming Sanctuary: Facing Deportation, Elvira Arellano Takes Refuge in Church," The Grand Rapids (Mich.) Press, August 17, 2006.
351. Wendy Cole, "An Immigrant Who Found Sanctuary," Time Magazine 168, no. 26 (December 25, 2006): 80.
352. Sara E. Mc Elmurry, "Elvira Arellano: No Rosa Parks: Creation of 'Us' versus 'Them' in an Opinion Column," Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 31, no. 2 (May 2009): 190-191. 200
353. "'I Fear God Much More Than I Fear Homeland Security': Chicago Pastoron Why He Is Allowing Mexican Mother to Stay in Church to Avoid Deportation," Democracy Now, New York, August 22, 2006, http://www .democracynow.org/2006/8/22/i_fear_god_much_more_than.
354. Mary Mitchell, "Blacks Know Rosa Parks and You, Arellano, Are No Rosa Parks," Chicago Sun Times, August 22, 2006;
355. Mc Elmurry, "Elvira Arellano: No Rosa Parks."
356. Mitchell, "Blacks Know Rosa Parks and You, Arellano, Are No Rosa Parks."
357. Mitchell, "Blacks Know Rosa Parks and You, Arellano, Are No Rosa Parks."
358. Silva, "Towards a Critique of the Socio-Logos of Justice," 440.
359. see Mbembe, "Necropolitics."
360. Bello, Dark Victory, 92.
361. Michael A. Bernstein, "Understanding American Economic Decline: The Contours of the Late Twentieth-Century Experience," in Understanding American Economic Decline, ed. Michael A. Bernstein, David E. Adler, and Robert Heilbroner (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 17, 20.
362. Thomas J. Sugrue, The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), 3.
363. Robert L. Wagmiller, "Male Nonemployment in White, Black, Hispanic, and Multiethnic Urban Neighborhoods, 1970-2000," Urban Affairs Review 44, no. 1 (September 2008): 100.
364. Angela D. James, David M. Grant, and Cynthia Cranford, "Moving Up, but How Far? African American Women and Economic Restructuring in Los Angeles, 1970-1990," Sociological Perspectives 43, no. 3 (Autumn 2000): 404-405
365. Wendy Sigle-Rushton and Sara Mc Lanahan, "For Richer or Poorer? Marriageas an Anti-Poverty Strategy in the United States," Population 57, no. 3 (2002): 509-526.
366. Bello, Dark Victory, 97.
367. Gilmore, Golden Gulag, 83-86.
368. Michael Tonry, "Racial Politics, Racial Disparities, and the War on Crime," Crime and Delinquency 40, no. 4 (October 1994): 482
369. Parenti, Lockdown America.
370. Gilmore, Golden Gulag, 18.
371. David Cole, No Equal Justice: Race and Class in the American Criminal Justice System (New York: New Press, 1999), 8;
372. Parenti, Lockdown America. Thesedifferent fines were a result of the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986.
373. Cole, No Equal Justice, 8.
374. Paige M. Harrison and Allen J. Beck, Prisonersin 2004 (Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, October 2005), 10.
375. Paige M. Harrison and Allen J. Beck, Prisoners in 2005 (Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, November 2006), 8.
376. Rodríguez, Forced Passages, 145.
377. The Stop CAFTA Coalition, Monitoring Report: DR-CAFTA in Year One (Stop CAFTA Coalition, September 12, 2006), 30-32.
378. The Stop CAFTA Coalition, DR-CAFTA Year Two: Trends and Impacts, September 27, 2007, 9.
379. U.S. Department of State, "Trade Regulations and Standards," in Doing Businessin Nicaragua: Country Commercial Guide for U.S. Companies, 2011, http://nicaragua.usembassy.gov/chapter5.html.
380. Public Citizen, Down on the Farm: NAFTA's Seven-Years' War on Farmers and Ranchers in the U.S., Canada and Mexico (Washington, DC: Public Citizen's Global Trade Watch, June 2001), iv.
381. Diego Cevallos, "Crisis Drives Up Poverty Rate," Inter Press Service, May 23, 2009, http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=46957.
382. Public Citizen, Down on the Farm, iv.
383. Jeffrey S. Passel, Estimates of the Size and Characteristics of the Undocumented Population (Washington, DC: Pew Hispanic Center, March 21, 2005), 1, 8.
384. Jeffrey S. Passel, Trends in Unauthorized Immigration: Undocumented Inflow Now Trails Legal Inflow (Washington, DC: Pew Hispanic Center, October 2, 2008), 4-5.
385. David Bacon, "Oaxaca's Dangerous Teachers," Dollars and Sense, no. 267 (October 2006): 24-28;
386. David Bacon, "The Right to Stay Home," David Bacon, July 14, 2008, http://dbacon.igc.org/Mexico/2008stayhome.html.
387. Bacon, "The Right to Stay Home."
388. See also Mark R. Day, "Oaxacan Accepts Challenge: Who Will Look After the Migrants?" La Prensa San Diego, December 30, 2010, http://laprensa-sandiego.org/featured/oaxacan-accepts-challenge-who-will-look-after-the-migrants/.
389. Ellen R. Shaffer and Joseph E. Brenner, "A Trade Agreement's Impact on Accessto Generic Drugs," Health Affairs 28, no. 5 (August 2009): w957.
390. "New Guatemalan Law and Intellectual Property Provisions in DR-CAFTA Threaten Access to Affordable Medicines," Doctors Without Borders, March 11, 2005, http://www.doctorswithoutborders. org/press/release.cfm?id=1490.
391. Shaffer and Brenner, "A Trade Agreement's Impact on Access to Generic Drugs," w962-w963.
392. Ellen R. Shaffer, Joseph E. Brenner, and Shayna Lewis, "CAFTA: Barriers to Access to Medicines in Guatemala," Health and Human Rights, November 23, 2009, http://www.hhropenforum.org/2009/11/cafta-barriers-to-access-to-medicines-in-guatemala/.
393. Shaffer and Brenner, "A Trade Agreement's Impact on Access to Generic Drugs," w958.
394. Caffentzis, "A Tale of Two Conferences."
395. Burke Stansbury, "El Salvador: First in the Race to Implement DR-CAFTA, First to See Negative Effects of 'Free' Trade Agreement," in Monitoring Report: DR-CAFTA in Year One, 6-7.
396. "We Fight Back With Our Families" in Cherríe L. Moraga, Loving in the War Years: Lo Que Nunca Paso por Sus Labios (Boston: South End Press, 2000).
397. Cathy J. Cohen, The Boundaries of Blackness: AIDS and the Breakdown of Black Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), 325.
398. Ferguson, Aberrations in Black, 13.
399. See Thomas M. Shapiro, The Hidden Cost of Being African American: How Wealth Perpetuates Inequality (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 5;
400. Melinda Chateauvert, "Framing Sexual Citizenship: Reconsidering the Discourse on African American Families," The Journal of African American History 93, no. 2 (Spring 2008): 198-222.
401. Ferguson, Aberrations in Black, 16.
402. Esther J. Cepeda, "4 Months in Church: 'I'll Stay': Son, 7, Off to Miami While Immigrant Mom Stays Put," The Chicago Sun-Times, December 15, 2006.
403. Ferguson, Aberrations in Black, 14
404. George J. Sánchez, Becoming Mexican American: Ethnicity, Culture, and Identity in Chicano Los Angeles, 1900-1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993)
405. Eileen J. Suárez Findlay, Imposing Decency: The Politics of Sexuality and Race in Puerto Rico, 1870-1920 (Durham: Duke University Press, 2000);
406. Laura Briggs, Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, Science, and U.S. Imperialism in Puerto Rico (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002);
407. Helen Safa, "Changing Forms of U.S. Hegemony in Puerto Rico: The Impact on the Family and Sexuality," Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems and World Economic Development 32, no. 1 (Spring 2003): 7-41;
408. Shah, Contagious Divides;
409. Volpp, "Divesting Citizenship."
410. Oscar Lewis, The Children of Sánchez: Autobiography of a Mexican Family (New York: Vintage Books, 1963);
411. Oscar Lewis, La Vida: A Puerto Rican Family in the Culture of Poverty-San Juan and New York (New York: Vintage Books, 1966).
412. Richard T. Rodríguez, Next of Kin: The Family in Chicano/a Cultural Politics (Durham: Duke University Press, 2009), 23.
413. Rodríguez, Next of Kin, 21.
414. See also Aída Hurtado, The Color of Privilege: Three Blasphemies on Race and Feminism (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996), 111.
415. Office of Policy and Research, The Negro Family: The Case for National Action (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor, 1965). This report is commonlyknown as the Moynihan Report.
416. Chateauvert, "Framing Sexual Citizenship," 216.
417. Roderick A. Ferguson, "Of Our Normative Strivings: African American Studiesand the Histories of Sexuality," Social Text 23, nos. 3-4 (Fall-Winter 2005): 89.
418. Richie, Compelled to Crime.
419. M. Jacqui Alexander, Pedagogies of Crossing: Meditations on Feminism, Sexual Politics, Memory, and the Sacred (Durham: Duke University Press, 2006), 23.
420. David Van Biema, "Sweet Sanctuary," Time vol. 170, no. 5 (July, 30, 2007): 45-47.
421. Sasha Abramsky, "Gimme Shelter," The Nation, February 25, 2008, 27.
422. Van Biema, "Sweet Sanctuary."
423. Diana Terry, Hispanic Magazine vol. 20, no. 8 (August 2007): 44.
424. Human Rights Watch, Forced Apart: Families Separated and Immigrants Harmed by United States Deportation Policy, vol. 19, no. 3(g), July 2007, 58.
425. CCPRGeneral Comment No. 19: Article 23 (The Family) Protection of the Family, the Right to Marriage and Equality of the Spouses, United Nations Human Rights Committee, July 27, 1990, available at: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/45139bd74.html (accessed 20 July 2011).
426. Dimitri Vassilaros, "Berthing Anchor Babies," Pittsburgh Tribune Review, May 7, 2007.
427. For works on images of immigrants in popular culture and the media, see Molina-Guzmán, Dangerous Curves; Angharad N. Valdivia, A Latina in the Land of Hollywood and Other Essays on Media Culture (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2000);
428. Angharad N. Valdivia, ed., Latina/o Communication Studies Today (New York: Peter Lang, 2008);
429. Angharad N. Valdivia, Latina/os and the Media (Malden, MA: Polity Press, 2009);
430. Arlene Dávila, Latinos, Inc.: The Marketing and Making of a People (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001);
431. Clara E. Rodríguez, Latin Looks: Images Of Latinas and Latinosin the U.S. Media (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997);
432. Santa Ana, Brown Tide Rising;
433. Kent A. Ono and John M. Sloop, Shifting Borders: Rhetoric, Immigration, and California's Proposition 187 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2002
434. Chavez, Covering Immigration;
435. Leo R. Chavez, Shadowed Lives: Undocumented Immigrants in American Society (Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1998);
436. Chavez, The Latino Threat.
437. Diana Terry, "The New Sanctuary Movement," Hispanic Magazine, August 2007, 43, 45.
438. Van Biema, "Sweet Sanctuary," 45.
439. Daniel B. Wood, "Rising Black-Latino Clash on Jobs," The Christian Science Monitor, May 25, 2006.
440. Rachel L. Swarns, "Growing Unease for Some Blacks on Immigration," The New York Times, May 4, 2006.
441. Monisha Das Gupta, Unruly Immigrants: Rights, Activism, and Transnational South Asian Politics in the United States (Durham: Duke University Press, 2006), 107.
442. Yvonne Abraham, "Immigration Hits Home in Lynn: Blacks Voice Fear of a Loss of Jobs," The Boston Globe, April 16, 2006.
443. Gupta, Unruly Immigrants.
444. Robert G. Lee. Orientals: Asian Americans in Popular Culture (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1999), 145-161.
445. Victor Bascara. Model-Minority Imperialism (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2006), 5.
446. Dresang and Johnson-Elie, "Immigration Rights Debate Unveils Rift."
447. Rachel L. Swarns, "Bridging a Racial Rift That Isn't Black and White," The New York Times, October 3, 2006.
448. Dresang and Johnson-Elie, "Immigration Rights Debate Unveils Rift."
449. Martin C. Evans, "The Immigration Debate: Blacks Weigh in on the Immigration Debate," Newsday, April 13, 2006.
450. Tomba, "Differentials of Surplus-Value in the Contemporary Forms of Exploitation," 35.
451. Clarence Lusane. Race in the Global Era: African Americans at the Millennium (Boston: South End Press, 1997), 6.
452. James Crawford. Hold Your Tongue: Bilingualism and the Politics of "English Only" (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing, 1992).
453. John R. Logan. Urban Fortunes: The Political Economy of Place (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987).
454. Robin D.G. Kelley. Race Rebels: Culture, Politics, and the Black Working Class (New York: Free Press, 1994).
455. Robin D. G. Kelley. Yo' Mama's Disfunktional! Fighting the Culture Wars in Urban America (Boston: Beacon Press, 1997).
456. Miranda Joseph, Against the Romance of Community (Minneapolis: Universityof Minnesota Press, 2002), xxxv.
457. Mitchell, "Blacks Know Rosa Parks and You, Arellano, Are No Rosa Parks."
458. Evans, "The Immigration Debate."
459. Norman T. Feather, "Distinguishing between Deservingness and Entitlement: Earned Outcomes versus Lawful Outcomes," European Journal of Social Psychology 33, no. 3 (June 2003): 368.
460. Harris, "Whiteness as Property."
461. Swarns, "Growing Unease for Some Blacks on Immigration."
462. Reddy, "Time for Rights?" 2853.
463. Robin D. G. Kelley. Freedom Dreams: The Black Radical Imagination (Boston: Beacon Press, 2002), 81.
464. Randall Williams. The Divided World: Human Rights and Its Violence (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2010), 18.
465. Esteban Magnani. The Silent Change: Recovered Businesses in Argentina (Buenos Aires: Editorial Teseo, 2009).
466. Avi Lewis. The Take (New York: First Run Features, 2006).
467. Kelley, Freedom Dreams, 90.
468. Rafael Romo, "7 Arrested after Blocking Traffic to Raise Immigration Awareness," CNN.com, April 5, 2011.
469. Statement circulated during Georgia 7 arrests, The DREAM Is Coming Projects (April 2011).
470. Rubén Martínez. Crossing Over: A Mexican Family on the Migrant Trail (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2001).
471. Strange Affinities: The Sexual Politics of Comparative Racialization, ed. Grace Kyungwon Hong and Roderick A. Ferguson (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2011), 25-52.
472. "'You Just Don't Know How Much He Meant': Deviancy, Death, and Devaluation," Latino Studies 5, no. 2 (Summer 2007): 182-208.
473. Trisha Martinez, "You Just Don't Know," Death and Funeral Notices: Martinez, Brandon Jesse, San Diego Union Tribune, March 29, 2000, B5.
474. Barrett, Blackness and Value, 19, 21.
475. Gordon, Ghostly Matters, 202.
476. Isabel Molina-Guzmán, "Gendering Latinidad through the Elián News Discourseabout Cuban Women," Latino Studies 3, no. 2 (July 2005): 182.
477. Ruby C. Tapia, "Un(di)ing Legacies: White Matters of Memory in Portraits of 'Our Princess,'" Cultural Values 5, no. 2 (April 2001): 263.
478. Shah, Contagious Divides, 254.
479. Joe Hughes, "Three Men Killed when Speeding Car Hits Trees a Fourth Walks Away," San Diego Union-Tribune, March 25, 2000.
480. Soo Ah Kwon, "Autoexoticizing: Asian American Youth and the Import Car Scene," Journal of Asian American Studies 7, no. 1 (2004): 1-26.
481. Hughes, "Three Men Killed When Speeding Car Hits Trees."
482. Tom Krasovic, "Darr Legally Intoxicated, Says Examiner's Report," San Diego Union-Tribune, March 14, 2002.
483. Kusz, "I Want to Be the Minority," 412.
484. Robert Nowatzki, "Foul Lines and the Color Line: Baseball and Race at the Turn of the Twentieth Century," NINE: A Journal of Baseball History and Culture 11, no. 1 (Fall 2002): 83.
485. C. L. Cole and Alex Mobley, "American Steroids: Using Raceand Gender," Journal of Sport and Social Issues 29, no. 1 (February 2005): 3-8.
486. Adrian Burgos Jr., "Learning America's Other Game: Baseball, Race, and the Study of Latinos," in Latino/a Popular Culture, ed. Michelle Habell-Pallán and Mary Romero (New York: New York University Press, 2002), 225-239
487. Samuel O. Regalado, "Hey Chico! The Latin Identity in Major League Baseball," NINE: A Journal of Baseball Historyand Culture 11, no. 1 (Fall 2002): 16-24.
488. Tom Krasovic, "Padres Crushed by Loss of Darr: Teammates Speak of Personality, Potential," San Diego Union-Tribune, February 16, 2002.
489. Dana Nelson. National Manhood: Capitalist Citizenship and the Imagined Fraternityof White Men (Durham: Duke University Press, 1998), 204.
490. Tom Krasovic, "Bochy Hopes Team Can Learn from Tragedy," San Diego Union-Tribune, February 23, 2002.
491. George Lipsitz, The Possessive Investment in Whiteness: How White People Profit from Identity Politics (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1998), viii.
492. Nick Canepa, "Padres Crushed by Loss of Darr: Words Just Can't Soften His Passing," San Diego Union-Tribune, February 16, 2002.
493. Tom Krasovic, "Darr Tragedy Leaves Team Trying to Go On," San Diego Union-Tribune, February 17, 2002
494. Krasovic, "Padres Crushed by Loss of Darr"
495. Krasovic, "Bochy Hopes Team Can Learn from Tragedy"
496. Bill Center, "On a Swing and a Miss, Padres End It at the Q; Rockies Stage Rally to Wrap Up an Era," San Diego Union-Tribune, September 29, 2003.
497. Kusz, "'I Want to Be the Minority'"
498. Nelson, National Manhood
499. Robyn Wiegman, "Whiteness Studies and the Paradox of Particularity," boundary 226, no. 3 (Fall 1999): 115-150
500. Lipsitz, The Possessive Investment in Whiteness.
501. Bill Center, "Despite Tragedy, Positives Found; Darr's Death Put in the Past; Team Moves Forward," San Diego Union-Tribune, April 1, 2002.
502. Center, "On a Swing and a Miss, Padres End It at the Q."
503. Tapia, "Un(di)ing Legacies," 268.
504. Christine Martinez and Jesse Martinez Jr., "Death and Funeral Notices: Martinez, Brandon Jesse," San Diego Union-Tribune, March 29, 2000, B5.
505. Diana Taylor. The Archive and the Repertoire: Performing Cultural Memory inthe Americas (Durham: Duke University Press, 2003), 147.
506. José Esteban Muñoz, "Ephemera as Evidence: Introductory Notes to Queer Acts," Women and Performance: A Journal of Feminist Theory 8, no. 2 (1996): 9.
507. Ann Cvetkovich. An Archive of Feelings: Trauma, Sexuality, and Lesbian Public Cultures (Durham: Duke University Press, 2003).
508. Karla F. C. Holloway. Passed On: African American Mourning Stories: A Memorial (Durham: Duke University Press, 2003), 181.
509. Taylor, The Archive and the Repertoire, 32.
510. Douglas S. Massey and Nancy A. Denton, American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993), 36-37, 51-58
511. Melvin L. Oliverand, Thomas M. Shapiro, Black Wealth/White Wealth: A New Perspective on Racial Inequality (New York: Routledge, 1995), 16-18, 39-41, 87-89
512. Lipsitz, The Possessive Investment in Whiteness, 5-18.
513. Eileen Díaz Mc Connell, No Place Like Home: The State of Hispanic Housing in Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York City, 2003 (University of Notre Dame: Institute for Latino Studies, June 2005), http://latinostudies.nd.edu/pubs/pubs/AHS_housing. pdf.
514. Mike Davis, Prisoners of the American Dream: Politics and Economy in the Historyof the U.S. Working Class (London: Verso, 1986), 208
515. Manuel Castells, The Informational City: Information Technology, Economic Restructuring, and the Urban-Regional Process (Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1989), 308
516. Masao Miyoshi, "'Globalization,' Culture, and the University," in The Cultures of Globalization, ed. Fredric Jameson and Masao Miyoshi (Durham: Duke University Press, 1998), 255.
517. Lee, Urban Triage.
518. Richard T. Rodríguez, "On the Subject of Gang Photography," Aztlán: AJournal of Chicano Studies 25, no. 1 (2000): 109-143
519. Edward J. Escobar. Race, Police, and the Making of a Political Identity: Mexican Americans and the Los Angeles Police Department, 1900-1945 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999).
520. Jerome G. Miller. Search and Destroy: African-American Males in the Criminal Justice System (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
521. Philip L. Martin, "The United States: Benign Neglect toward Immigration," in Controlling Immigration: A Global Perspective, ed. Wayne A. Cornelius, Philip L. Martin, and James Hollifield (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994), 94.
522. Bello, Dilemmas of Domination.
523. Herman Gray. Watching Race: Television and the Struggle for "Blackness" (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995).
524. Tang, "Collateral Damage"
525. Rodríguez, "On the Subject of Gang Photography."
526. Cathy J. Cohen, "Deviance as Resistance: A New Research Agenda for the Study of Black Politics," Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 1, no. 1 (March 2004): 36.
527. Ferguson, Aberrations in Black, 11-18.
528. Bascara, Model-Minority Imperialism, xvi-xvii
529. Lee, Urban Triage, xix-xx.
530. Foucault, The Birth of Biopolitics, 243.
531. Beverly Daniel Tatum. "Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria?" A Psychologist Explains the Development of Racial Identity, 5th ed. (New York: Basic Books, 2003), 61.
532. Lisa Lowe and David Lloyd, "Introduction," in The Politics of Culture in the Shadow of Capital, ed. Lisa Lowe and David Lloyd (Durham: Duke University Press, 1997), 26.
533. Kelley, Race Rebels, 3-4.
534. Victor Hugo Viesca, "The Battle of Los Angeles: The Cultural Politics of Chicana/o Music in the Greater Eastside," American Quarterly 56, no. 3 (September 2004): 719-739.
535. Kelley, Race Rebels, 47, 166.
536. Viet Thanh Nguyen. Race and Resistance: Literature and Politics in Asian America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 157.
537. Mahmood, Politics of Piety, 14.
538. Brandon Martinez, paper assignment for Mira Mesa High School, San Diego, California (1997), 2.
539. Holland, Raising the Dead, 16.
540. Judith Halberstam. In a Queer Time and Place: Transgender Bodies, Subcultural Lives (New York: New York University Press, 2005).
541. Holland, Raising the Dead, 178-180.
542. Ferguson, Aberrations in Black, 4.
543. Steve Pile, "Introduction: Opposition, Political Identities, and Spaces of Resistance," in Geographies of Resistance, ed. Steve Pile and Michael Keith (London: Routledge, 1997), 24.
544. Rodríguez, Next of Kin. For an excellent analysis of the impossibility of heteropatriarchal investmentsin poor communities of color
545. Richie, Compelled to Crime.
546. Cohen, "Deviance as Resistance," 34.
547. Kelley, Race Rebels, 12.
548. Cohen, "Deviance as Resistance," 30.
549. Gordon, Ghostly Matters, 202.
550. Rubén Martínez, performance of "Wreck in the Road" with Los Illegals on April 22, 2000, at Espresso Mi Cultura in Los Angeles, California.