Liars! cheaters! evildoers!: Demonization and the end of civil debate in American politics

Liars! Cheaters! Evildoers!: Demonization and the End of Civil Debate in American Politics

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 1-228

  De Luca, Tom ^a   Buell, John ^b  

^a FORDHAM UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NONE

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EID: 84900887743     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (196)

1. "U.S. Attitudes Altered Little by Sept. 11, Pollsters Say," New York Times, May 20, 2002, A12.
2. Cheryl Seal, "Do Not Let the Murder of Paul Wellstone Be the Murder of America," November 1, 2002, newsinsider.org/seal/paul_wellstone.html.
3. George F. Will, "Vulgarity at Home," Washington Post, February 3, 1998, A17.
4. Robert Scheer, "Media Fall for a Sorry Tale of Leaks and Lies," Los Angeles Times, February 3, 1998, 7.
5. Webster's Universal Dictionary of the English Language, vol. 1 (Cleveland and New York: The World Syndicate Publishing Company, 1936), 448.
6. The American Heritage Dictionary, 4th ed. (New York: Houghton-Mifflin, 2001), 232.
7. Thomas L. Friedman, "Wanted: Fanatical Moderates," New York Times, November 16, 2003.
8. Tom De Luca, "Introduction," in The Two Faces of Political Apathy (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995).
9. James Morone, "Presidential Trystory," Asbury Park Press, February 6, 1998, A19.
10. Jeffery Rosen, "The End of Privacy," New Republic, February 16, 1998.
11. "Annals of the Law," New Yorker, June 1, 1998.
12. Scott McNealy, the chairman, president, and chief executive officer of Sun Microsystems, famously has made similar comments many times.
13. "On the Record: Scott McNealy," San Francisco Chronicle, September 14, 2003, at http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2003/09/14/BU141353.DTL&type=business.
14. Paul M. Sniderman and Thomas Piazza, The Scar of Race (Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993).
15. Howard Shuman, Charlotte Steeh, Lawrence Bobo, Maria Krysar, Racial Attitudes in America: Trends and Interpretations, rev. ed. (Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998).
16. Alan Wolfe, One Nation, After All: What Americans Really Think about God, Country, Family, Racism, Welfare, Immigration, Homosexuality, Work, The Right, The Left and Each Other (New York: Penguin Books, 1999).
17. In Reaching Beyond Race (Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997).
18. Paul M. Sniderman and Edward G. Carmines find decreases in bigotry and greater tolerance among whites as well as strong opposition to race-based policies.
19. David O. Sears et al. suggest, however, that current white opposition to racially targeted policies cannot be explained as a product of non-racially motivated political conservatism.
20. David O. Sears, Collette van Laar, Mary Carrillo, Rick Kosterman, "Is It Really Racism? The Origins of White Americans' Opposition to Race-Targeted Policies," Public Opinion Quarterly 26 (February 10, 1997), or at http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/issr/crisp/april16.pdf.
21. Kevin A. Hill, "Generations and Tolerance: Is Youth Really a Liberalizing Factor?" in After the Boom, ed. Stephen Bennett and Steven Craig (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1997), 107-126.
22. Thomas C. Wilson, "Cohorts and Prejudice: Whites' Attitudes toward Blacks, Hispanics, Jews and Asians," Public Opinion Quarterly 60, no. 2 (Summer 1996), 253-274.
23. Richard Fleisher and Jon R. Bond, "Evidence of Increasing Polarization among Ordinary Citizens," in American Political Parties, ed. Jeffrey Cohen, Richard Fleisher, and Paul Kantor (Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 2001), 55-77.
24. Robert Shogan, War without End: Cultural Conflict and the Struggle for America's Political Future (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 2002), 283.
25. Robert De Luca, September 21, 2004.
26. Barry Newman, "Lords of the Dance: Off to Cooperstown-with Bells On," Wall Street Journal, May 17, 2004, A1.
27. Thomas Byrne and Mary D. Edsall, Chain Reaction: The Impact of Race, Rights, and Taxes on American Politics (New York: Norton, 1991).
28. Thomas Ferguson and Joel Rogers, Right Turn: The Decline of the Democrats and the Future of American Politics (New York: Hill and Wang, 1986).
29. Byrne and Edsall, Chain Reaction.
30. Robert Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2001).
31. These works are classics: Thorstein Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of Institutions (New York: New American Library, 1953 originally published in 1899).
32. C. Wright Mills, White Collar: The American Middle Classes (New York: Oxford University Press, 1951).
33. Vance Packard, The Status Seekers: An Exploration of Class Behavior in America and the Hidden Barriers That Affect You, Your Community, Your Future (New York: D. McKay, 1959).
34. Juliet Schor, The Overspent American: Upscaling, Downshifting, and the New Consumer (New York: Basic Books, 1998).
35. Born to Buy: The Commercialized Child and the New Consumer Culture (New York: Scribner, 2004).
36. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Imperial Presidency (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1973).
37. Michael Rogin, Ronald Reagan, the Movie: And Other Episodes in Political Demonology (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1987), xiii-xviii.
38. David Brooks, "The Presidency Wars," New York Times, September 30, 2003.
39. James A. Morone, Hellfire Nation: The Politics of Sin in American History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003), 4.
40. Julius Getman, The Betrayal of Local 14 (Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, 1998.).
41. Tom De Luca, The Two Faces of Political Apathy (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995), chaps. 12 and 10.
42. Jacques Aumont, Alain Bergala, Michel Marie, Marc Vernet, Aesthetics of Film (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1992).
43. Moral Politics: How Liberals and Conservatives Think (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002).
44. Daniel Bell, The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism (New York: Basic Books, 1978), xx.
45. William Greider, "The Serpent That Ate America's Lunch," The Nation, May 10, 2004, 13.
46. David G. Blanchflower and Andrew Oswald, "Well-Being over Time in Britain and the USA," Journal of Public Economics 88, nos. 7-8 (July 2004): 1359-1386.
47. Paul Wachtel, The Poverty of Affluence: A Psychological Portrait of the American Way of Life (Philadelphia: New Society Publishers, 1989).
48. Stanley Aronowitz, Just around the Corner: The Paradox of the Jobless Recovery (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2005).
49. Lester Thurow, The Future of Capitalism (New York: W. Morrow, 1996).
50. Theda Skocpol, Boomerang: Clinton's Health Security Effort and the Turn against Government in U.S. Politics (New York: Norton, 1997), 184.
51. Ron Pollack in a speech, "Health Care," at "What We Stand For: Ideas and Values to Take Back America," May 15, 2004, New York University.
52. Alan Elsner, Gates of Injustice: The Crisis in America's Prisons (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Financial Times, Prentice Hall, 2004), 12, 27-28.
53. Juliet B. Schor, The Overworked American: The Unexpected Decline of Leisure (New York: Basic Books, 1993), chap. 2.
54. "U.S. Economy Grows 4.2%; War Spending Provides Push," New York Times, April 30, 2004, C1.
55. Herman E. Daly and John B. Cobb, Jr., For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future (Boston: Beacon Press, 1989), 418-420.
56. Marc Breslow, "Is the U.S. Making Progress?" Dollars and Sense, March/April 1996, 16-21.
57. Juliet B. Schor, The Overspent American: Upscaling, Downshifting, and the New Consumer (New York: Basic Books, 1998), chap. 5.
58. Michael Young's The Rise of the Meritocracy (London: Thames and Hudson, 1958).
59. John H. Schaar, "Equal Opportunity and Beyond," in Equality: Selected Readings, ed. Louis P. Pojman and Robert Westmoreland (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 139-141.
60. This essay was originally published in Nomos IX: Equality, ed. J. Chapman and R. Pennock (New York: Atherton Press, 1967).
61. Stanley B. Greenberg, The Two Americas: Our Current Political Deadlock and How to Break It (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2004), 21.
62. Jeffrey M. Jones, "Bush Ratings Show Historical Levels of Polarization: Six in 10 Republicans strongly approve; 6 in 10 Democrats strongly disapprove," The Gallup Organization, June 4, 2004.
63. David G. Lawrence, "On the Resurgence of Party Identification in the 1990s," in American Political Parties: Decline or Resurgence? ed. Jeffrey E. Cohen, Richard Fleisher, and Paul Kantor (Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 2001), 52.
64. Richard Fleisher and Jon R. Bond, "Evidence of Increasing Polarization among Ordinary Citizens," in American Political Parties; see pp. 57, 64-65.
65. Jon R. Bond and Richard Fleisher, Polarized Politics: Congress and the President in a Polarized Era (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Books, 2000).
66. Paul DiMaggio, John Evans, and Bethany Bryson, "Have Americans' Social Attitudes Become More Polarized?" American Journal of Sociology 102, no. 3 (November 1996): 690-755.
67. Greenberg, Two Americas, 21.
68. National Election Survey Guide to Public Opinion and Electoral Behavior, 1948-2002, table 6A.2.2, "Voter Turnout 1948-2002: Percent among Demographic Groups Who Responded-'Yes, voted,'" which can be found at http://www .umich.edu/~nes/nesguide/2ndtable/t6a_2_2.htm.
69. Greenberg, Two Americas, 25.
70. Donald Green, Bradley Palmquist and Eric Schickler, Partisan Hearts and Minds (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004).
71. "Circling the Wagons," New York Times, June 5, 2004.
72. Angus Campbell et al.'s 1960 The American Voter (repr., Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980).
73. William E. Connolly, Neuropolitics: Thinking, Culture, Speed (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002), chap. 1, and especially 32-36.
74. Edward N. Wolff, Top Heavy: A Study of the Increasing Inequality of Wealth in America (New York: Twentieth Century Fund Report, 1995).
75. "What Wealth Gap?" Wall Street Journal, July 11, 1995, A16.
76. Edward Wolff, "Changes in Household Wealth in the 1980s and 1990s in the U.S.," Levy Institute Working Paper No. 407, May 2004.
77. The international comparisons were compiled by International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance and can be found at http://www.fairvote.org/turnout/intturnout.htm. Comparison of U.S. turnout over time was done by Curtis Gans of the Center the Study of the American Electorate.
78. "President Bush, Mobilization Drives Propel Turnout to Post-1968 Highs Kerry, Democratic Weakness Shown" at http://www.fairvote.org/reports/CSAE2004electionreport.pdf.
79. Mark N. Franklin, "Electoral Participation," in Comparing Democracies, ed. L. LeDuc, R. Niemi, and P. Norris (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1996), 218.
80. Franklin, "Comparing Democracies," 230.
81. Frances Fox Piven and Richard A. Cloward, Why Americans Don't Vote (New York: Pantheon, 1988), 119.
82. Political Participation in the United States, 2d ed. (Washington, D.C.: C.Q. Press, 1991), 17.
83. Amie Jamieson, Hyon B. Shin, and Jennifer Day, Current Population Reports, "Voting and Registration in the Election of 2000: Population Characteristics" at http://www.census.gov/prod/2002/pubs/p20-542.pdf.
84. Steven J. Rosenstone and Mark John Hansen, Mobilization, Participation and Democracy in America (New York: Macmillan, 1993), 219-224.
85. Jamieson et al., "Voting and Registration.".
86. Jan E. Leighley and Jonathan Nagler, "Socioeconomic Class Bias in Turnout, 1964-1988: The Voters Remain the Same," American Political Science Review 86, no. 3 (September 1992): 729.
87. " Tom De Luca, "Joe the Bookie and the Voting Class Gap," American Demographics, November 1998, 28.
88. Rosenstone and Hansen, Mobilization, 135, 136.
89. Ruy Teixeira, Why Americans Don't Vote: Turnout Decline in the United States, 1960-1984 (New York: Greenwood Press, 1987), 34, 36, 9.
90. Tom De Luca, The Two Faces of Political Apathy (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995), 203-210.
91. Sidney Verba and Gary R. Orren, Equality in America: The View from the Top (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1985), 9-17.
92. Rosenstone and Hansen, Mobilization, 43-45.
93. Rosenstone and Hansen, Mobilization, 75-79.
94. Teixeira, Why Americans Don't Vote, 3-4.
95. Rosenstone and Hansen, Mobilization, our emphasis, 248.
96. Rosenstone and Hansen, Mobilization, 248.
97. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2001.
98. John B. Judis, "The Contrast with K Street," New Republic, December 4, 1995, 22.
99. Theda Skocpol, Boomerang: Clinton's Health Security Effort and the Turn against Government in U.S. Politics (New York: Norton, 1996), 86-87.
100. Theda Skocpol, Diminished Democracy: From Membership to Management in American Civic Life (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2003), 12.
101. Thomas Edsall, Chain Reaction: The Impact of Race, Rights, and Taxes on American Politics (New York: Norton, 1991).
102. E. J. Dionne, Why Americans Hate Politics (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991).
103. Theda Skocpol, Social Policy in the United States (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995).
104. The Missing Middle: Working Families and the Future of American Social Policy (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995).
105. Frances Fox Piven and Richard A. Cloward, Regulating the Poor: The Functions of Public Welfare, 2d ed. (New York: Vintage, 1993.
106. Elsner, Gates of Injustice, especially chaps. 3-7.
107. The Brennan Center, Editorial Memorandum: "An Unhealthy Democracy," July 2, 2003, at http://www.brennancenter.org/programs/downloads/ed_memo_johnso _v_bush.pdf.
108. The results are summarized at http://www.sentencingproject.org/pdfs/ManzaBrooksUggenSummary .pdf.
109. Elsner, Gates of Injustice, 216-218.
110. Bonnie Honig, Democracy and the Foreigner (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2001), 76.
111. David Cole, Enemy Aliens: Double Standards and Constitutional Freedoms in the War on Terrorism (New York: New Press, 2003), 26.
112. Michael Sandel, Democracy's Discontent: America in Search of a Public Philosophy (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1996).
113. Jean Elshtain, Democracy on Trial (New York: Basic Books, 1995).
114. Michael Sherry, In the Shadow of War: The United States since the 1930s (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995).
115. A May 20-23, 2004, CBS poll reported that 70 percent of registered voters responded "no" to the question "Do you think the issue of gay marriage should be part of this year's election campaign, or not?".
116. PollingReport.com: Law and Civil Rights at http://www.pollingreport.com/civil.htm.
117. "Among Wealthy Nations ... U.S. Stands Alone in Its Embrace of Religion," Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, December 19, 2002, at http://people-press.org/reports/display.php3?ReportID=167.
118. "Origins of Human Life," Gallup Poll, August 24-26, 1999.
119. Fox News/Opinion Dynamics Poll, August 25-26, 1999.
120. William E. Connolly, Political Theory and Modernity (Oxford, U.K.: Basil Blackwell, 1988), 138.
121. Connolly, Political Theory and Modernity, 146.
122. Julius Kovesi, Moral Notions (London: Routledge, Kegan and Paul, 1967).
123. Bonnie Honig, Democracy and the Foreigner (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2001), 73-74.
124. Margaret Crenshaw, "The Logic of Terrorism: Terrorist Behavior as a Product of Strategic Choice," in Origins of Terrorism: Psychologies, Ideologies, Theologies, States of Mind, ed. Walter Laqueur (Washington, D.C.: The Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1998).
125. Origins of Terrorism: Jerold Post, "Terrorist Psycho-Logic: Terrorist Behavior as a Product of Psychological Forces".
126. Albert Bandura, "Mechanisms of Moral Disengagement".
127. Ariel Merari, "The Readiness to Kill and Die and Suicidal Terrorism in the Middle East.".
128. Quoted in Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998), 161.
129. The definitions of terrorism on the following pages are taken from Jonathan R. White, Terrorism: An Introduction, 2002 Update, 4th ed. (Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 2003), 12.
130. Martha Crenshaw, ed., Terrorism, Legitimacy, and Power: The Consequences of Political Violence, reprint ed. (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1986).
131. White, Terrorism, 8-9.
132. George Kateb, chap. 1, "On Political Evil," in The Inner Ocean: Individual and Democratic Culture (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1992), 204.
133. William E. Connolly, "The Problem of Evil," in Identity/Difference: Democratic Negotiations of Political Paradox (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1991), 7.
134. "China: Human Rights Concerns in Xinjiang," Human Rights Watch Backgrounder, October 2001. http://www.hrw.org/backgrounder/asia/china-bck1017.htm.
135. Edward Wong, "Iraq Is a Hub for Terrorism, However You Define It," New York Times, June 20, 2004.
136. Nancy Chang, Silencing Political Dissent: How Post-September 11 Anti-Terrorism Measures Threaten Our Civil Liberties (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2002), 44-45.
137. Peter Bergen, "This Link between Islamic Zealot and Secular Fascist Just Doesn't Add Up," Guardian, January 30, 2003.
138. John Diggins, "The-Ism That Failed," The American Prospect 14, no. 11 (December 2003), at http://www.prospect.org/print/v14/11/diggins-j.html.
139. Philip Shenon and Christopher Marquis, "Panel Finds No Qaeda-Iraq Tie Describes a Wider Plot for 9/11," New York Times, June 17, 2004.
140. Staff Statement 15 at http://www.9-11commission.gov/staff_statements/staff_statement_15.pdf.
141. David E. Sanger and Robin Toner, "Bush and Cheney Talk Strongly of Qaeda Links with Hussein," New York Times, June 18, 2004.
142. Philip Shenon and Richard W. Stevenson, "Leaders of 9/11 Panel Ask Cheney for Reports," New York Times, June 19, 2004.
143. "Clash of Civilizations?" Foreign Affairs, Summer 1993. See our discussion of Huntington in chapter 7, pp. 140-142.
144. Roxanne Euben, Enemy in the Mirror: Islamic Fundamentalism and the Limits of Modern Rationalism (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1999).
145. Michael Rogin, Ronald Reagan the Movie: And Other Episodes in Political Demonology (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1987), xiii-xviii.
146. Christopher Hedges, War Is a Force That Gives Us Meaning (New York: Public Affairs, 2002).
147. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Global Illicit Drug Trends 2003 (New York: United Nations Publications, 2003), 15, at http://www.unodc .org/pdf/trends2003_www_E.pdf.
148. Office of National Drug Control Policy, Executive Office of the President of the United States, "Estimated Poppy Cultivation in Afghanistan," News and Public Affairs, at http://whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/news/press04/111904.html.
149. Geov Parrish, "Bush's Sickening Superbowl Propaganda," AlterNet, February 4, 2002, at http://www.alternet.org/story12335.
150. Online News Hour at http://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_1996.html.
151. Matthew Rothschild, "Mum's the Word," The Progressive 66, no. 7 (July 2002): 4.
152. Sebastian Mallaby, "Does Poverty Fuel Terror?" Washington Post, May 20, 2002, A21.
153. The study, Education, Poverty, Violence and Terrorism, can be found at http://nber.org/papers/w9074.
154. Nicholas Kristof, "Liberal Reality Check," New York Times, May 31, 2002, A23.
155. Derrick Z. Jackson, "Misplaced Suspicions in Our 'Crooked Looks,'" Boston Globe, May 31, 2002.
156. Deborah Makenzie, "The Insider," New Scientist, February 9, 2002.
157. A variation of this view is fully elaborated in William Connolly, Why I Am Not a Secularist (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995).
158. Benjamin R. Barber, Jihad vs. McWorld: Terrorism's Challenge to Democracy (New York: Ballantine Books, 1995, 2001).
159. Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996).
160. Barber discusses fundamentalist uses of modern technology and even fashion. Jihad vs. McWorld, 17-20.
161. William E. Connolly, Identity/Difference: Democratic Negotiations of Political Paradox (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1991), 211.
162. Noam Chomsky, 9-11 (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2001), 31.
163. Richard Falk, The Great Terror War (Brooklyn, N.Y.: Olive Branch Press, 2003), 64.
164. Jean Elshtain, Just War against Terror: The Burden of American Power in a Violent World (New York: Basic Books, 2003), 3.
165. Falk, Great Terror War, 57.
166. William J. Bennett, Why We Fight: Moral Clarity and the War on Terrorism (Washington, D.C.: Regnery, 2003), 7.
167. Keith Bradsher, "Domination, Submission, and the Chevy Suburban," New York Times, March 23, 1997, sec. 4.
168. Juliet Schor, The Overspent American: Upscaling, Downshifting, and the New Consumer (New York: Basic Books, 1998).
169. Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison, Growing Prosperity (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1999).
170. Bradsher, p. 2.
171. Schor, Overspent America, 97.
172. John Buell and Tom De Luca Sustainable Democracy: Individuality and the Politics of the Environment (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1996), chaps. 1, 3, 4, 7.
173. Martin J. Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of U.S. Capitalism, 1890-1916: The Market, the Law, and Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
174. Andrew Ross, The Chicago Gangster Theory of Life (London: Verso, 1994), 32.
175. Jane Bennett, The Enchantment of Modern Life (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2001), 100.
176. William Drury, Chance and Change: Ecology for Conservationists, ed. John G. T. Anderson (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), 90.
177. Jane Bennett, "Steps toward an Ecology of Matter," Political Theory, June 2004, 349.
178. Bonnie Honig, Political Theory and the Displacement of Politics (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1993).
179. David Aaronovitch, "When Moore Is Less," Guardian, November 19, 2003, at http://www.guardian.co.uk/Columnists/Column/0,5673,1088297,00.html.
180. Tom De Luca, The Two Faces of Political Apathy (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995), 236-241.
181. Theda Skocpol, The Missing Middle: Working Families and the Future of American Social Policy (New York: Norton, 2000). See especially 24-32.
182. Theda Skocpol, Social Policy in the United States: Future Possibilities in Historical Perspective (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995), chap. 8.
183. Howard Winant, Racial Conditions (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992).
184. Kim Moody, Workers in a Lean World: Unions in the International Economy (London: Verso, 1997).
185. Thom Kuehls, Beyond Sovereign Territory (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996), 127.
186. Jeremy Brecher and Timothy Costello, Global Village or Global Pillage: Economic Reconstruction from the Bottom Up (Cambridge, Mass.: South End Press, 1998).
187. Ian Robinson, "Globalization and Democracy," Dissent, Summer 1995, 373-380.
188. Iris Marion Young, Inclusion and Democracy (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002).
189. Wendy Brown, States of Injury: Power and Freedom in Late Modernity (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995).
190. Michael Omi and Howard Winant, Racial Formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1990s, 2d ed. (New York: Routledge, 1994).
191. Linda Gordon, Pitied but Not Entitled: Single Mothers and the History of Welfare (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1994).
192. Gayatri Spivak, The Post-colonial Critic: Interviews, Strategies, Dialogues, ed. Sarah Harasym (New York: Routledge, 1990).
193. Joanne Barkan, "Symposium: Affirmative Action," Dissent, Fall 1995, 463.
194. Joel Olson, "Whiteness and the Participation-Inclusion Dilemma," Political Theory 30, no. 3 (June 2002): 384-409.
195. The Quality of Life, ed. Martha Nussbaum and Amartya Sen (Oxford, U.K.: Clarendon Press, 1993).
196. Jean Elshtain, Democracy on Trial (New York: Basic Books, 1995).